Ritual purity in Hinduism

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shankara

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Jun 21, 2016, 5:40:48 AM6/21/16
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Pranams to all,

I am looking for books and articles that critically deal with the concept of ritual purity in Hinduism. Most traditional texts (Smritis and digests) that I looked into, merely lay out the rules to be followed with regard to impurity (asaucha such as sutaka or paataka).

I have a few questions on this subject. I request scholars to help me find answers to these questions.

1. Is the ritual purity identical with physical purity>
2. If not, how does it differ from physical purity? What is its exact nature?
3. It is said that if someone in one's family or extended family dies, one is not supposed to visit temples, perform certain rituals, etc for certain number of days. Is there any logical explanation for this custom. Do our scriptures provide any explanation for this custom?
 
regards
shankara

Nagaraj Paturi

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Jun 21, 2016, 1:11:02 PM6/21/16
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1. The word 'ritual purity' is already an English word. Both the components of it 'ritual' and 'purity' are from outside the system that we are talking about it.

2. Cultural Anthropology is the modern discipline that deals with the concept of 'purity' from an intercultural, global, comparative perspective. There, it is always dealt in contrast with another concept 'pollution'. For example, what you discussed under 3 below is called 'ritual pollution'.

3. Your example shows that what you have in mind is, obviously, a 'purity -pollution' which is different from physical cleanliness / physical uncleanliness.  

4. In Cultural Anthropology, the culture-insider's ideas are called 'emic' ideas and the analyst's categories are called 'etic' categories. Emic categories in Sanskritic tradition for the purity-pollution that you are talking about are 's'oucha-as'oucha'.

5. What you described under 3 below is called mrita- as'oucha. There is jaata as'oucha too.

>I am looking for books and articles that critically deal with the concept of ritual purity in Hinduism.

---- 6. There are studies by scholars like Prof. T N Madan and Prof. McKim Marriott on these issues from a Cultural Anthropological perspective. 

7. Bhakti traditions such as Veerashaivism consider that Deekshas such as 'ishtalingadhaaraNa' can nullify such as'ouchas.  There are many other traditions which do not negate the idea of as'oucha per say, but consider a certain tool or tools of their tradition can nullify the as'oucha. 

8. In general, what rituals are not to be performed by a person in as'oucha etc. are covered in books such as Dharmasindhu. 

9. Many other prohibitions beyond such books are either local customs or svakapolakalpitas.     

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Nagaraj Paturi
 
Hyderabad, Telangana, INDIA.
 
Former Senior Professor of Cultural Studies
 
FLAME School of Communication and FLAME School of  Liberal Education,
 
(Pune, Maharashtra, INDIA )
 
 
 

Nagaraj Paturi

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Jun 21, 2016, 2:01:38 PM6/21/16
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That the ideas of purity and pollution and their association with death, menstrual blood etc. are not peculiar to Hinduism but are  almost cultural universals may be realized by reading articles such as this.

G S S Murthy

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Jun 22, 2016, 1:50:42 AM6/22/16
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There is another related concept of purity called "maDi" (Kannada/Tamil) perhaps transmitted orally from generation to generation and practiced by elderly Brahmin ladies. I  do not know to what extent they are coded in Sruti texts.
Regards,
Murthy

On Tue, Jun 21, 2016 at 10:40 PM, Nagaraj Paturi <nagara...@gmail.com> wrote:

Nagaraj Paturi

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Jun 22, 2016, 2:17:24 AM6/22/16
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Sruti texts are not the ones that are consulted for the day to day code. Smritis and Puranas are consulted for this purpose. Sruti provides the spirit behind the instructions of these books.

BTW, maDi is a word in Telugu too.

Washerman is called maDivElu (Telugu ) probably maDivElu < maDivEl. This shows that maDi as the word referring to the cleanliness (of clothes etc. ) is a general word not limited to Brahmin usage.

Physical cleanliness is one of the bases of ritual purity though ritual purity is not limited to physical cleanliness in almost all the purity-pollution beliefs all over the world.  

Ritually polluting aspects such as death related, menstrual blood related, physical uncleanliness related pollutions etc. being believed to be transmitted through touch, sight etc. are also part of huge number of purity-pollution belief systems all over the world.

BTW, maDi is not gender-specific in the Brahmin or Vaidika tradition.  

V Subrahmanian

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Jun 22, 2016, 2:23:35 AM6/22/16
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In Kannada too the washerman is known as 'maDivALa'.

