Contronyms in Sanskrit

[shankara]

Namaste,

I request scholars to point to any journal articles or studies on contronyms in Sanskrit. Also, any info on kosas or lists of Sanskrit contronyms.

regards
shankara

[Narayan Prasad]

Namaste.

I don't know about what you actually want (i.e. articles or studies).

But we can cite the शिशुपालवध (16.11.2-15) of माघ consisting of examples of such usage.

One of these words: अपिहित (= अपिहित and अ+पिहित), both.

Regards

Narayan Prasad

[Narayan Prasad]

PS: Please read  शिशुपालवध (16:2-15) instead of  शिशुपालवध (16:11.2-15).

[Nagaraj Paturi]

1. Contronym : a word with two opposite meanings, e.g. sanction (which can mean both ‘a penalty for disobeying a law’ and ‘official permission or approval for an action’).
   
   is this what you are looking for ? 

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Nagaraj Paturi

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[K S Kannan]

1. alīka has two exactly opposite senses.

2. ārād dūra-samīpayōḥ

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[shankara]

Paturi ji,

Yes.

regards
shankara

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[shankara]

Sir,

Thank you.

I think घृणा which means दया as well as जुगुप्सा, is also a contronym. 

Is there a Sanskrit equivalent for 'contronym'? What is the standard word used for this purpose. I am asking this question because I could not find the word 'contronym' in any of the books on Sanskrit lexicography, in English.

regards
shankara

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[shankara]

Narayan Prasad ji,

Thank you for the example from Sisupalavadha.

regards
shankara

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[K S Kannan]

Positive and negative interpretations are also sometimes possible

- as with paryāptam and aparyāptam in BG 1.10.

Also perhaps with yāvān artha udapāne BG 2.46

Plain and mischievous interpretations, contrary to one another,

are possible grammatically as in

kurvannāpnoti kilbiṣam BG 4.21, 18.47

In compounds, it is not difficult:

aham anāstikaḥ

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[Abhishek Mehta]

Aren't contronyms a result of usage rather than a quirk of grammar? As in, they are due to regional differences in usage of words rather than a result of any grammatical derivation. For instance, 'bad' can mean both 'extremely good' and 'bad' at least in the American context. Given how rigid the grammar of Sanskrit is, I do not think there are going to be a lot of contronyms as the rigid grammar will not allow regional differences in the usage of these words to occur and accumulate.

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[Mahamaho. Subrahmanyam Korada]

नमो विद्वद्भ्यः

1. अन्नम् --

अद्यते’त्ति च भूतानि । तस्मादन्नं तदुच्यत इति (तैत्तिरीयोपनिषत् , ब्रह्मानन्दवल्ली ,2-1) - The one that is consumed and  consumes the consumer is called अन्नम् (after

forty years or so the body is consumed by अन्नम् ।

One may apply षड्भावविकाराः from निरुक्तम् (1-2) -- षड् भावविकारा भवन्तीति वार्ष्यायणिः । जायते अस्ति विपरिणमते वर्धते अपक्षीयते विनश्यति । So the process may be slow  but for sure .

शांकरभाष्यम् --

इदानीम् अन्ननिर्वचनमुच्यते । अद्यते भुज्यते चैव यद्भूतैरन्नमत्ति च भूतानि स्वयं तस्मात् भूतैः भुज्यमानत्वात् भूतभोक्तृत्वाच्च अन्नं तदुच्यते । इतिशब्दः प्रथमकोशपरिसमाप्त्यर्थः ।

2. ब्रह्म (न् / म्) --

शांकरभाष्यम् -- ’अथ कस्मादुच्यते ब्रह्म ? बृंहति बृंहयति तस्मादुच्यते परं ब्रह्म ’ (अथर्वशिरा उपनिषत्) इति सकृच्छृतस्य निमित्तोपादानरूपेण अर्थभेदः श्रुत्यैव दर्शितः

(श्वेताश्व. मं 3).

It increases and causes things to increase - therefore ब्रह्म (बृहि वृद्धौ ) ।

This is a प्रमाणम् from श्रुति itself that ब्रह्मन् is both निमित्तकारणम् and उपादानकारणम् as it is described across वेदान्त ।

2. वासुदेवः --

सर्वाणि तत्र भूतानि वसन्ति परमात्मनि ।

भूतेषु च स सर्वात्मा वासुदेवस्ततः स्मृतः ॥ विष्णुपुराणम् , अंशः 6 अध्यायः 5 श्लोकः 80

All beings are living in him (see भागवतम्) and he  lives in all beings (अन्तर्बहिश्च तत्सर्वं व्याप्य नारायणः स्थितः -- लघुमन्त्रपुष्पम् , यजुर्वेदः) ।

There are more -- one may prepare a single book .

