Islamic Men, Multiple Wives And Death In Britain
Evaristo Nicholls
Moral attitudes are less uniform when it comes to questions of polygamy, divorce and family planning. In the case of polygamy, only in Southern and Eastern Europe (median of 68%) and Central Asia (62%) do most say that the practice of taking multiple wives is morally unacceptable. In the other regions surveyed, attitudes toward polygamy vary widely from country to country. For example, in the Middle East-North Africa region, the percentage of Muslims who think polygamy is morally unacceptable ranges from 6% in Jordan to 67% in Tunisia. Similarly, in sub-Saharan Africa, as few as 5% of Muslims in Niger say plural marriage is morally wrong, compared with 59% who hold this view in Mozambique.
The lowest ASMRs for deaths involving coronavirus (COVID-19) were observed in men identifying with "no religion" and women identifying with "other religion". For both men and women, the highest ASMRs involving COVID-19 were observed for those identifying as Muslim, whose rate of death was statistically significantly higher than for all other religious groups. ASMRs for deaths involving COVID-19 were also statistically significantly higher for those identifying as Hindu, Sikh, or Jewish when compared with the Christian group (the largest group).
Figure 3 shows the HRs by religious group in the first wave of the pandemic (24 January to 11 September 2020). After adjusting for age only (green bar), the rates of coronavirus (COVID-19) mortality were statistically significantly higher for people identifying as Muslim (men HR: 2.3, women HR: 1.9), Hindu (men HR: 1.7, women HR: 1.8), or Jewish (men HR: 1.7, women HR: 1.5) compared with the Christian group. Rates of death involving COVID-19 were also 1.3 times greater for Sikh and Buddhist men compared with Christian men. However, there was a large degree of statistical uncertainty surrounding the estimate for Buddhist men, so this finding should be interpreted with caution.
Iran was rocked by an unprecedented popular uprising against the Islamic Republic system. Security forces unlawfully fired live ammunition and metal pellets to crush protests, killing hundreds of men, women and children and injuring thousands. Thousands of people were arbitrarily detained and/or unfairly prosecuted solely for peacefully exercising their human rights. Women, LGBTI people, and ethnic and religious minorities suffered intensified discrimination and violence. Enforced disappearances, torture and other ill-treatment, including through the deliberate denial of medical care, were widespread and systematic. Cruel and inhuman punishments, including flogging, amputation and blinding, were imposed and/or carried out. The use of the death penalty increased and public executions resumed. Trials remained systematically unfair. Systemic impunity prevailed for past and ongoing crimes against humanity relating to prison massacres in 1988 and other crimes under international law.
Polygyny may also result from the practice of levirate marriage. In such cases, the deceased man's heir may inherit his assets and wife; or, more usually, his brothers may marry the widow. This provides support for the widow and her children (usually also members of the brothers' kin group) and maintains the tie between the husbands' and wives' kin groups. The sororate resembles the levirate, in that a widower must marry the sister of his dead wife. The family of the late wife, in other words, must provide a replacement for her, thus maintaining the marriage alliance. Both levirate and sororate may result in a man having multiple wives.[38]
Non-fraternal polyandry occurs when the wives' husbands are unrelated, as among the Nayar tribe of India, where girls undergo a ritual marriage before puberty,[47] and the first husband is acknowledged as the father of all her children. However, the woman may never cohabit with that man, taking multiple lovers instead; these men must acknowledge the paternity of their children (and hence demonstrate that no caste prohibitions have been breached) by paying the midwife. The women remain in their maternal home, living with their brothers, and property is passed matrilineally.[48] A similar form of matrilineal, de facto polyandry can be found in the institution of walking marriage among the Mosuo tribe of China.
Serial monogamy refers to remarriage after divorce or death of a spouse from a monogamous marriage, i.e. multiple marriages but only one legal spouse at a time (a series of monogamous relationships).[49]
While genetic evidence typically displays a bias towards a smaller number of men reproducing with more women, some regions or time periods have shown the opposite. In a 2019 investigation, Musharoff et al. applied modern techniques to the 1000 Genomes Project Phase 3 high-coverage Complete Genomics whole-genome dataset.[65] They found that the Southern Han Chinese had a male bias (45% female, indicating that women were likely to reproduce with multiple men). This region is known for its lack of a concept of paternity and for a sense of female equality or superiority.[66] The Musharoff study also found a male bias in Europeans (20% female) during an out-of-Africa migration event that may have increased the number of men successfully reproducing with women, perhaps by replenishing the genetic pool in Europe. The study did confirm a more typical female bias in Yorubans (63% female), Europeans (84%), Punjabis (82%), and Peruvians (56%).[67]
Increasingly harsh anti-polygamy legislation in the US led some Mormons to emigrate to Canada and Mexico. In 1890, LDS Church president Wilford Woodruff issued a public declaration (the Manifesto) announcing that the LDS Church had discontinued new plural marriages. Anti-Mormon sentiment waned, as did opposition to statehood for Utah. The Smoot Hearings in 1904, which documented that the LDS Church was still practicing polygamy spurred the LDS Church to issue a Second Manifesto again claiming that it had ceased performing new plural marriages. By 1910 the LDS Church excommunicated those who entered into, or performed, new plural marriages. Even so, many plural husbands and wives continued to cohabit until their deaths in the 1940s and 1950s.[119]
Muhammad was monogamously married to Khadija, his first wife, for 25 years, until she died. After her death, he married multiple women. Muhammad had a total of 9 wives at the same time, even though Muslim men were limited to 4 wives. His total wives are 11.
One reason cited for polygyny is that it allows a man to give financial protection to multiple women, who might otherwise not have any support (e.g. widows).[143] However, some Islamic scholars say the wife can set a condition, in the marriage contract, that the husband cannot marry another woman during their marriage. In such a case, the husband cannot marry another woman as long as he is married to his wife. However, other Islamic scholars state that this condition is not allowed.[144] According to traditional Islamic law, each of those wives keeps their property and assets separate; and are paid Mahr separately by their husband. Usually the wives have little to no contact with each other and lead separate, individual lives in their own houses, and sometimes in different cities, though they all share the same husband.
Countries that allow polygyny typically also require a man to obtain permission from his previous wives before marrying another, and require the man to prove that he can financially support multiple wives. In Malaysia and Morocco, a man must justify taking an additional wife at a court hearing before he is allowed to do so.[149] In Sudan, the government encouraged polygyny in 2001 to increase the population.[150]
2.) REGISTRY MARRIAGES: The Marriage Act of 1990 is the primary law governing registry marriages in Nigeria. One notable difference between customary marriages and registry marriages: men who marry at a marriage registry are legally permitted to have only one wife. Therefore, men legally married to multiple wives by way of customary marriages would first need to divorce those wives under native law and custom before completing a registry marriage to a new wife. Should a man wish to complete a registry marriage with one of his existing wives, he would first need to divorce all other wives under native law and custom. The registry marriage ceremony is conducted by a minister of religion or the marriage registrar in the presence of witnesses. A marriage certificate is issued at the completion of the ceremony. Both federal and local governments perform registry marriages.
Brunei announced its intention to fully implement the Shariah Penal Code Order 2013 from April 2019, including provisions which impose more severe punishments, up to the death penalty, for sexual activity between men, as well as criminalising diverse gender expressions and sexual activity between women for the first time. Following intense international backlash, boycotts and diplomatic pressure, the Sultan of Brunei extended a moratorium on the death penalty to the new law. Nevertheless, the criminalising provisions were implemented and LGBT people can be liable for other draconian punishments beyond the death penalty.
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