',prayato bhUtvA' could come close to maDi.

Subrahmanian. V

shankara

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Jun 22, 2016, 2:25:20 AM6/22/16
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Paturji,

Please provide titles of books/papers by Prof. TN Madan and Prof. McKim Marriott.

The concept of ritual purity or pollution is not yet clear to me. I would appreciate any points to any other studies on this subject.
 
regards
shankara



From: Nagaraj Paturi <nagara...@gmail.com>
To: bvpar...@googlegroups.com
Sent: Tuesday, 21 June 2016 10:40 PM
Subject: Re: {भारतीयविद्वत्परिषत्} Ritual purity in Hinduism

Nagaraj Paturi

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Jun 22, 2016, 5:56:31 AM6/22/16
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Auspiciousness and Purity: Some Reconsiderations Contributions to Indian Sociology July 1991 25: 287-294, by T N Madan

shankara

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Jun 22, 2016, 7:40:14 AM6/22/16
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Paturiji,

Thanks a lot.
 
regards
shankara



From: Nagaraj Paturi <nagara...@gmail.com>
To: bvpar...@googlegroups.com
Sent: Wednesday, 22 June 2016 3:25 PM

Nagaraj Paturi

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Jun 22, 2016, 3:28:43 PM6/22/16
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> The concept of ritual purity or pollution is not yet clear to me.

The concepts of 'ritual purity' and 'ritual pollution' belong to the realm of super-natural. Thus 'ritual purity' is supernatural (related) purity and 'ritual pollution' is supernatural (related) pollution. 

Here the word 'pollution' has no connotation of 'bad'. For example, as'oucha accruing due to death is not 'bad'. It does not come in the way of the as'oucha-holding person performing the Vaidika rituals of communicating with the ancestral spirits. Those rituals are not 'bad' rituals. They are 'good' rituals only. To perform them, the performing kartaa needs physical cleanliness, and many other conditions of 'purity'. Even the 'ritual pollution' of a different kind accruing from the touch or sight of a menstruating woman can badly affect the 'purity' required for performing such rituals. 

(to be continued)  

shankara

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Jun 22, 2016, 11:25:31 PM6/22/16
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Paturiji,

Thanks for explaining the concept of ritual purity. I look forward to more details.
 
regards
shankara



From: Nagaraj Paturi <nagara...@gmail.com>
To: bvpar...@googlegroups.com
Sent: Thursday, 23 June 2016 12:58 AM

Nagaraj Paturi

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Jun 23, 2016, 12:17:56 AM6/23/16
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>It is said that if someone in one's family or extended family dies, one is not supposed to visit temples, perform certain rituals, etc for certain number of days.

---- If you are talking of the varjya acts during the first one year, Dharmasindhu talks of such only for the direct children of the deceased and not to all the relatives of the family and extended family.

अथ प्रथमाब्देनिषिद्धानि: मातापित्रोर्मरणे वर्षपर्यंतं परान्नं गंधमाल्यादिभोगं मैथुनंअभ्यंगस्नानंचवर्जयेत् ।

It is also said here that

संध्योपासनदेवपूजापंचमहायज्ञातिरिक्तकर्ममात्रं च वर्ज्यं । Which implies that संध्योपासनदेवपूजापंचमहायज्ञ are to be performed during this period.  

Sivasenani Nori

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Jun 24, 2016, 7:32:58 AM6/24/16
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Shankar ji

Pranaam.

I know that you asked for texts crticially dealing with how an external event such as a death of a parent is related to a simple act such as going to a temple, but allow me to share my understanding which might be helpful.

The connection between the external event (death of a parent etc.) and the body is the Manas. If there is a connection, then there is sorrow - Soka - in Manas. In such a state, the focus required on a given rite is not possible and hence there is no point in doing kAmyakarmas and nimittakarmas in such a state. Visiting a temple is also a kAmyakarma or a nimittakarma (for instance there is this rule that if we are passing respectable people, we must salute them and proceed further, if our salutation does not disturb them; similarly if we are in a kshetra, we must pay respects to the deity there - then it becomes a nimittakarma); celebrating festivals is a nimittakarma. Since these are optional and since one is not in the frame of mind to do those dedicatedly, they are avoided.

