ऌ and लृ

[Radhakrishna Warrier]

Just heard a person who is supposed to be knowledgeable in Sanskrit pronounce the letter ऌ with an ‘r’ sound (as lṛ).  The same person pronounced the word कॢप्त (meaning limited) as klripta, again with an r sound. 

In my view both these pronunciations are wrong.   

I believe that there should be no ‘r’ sound in ऌ.  This letter is part of the series अ, आ, इ, ई, उ, ऊ, ऋ, ॠ, ऌ, ॡ, ... and should be pronounced without the ‘r’ sound, almost like the “le” in the American (not British or Indian) pronunciation of the English word able.   

However, the letter लृ in the series ल, ला, लि, ली, लु, लू, लृ,… should be pronounced with an ‘r’ sound as lṛ. 

In short ऌ  and लृ  are two different letters; the first one should not be pronounced with an ‘r’ sound while the second should be pronounced with an ‘r’ sound. 

If the very short vowel that comes after the ‘r’ sound in कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa) be represented by ‘@’, ऋ will be r@ and ऌ will be l@. 

Regards,

Radhakrishna Warrier

 

[Madhav Deshpande]

Dear Radhakrishna Ji,

     I agree with you that ऌ in कॢप्त has no र sound in it, and Patanjali says clearly that this is the only place where ऌ actually occurs in Sanskrit usage. The form is derived by Panini by positing a root कृप् and then proposing the substitution of r>l [कृपो रो ल:].  While a phonetic combination of ल्+ऋ is theoretically possible, this combination does not occur anywhere in Sanskrit usage. The pronunciation of कॢ as klri or klru is obviously mistaken, though it is quite rampant.  With best wishes,

Madhav M. Deshpande

Professor Emeritus, Sanskrit and Linguistics

University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

Senior Fellow, Oxford Center for Hindu Studies

Adjunct Professor, National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bangalore, India

[Residence: Campbell, California, USA]

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[Deepro Chakraborty]

This I heard mostly in North India. In Bengal, however, people pronounce ऌ as li though erroneous with an extra i. 

[K S Kannan]

We have roots in the Dhātupāṭha involving lr̥ - as anūbandha, of course :

gamlr̥ gatau (1P)

śadlr̥ śātane (1P, 6P)

ṣadlr̥ viśaraṇa-gatyavasādaneṣu (1P, 6P)

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Dr. K.S.Kannan  D.Litt.

​Sant Rajinder Singh Ji Maharaj Chair Professor, IIT-Madras.

Senior Fellow, ICSSR, New Delhi.

Academic Director, Swadeshi Indology.

Member, Academic Council, Veda Vijnana Shodha Samsthana.

Nominated Member, IIAS, Shimla.

Former Professor, CAHC, Jain University, Bangalore.

Former Director, Karnataka Samskrit University, Bangalore.

Former Head, Dept. of Sanskrit, The National Colleges, Bangalore.

[Madhav Deshpande]

Dear Professor Kannan,

     As far as I understand, the ऌ in गमॢ etc. is not ल्+ऋ, but the vowel ऌ.  An indication of this may be seen in the rule पुषादिद्युताद्यॢदित: परस्मैपदेषु P. 3.1.55. The expression ऌदित: here begins with the vowel ऌ, and not the consonant ल्, and therefore the combination द्युतादि+ऌदित: undergoes sandhi by इको यणचि. Secondly, the expression ऌदित् refers to verb roots like गमॢ and शकॢ, as is clear from the examples in the Kashikavritti. If ऌ were to be understood as ल्+ऋ in these cases, the rules that apply to ऋदित् items will now apply to ऌदित् as well.  This has been my understanding of Panini. With best regards.

   

Madhav M. Deshpande

Professor Emeritus, Sanskrit and Linguistics

University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

Senior Fellow, Oxford Center for Hindu Studies

Adjunct Professor, National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bangalore, India

[Residence: Campbell, California, USA]

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[K S Kannan]

Is there some way of differentiating the two in transliteration?

- is what I intended to drive at.

lr̥ as V, and

lr̥ as CV .

Has anyone discussed the question as to how to pronounce differently,

if at all possible - speaking of the combination as theoretically possible :

l followed by r̥

l followed by lr̥

r followed by r̥ &

r followed by lr̥

- immaterial of whether they actually occur in words/are just conceivable ?

Sonographs capable of graphically differentiating between kr and kr̥

alone can perhaps tell whether a person is pronouncing the two properly.

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[Achyut Karve]

ऋ and लृ are savarna.  I would like to know whether both are retroflex and whether both are articulated at the same place in the oral cavity or at different places.  If so, which is the posterior one and which one is anterior.

Regards,

Achyut Karve.

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[उ॒ज्ज्व॒लः]

lr̥ as V

IAST: ḷ

ISO: l̥

 

lr̥ as CV

IAST: lṛ

ISO: lr̥ 

 

Sonographs capable of graphically differentiating between kr and kr̥

alone can perhaps tell whether a person is pronouncing the two properly.

अ॒स्व॒रौ क॑काररका॒रौ नोच्चा॑रयितुं शक्येते। सो३॒॑नयो॑रुच्चारणभे॒दो विचा॑र्यताम्—

“कृइति॑”, “क्रिति॑”।

इ॒मावु॒भौ त्रिमा॑त्रो॒ द्विमा॑त्र॒श्चेत्यु॒च्चार॑णे भिद्येते ए॒वेति॑ स्प॒ष्टम्। तदलं॑ स्वन॒लेख॑ने॒ श्रमे॒णेति॑ वक्त॒व्यं॑ मे।

[K S Kannan]

yujyate |

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[keyur joshi]

प्रणाम 

ऋ एवं ऌ  दोनों स्वर है। दोनों का उच्चारण अ-स्पृश्य है। ऋग्वेद प्रातिशाख्य सूत्र ४१ अनुसार दोनों का करण जिह्वा मूल है ।  पाणिनीय शिक्षा अनुसार ऋ का स्थान मूर्धा है और ऌ का स्थान दंत है।

हम इस करण से इस स्थान पर स्वर का उच्चार नहीं कर पा रहे है। 

परंतु हमारे पूर्वज कभी ये विधान के अनुसार उच्चारण कर सकते थे । और इस जानकारी से हम शिवसूत्र के स्वरों का, और अतः हमारी संस्कृति का, उद्भव काल का अनुमान सकते है। 

आभार 

केयूर जोशी