धन्यो’स्मि

Dr.Korada Subrahmanyam
Adju.Professor , Dept of Heritage Science and Technology, IIT, Hyderabad

299 Doyen , Serilingampally, Hyderabad 500 019
Ph:09866110741

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[V Subrahmanian]

Maybe the word पयस् can also be a candidate here:  it means both water and milk.  These two objects have acquired a sort of being opposites as in the neera ksheera nyaya, 

Apte 1890  

पायस a. (सी f.) [पयसो विकारः अण्] Made of water or milk.

अर्वाक् has the meaning of both 'after and before'.  

regards

subrahmanian.v

   

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[shankara]

Subbu ji,

Thank you for pointing out these 2 examples. I am also trying to find out whether anyone has compiled any list of Sanskrit contronyms or published any articles on this topic.

regards
shankara

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[Gadi Manoj]

नमस्काराः

अत्र इदम् उदाहरणम् संगच्छेत्।

परिभावः - तिरस्क्रिया, विचारक्रिया च।

Thanks and regards,
Manoj G Prakash
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(8 AM to 8 PM only)

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[shankara]

Namaste,

Thank you for providing this information.

regards
shankara

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[K S Kannan]

So is root pū.

It can mean

- to purify

- to putrefy

And the latter sense can be an antithesis of the former.

pūti can thus have disparate senses

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[BVK Sastry (G-S-Pop)]

Namaste

 

Thanks for raising the challenge of ‘Samskruth:   Word- Meaning- Interpretation in Context’, ‘contronym ’ = Same word carrying two meanings , opposite of each other ( = ekenaiva  – padena -  artha dvaya vachitvam; paraspara –virudddhartha nirdeshah ). -by usage or definition or technical ingenuity of interpretation).

 

In this  context, I  submit those  interested  in Sanskrit  - English compare- model  to explore ‘English: Word- Meaning- Interpretation in Context’,

Which becomes much more challenging in ‘Presentations and Translations’. 

Link to Explore :

75 Contronyms (Words with Contradictory Meanings) - DAILY WRITING TIPS

https://www.dailywritingtips.com/75-contronyms-words-with-contradictory-meanings/    

 

 

And it leaves me with a ‘ thought for contemplation’-  Which language are we to be good at in translating ‘Samskruth to English’ ?

A question of ‘Fixing’ understanding ::: The Term ‘Fix’ has two meanings:     Fix: To repair, or to castrate ?!

 

Regards

BVK Sastry

1.    Contronym : a word with two opposite meanings, e.g. sanction (which can mean both ‘a penalty for disobeying a law’ and ‘official permission or approval for an action’).

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[P S Ramachandran]

They use over-sight in opposite meaning in different countries ~ in India it is mistake and in other countries it is used in the meaning of supervision. 

Rāmu

ऐकमत्य सूक्तम्   Rg. Veda. Book 10 - 191 (1-4).

संस॒मिद्यु॑वसे वृष॒न्नग्ने॒ विश्वा॑न्य॒र्य आ । इ॒ळस्प॒दे समि॑ध्यसे॒ स नो॒ वसू॒न्या भ॑र ॥

सं ग॑च्छध्वं॒ सं व॑दध्वं॒ सं वो॒ मनां॑सि जानताम् । दे॒वा भा॒गं यथा॒ पूर्वे॑ संजाना॒ना उ॒पास॑ते ॥

स॒मा॒नो मन्त्र॒: समि॑तिः समा॒नी स॑मा॒नं मन॑: स॒ह चि॒त्तमे॑षाम् । स॒मा॒नं मन्त्र॑म॒भि म॑न्त्रये वः समा॒नेन॑ वो ह॒विषा॑ जुहोमि ॥
स॒मा॒नी व॒ आकू॑तिः समा॒ना हृद॑यानि वः । स॒मा॒नम॑स्तु वो॒ मनो॒ यथा॑ व॒: सुस॒हास॑ति ॥

saṁsa̲midyu̍vasē vr̥ṣa̲nnagnē̲ viśvā̍nya̲rya ā | i̲ḷaspa̲dē sami̍dhyasē̲ sa nō̲ vasū̲nyā bha̍ra ||

saṁ ga̍cchadhvaṁ̲ saṁ va̍dadhvaṁ̲ saṁ vō̲ manāṁ̍si jānatām | dē̲vā bhā̲gaṁ yathā̲ pūrvē̍ saṁjānā̲nā u̲pāsa̍tē ||

sa̲mā̲nō mantra̲: sami̍tiḥ samā̲nī sa̍mā̲naṁ mana̍: sa̲ha ci̲ttamē̍ṣām | sa̲mā̲naṁ mantra̍ma̲bhi ma̍ntrayē vaḥ samā̲nēna̍ vō ha̲viṣā̍ juhōmi ||

sa̲mā̲nī va̲ ākū̍tiḥ samā̲nā hr̥da̍yāni vaḥ | sa̲mā̲nama̍stu vō̲ manō̲ yathā̍ va̲: susa̲hāsa̍ti ||

 

“Agni, showerer (of benefits), you who are the Lord, you alone among the gods pervade all living beings; and you give the sacrificer all the objects (phalāni) for which he prays

 “Meet together, talk together, let your minds apprehend alike; in like manner as the ancient gods concurring accepted their portion of the sacrifice.”