On the other hand, nityakarmas like sandhyAvandanam (and devatArcana and pancamahAyaj~nas, as the learned Professor Nagaraj garu has quoted) need to be done - otherwise we have अकरणे प्रत्यवायः; so those responsibilities are discharged. In fact even during aSauca, sandhyAvandanam till arghyapradAna is done by some SishTas.

Since manas is the connection, even if somebody is not a part of the family, if there is a connection, some people behave as if they are in a period of aSauca. For instance, there is an incidence in a historical novel written by my grandfather, a naishThika, where the great Telugu poet SrInAthabhaTTa is depicted as observing aSauca, when his king vemAreDDy passes away. Kalidasa in SAkuntalam describes Kanvamaharshi as becoming कलुषः due to tears (कण्ठः स्तम्भितबाष्पवृत्तिकलुषः, 4.6). In the Ramayana (Adityahridayam), when Rama was worried about killing Ravana and Agastya teaches him AdityhRdayam, aSauca is acknolwledged (त्रिराचम्य शुचिर्भूत्वा धनुरादाय वीर्यवान्) by saying that Rama did Acamana, became SuciH and only then picked up his weapon. It is also seen that when one is reciting or learning Veda or even some stotra, when there is a disturbance, and abhyAsa is resumed after a brief interruption, it is resumed only after reciting the name of Vishnu three times (विष्णुर्विष्णुर्विष्णुः) because one's focus has diverted; now one has to become Suci again and vishNusmaraNa purifies one (यस्स्मरेत् पुण्डरीकाक्षं स बाह्याभ्यन्तरश्शुचिः). Thus for different levels of distractions, different levels of time (11 days for immediate family; 3 days for relatives; 1.5 days for distant relatives; till snAna upon seeing a dead body etc.) are prescribed.
 
Also, for a sannyAsin, there is no aSauca because no connection is acknowledged. 

Regards
N. Siva Senani

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Nagaraj Paturi

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Jun 24, 2016, 7:59:17 AM6/24/16
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AadaraNIya Sivasenaniji said it all.

That is the reason Dharmasindhu repeatedly uses the phrases ज्ञानादाराभ्य ज्ञानादेव आरभ्य  etc.

shankara

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Jun 24, 2016, 8:57:56 AM6/24/16
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Sivasenaniji,

Thanks for the explanation.

It is said that if a person who is in aasaucham visits temple, then the temple is polluted and it is necessary to do purification rites to regain the purity of the temple. I am not sure if this belief is supported by Sastrapramana.

Paturiji had explained that 'asaucham' is super-natural. From your explanation, 'asaucham' seems to be mental in nature. I would like to know whether our sastras have described the nature of asaucham.
 
regards
shankara



From: Sivasenani Nori <sivas...@gmail.com>
To: भारतीयविद्वत्परिषत् <bvpar...@googlegroups.com>
Sent: Friday, 24 June 2016 5:02 PM
Subject: Re: {भारतीयविद्वत्परिषत्} Ritual purity in Hinduism

V Subrahmanian

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Jun 24, 2016, 9:12:46 AM6/24/16
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On Jun 24, 2016 5:02 PM, "Sivasenani Nori" <sivas...@gmail.com> wrote:
>
> Shankar ji
>
> Pranaam.
>
> I know that you asked for texts crticially dealing with how an external event such as a death of a parent is related to a simple act such as going to a temple, but allow me to share my understanding which might be helpful.
>
> The connection between the external event (death of a parent etc.) and the body is the Manas. If there is a connection, then there is sorrow - Soka - in Manas. In such a state, the focus required on a given rite is not possible and hence there is no point in doing kAmyakarmas and nimittakarmas in such a state. Visiting a temple is also a kAmyakarma or a nimittakarma (for instance there is this rule that if we are passing respectable people, we must salute them and proceed further, if our salutation does not disturb them; similarly if we are in a kshetra, we must pay respects to the deity there - then it becomes a nimittakarma); celebrating festivals is a nimittakarma. Since these are optional and since one is not in the frame of mind to do those dedicatedly, they are avoided.
>
> On the other hand, nityakarmas like sandhyAvandanam (and devatArcana and pancamahAyaj~nas, as the learned Professor Nagaraj garu has quoted) need to be done -

Namaste

Can Atithtyam be performed during Ashaucham? Will shishtas come for food to such a house?

Regards
Subrahmanian. V

Nagaraj Paturi

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Jun 24, 2016, 9:20:28 AM6/24/16
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संध्योपासनदेवपूजापंचमहायज्ञातिरिक्तकर्ममात्रं च वर्ज्यं । Which implies that संध्योपासनदेवपूजापंचमहायज्ञ are to be performed during this period.  
The period here is the first one year, but later to the period of as'oucha.

Nagaraj Paturi

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Jun 24, 2016, 10:10:25 AM6/24/16
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> Paturiji had explained that 'asaucham' is super-natural. From your explanation, 'asaucham' seems to be mental in nature.

----- Shankaraji, there is no contradiction between the two. What I called super-natural is what we call aadhidaivikam. What Sri Sivasenaniji called mental is what we call aadhyaatmikam. aadhyaatmikam is the means through which individual can access the aadhidaivika.

>It is said that if a person who is in aasaucham visits temple, then the temple is polluted and it is necessary to do purification rites to regain the purity of the temple. I am not sure if this belief is supported by Sastrapramana.

---------- Again, I repeat, Dharmasindhu talks about the first year period later to the period as'oucham and it says devapuja can be performed during this period. It is the belief of ritual (supernatural) pollution getting transmitted through touch and sight that leads to the purification rites being performed by temple people when a person in as'oucham visits the deity.


Nagaraj Paturi

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Jun 24, 2016, 11:08:43 AM6/24/16
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Paushyaparva of Mahabharata has an interesting narrative bringing out the significance of mind in the working of ritual purity and pollution.

In this , Uttanka is made to eat the pureesha and mootra of a rishabha.

स पथि गच्छन्नपश्यदृषभमतिप्रमाणं तमधिरूढं च पुरुषमतिप्रमाणमेव। १०१।

स पुरुष उत्तङ्कमभ्यभाषत।

उत्तङ्कैतत्पुरीषमस्य ऋषभस्य भक्षयस्वेति। १०२।

स एवमुक्तो नैच्छत्। १०३।

तमाह पुरुषो भूयः।

भक्षयस्वोत्तङ्क।

मा विचारय।

उपाध्यायेनापि ते भक्षितं पूर्वमिति। १०४।

स एवमुक्तो बाढमित्युक्त्वा तदा तदृषभस्य पुरीषं मूत्रं च भक्षयित्वोत्तङ्कः प्रतस्थे यत्र स क्षत्रियः पौष्यः। १०५।


This leads to 'pollution' of Uttanka on account of  which he can not see the wife of Paushya.



Paushya says:

न हि सा क्षत्रिया उच्छिष्टेनाशुचिना वा शक्या द्रष्टुम्।


पतिव्रतात्वादेषा नाशुचेर्दर्शनमुपैतीति। ११२।


Uttanka gets the ability to see her only after physically and ritually cleansing himself :


अथोत्तङ्कस्तथेत्युक्त्वा प्राङ्मुख उपविश्य सुप्रक्षालितपाणिपादवदनोऽशब्दाभिर् हृदयङ्गमाभिरद्भिरुपस्पृश्य त्रिः पीत्वा द्विः परिमृज्य खान्यद्भिरुपस्पृश्यान्तःपुरं प्रविश्य तां क्षत्रियामपश्यत्। ११५।

After returning to his guru's aas'rama, Uttanka requests his guru who the purusha who asked him to eat the pureesha and mootra of the rishabha was and what that rishabha, pureesha and mootra were.



पथि गच्छता मया ऋषभो दृष्टः।


तं च पुरुषोऽधिरूढः।


तेनास्मि सोपचारमुक्तः।


उत्तङ्कास्य ऋषभस्य पुरीषं भक्षय।


उपाध्यायेनापि ते भक्षितमिति।


ततस्तद्वचनान्मया तदृषभस्य पुरीषमुपयुक्तम्।


तदिच्छामि भवतोपदिष्टं किं तदिति। १७१।


Guru replies that that pureesha was amritam.



य ऋषभस्त्वया पथि गच्छता दृष्टः स ऐरावतो नागराजः।


यश्चैनमधिरूढः स इन्द्रः।


यदपि ते पुरीषं भक्षितं तस्य ऋषभस्य तदमृतम्। १७४।


Now, the question is, if that pureesha was amritam, why did its consumption lead to pollution ?


The only tenable answer is : at the time of consumption , Uttanka did not know that it was amritam. So, it was his view of it as pureesha that made its consumption polluting, though that was in fact, amritam.


Stories of this kind from our scriptures instruct us that it is our mind, it is our understanding that decides the purity and/or pollution.



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