“Common be the prayer of these (assembled worshippers), common be the acquisition, common the purpose, associated be the desire. I repeat for you a common prayer, I offer for you with a common oblation.”

“Common, (worshippers), be your intention; common be (the wishes of) your hearts; common be your thoughts, so that there may be thorough union among you.”      

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[Venkata Subramanian]

In India also over sight inspection is construed to be supervision .

N S VENKATA SUBRMANIAN HYDERABAD 

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[shankara]

Ramu,

Lists of contronyms/contranyms in English are easily available on the internet. The following is such a list at Wiki website. Could not find any compilation in Sanskrit so far.

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:English_contranyms

regards
shankara

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[P S Ramachandran]

🙏

Rāmu

ऐकमत्य सूक्तम्   Rg. Veda. Book 10 - 191 (1-4).

संस॒मिद्यु॑वसे वृष॒न्नग्ने॒ विश्वा॑न्य॒र्य आ । इ॒ळस्प॒दे समि॑ध्यसे॒ स नो॒ वसू॒न्या भ॑र ॥

सं ग॑च्छध्वं॒ सं व॑दध्वं॒ सं वो॒ मनां॑सि जानताम् । दे॒वा भा॒गं यथा॒ पूर्वे॑ संजाना॒ना उ॒पास॑ते ॥

स॒मा॒नो मन्त्र॒: समि॑तिः समा॒नी स॑मा॒नं मन॑: स॒ह चि॒त्तमे॑षाम् । स॒मा॒नं मन्त्र॑म॒भि म॑न्त्रये वः समा॒नेन॑ वो ह॒विषा॑ जुहोमि ॥
स॒मा॒नी व॒ आकू॑तिः समा॒ना हृद॑यानि वः । स॒मा॒नम॑स्तु वो॒ मनो॒ यथा॑ व॒: सुस॒हास॑ति ॥

saṁsa̲midyu̍vasē vr̥ṣa̲nnagnē̲ viśvā̍nya̲rya ā | i̲ḷaspa̲dē sami̍dhyasē̲ sa nō̲ vasū̲nyā bha̍ra ||

saṁ ga̍cchadhvaṁ̲ saṁ va̍dadhvaṁ̲ saṁ vō̲ manāṁ̍si jānatām | dē̲vā bhā̲gaṁ yathā̲ pūrvē̍ saṁjānā̲nā u̲pāsa̍tē ||

sa̲mā̲nō mantra̲: sami̍tiḥ samā̲nī sa̍mā̲naṁ mana̍: sa̲ha ci̲ttamē̍ṣām | sa̲mā̲naṁ mantra̍ma̲bhi ma̍ntrayē vaḥ samā̲nēna̍ vō ha̲viṣā̍ juhōmi ||

sa̲mā̲nī va̲ ākū̍tiḥ samā̲nā hr̥da̍yāni vaḥ | sa̲mā̲nama̍stu vō̲ manō̲ yathā̍ va̲: susa̲hāsa̍ti ||

 

“Agni, showerer (of benefits), you who are the Lord, you alone among the gods pervade all living beings; and you give the sacrificer all the objects (phalāni) for which he prays

 “Meet together, talk together, let your minds apprehend alike; in like manner as the ancient gods concurring accepted their portion of the sacrifice.”

“Common be the prayer of these (assembled worshippers), common be the acquisition, common the purpose, associated be the desire. I repeat for you a common prayer, I offer for you with a common oblation.”

“Common, (worshippers), be your intention; common be (the wishes of) your hearts; common be your thoughts, so that there may be thorough union among you.”      

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[P V S Kumar]

सव्य in सव्यसाचिन् is another example of Contronym. It can mean left, right and both too!

सव्यसाचिन् can mean both Arjuna and Krishna.

Regards

P V S Kumar

[Gadi Manoj]

नमस्ते,

इमौ धातू अपि स्तः। आदरे अनादरे च।

धन्यवादाः,
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[Ramanujachar P]

यु मिश्रणामिश्रणयोः इत्यपि

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