antastha and ushma

[Anand S]

Dear scholars,

Can any one please explain to me the right meaning of antastha and ushma among the consonants.

Pranams

Anand

[Nagaraj Paturi]

य र ल व  अंतस्थाः। श ष स ह ऊष्माणः।

ईषत्स्पृष्टकरणा अंतस्थाः । ईषद्विवृतकरणा ऊष्माणः ।

Tongue is called karaṇa. अंतस्थाः are articulated with the partial touch of the tongue with the sthāna (location inside the vocal organs) . ऊष्माणः are articulated with the tongue partially open.

 

 

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Prof.Nagaraj Paturi

Hyderabad-500044

[Anand S]

Sir,

I happened to read that antasthah are semi vowels which are in between vowels and consonants. Ushmas are those consonants which produce heat or kind of steam when pronounced.

When we speak about 'eeshatsprishta', while pronouncing the antastha 'va' there is no touch of tongue any where in the mouth. 

[Nagaraj Paturi]

I just reproduced the sutras from S'ikShaa and the English part was my English translation to a Hindi commentary. I did that to see your response and know your focus. Now that I know the focus of your question, let me tell you this:

 

ईषत्स्पृष्टाः is in contrast to स्पृष्टाः. The 25 consonants of the 5 groups : कवर्ग चवर्ग टवर्ग तवर्ग  and पवर्ग are स्पृष्टाः . Among them , if you see, consonants of kavarga are कंठ्याः.Here  स्पर्श  is between the parts of the throat only. Similarly for ओष्ठ्याः also  the touch is between lips only. So, in stead of taking karaṇa as tongue alone, it is better to take the oral muscle that moves touch the other muscle as karaṇa. The touched muscle , more precisely, the touched point of the muscle is sthāna. This helps to understand how य र ल व are ईषत्स्पृष्टकरणाः.

 

The meaning of 'semi-vowels' is not there either in the word अंतस्थाः or in the sutra  ईषत्स्पृष्टाः .

 

र, ल can not be semi-vowels. य,व can be discussed as having features of vowels. य is related to the तालव्य  vowels इ,ई,ए and व is related to ओष्ठ्य vowels  उ,ऊ.

 

'Heat' is found in the etymological meaning given to the word ' ऊष्माणः'. ईषद्विवृतकरणाः is not the etymological meaning. It is the description of pronunciation of श, ष, स, ह .

 

 

 

 

 

 

[Nityanand Misra]

On Monday, August 18, 2014 9:35:46 AM UTC+5:30, nagarajpaturi wrote:

I just reproduced the sutras from S'ikShaa and the English part was my English translation to a Hindi commentary.

Which commentary - is it the Bhaimi commentary on the LSK?

[vasantkumar bhatt]

अइउण् । ऋलृक् । एओङ् । ऐऔच् । - इति स्वराः ।, तदनन्तरम् हयवरट् । लण् । - इत्यर्धस्वराणाम् निर्देशः । ततश्च, ञमङणनम् इत्यादयः व्यञ्जनवर्णाः । एवम् माहेश्वरसूत्रेषु स्वर-व्यञ्जनयोर्मध्ये ( अन्तः भागे ) स्थिताः ये वर्णाः, ते अन्तःस्थाः कथ्यन्ते ।।
वसन्तकुमारो भट्टः,
गुजरात विश्वविद्यालयः, अहमदावादनगरम् ।
 

---

Date: Sun, 17 Aug 2014 10:38:30 -0700
From: anandpi...@gmail.com
To: bvpar...@googlegroups.com
Subject: Re: {भारतीयविद्वत्परिषत्} antastha and ushma

[vasantkumar bhatt]

अइउण् । इत्येतेषाम् स्वर-वर्णानाम् अनुक्रमेणैव ह-य-व इत्येते त्रयो वर्णा अर्धस्वराः सन्ति । ( इको यण् अचि । इति सूत्रेण स्वरवर्णानां स्थाने, य-वादीनाम् अर्धस्वराणाम् आदेशाः प्रवर्ततन्ते । रेफस्य कथम् अर्धस्वरत्वमिति न ज्ञायते । किन्तु पूर्वोक्तेन समाधिना तस्य रेफस्य अन्तःस्थवर्णत्वं तु सिध्यत्येव । )
अकारस्य अर्धस्वरः कथं हकारः स्यादिति प्रश्नो भवितुमर्हति । तदोच्यते - वेदे कुह इति कुत्रार्थको निपातः श्रूयते, तस्मादेव लौकिके संस्कृते क्व इति निपातः समुद्भूतः । कुह इत्यत्र यो हकारः स अर्धस्वरत्वेन यदोच्यते तदैव तस्याग्रगामिनि उ-कारे ध्वनिपरिवर्तनं भूत्वा व्-कारस्योत्पत्तिर्भविष्यति । कुह - क्व इति ।। अनेनैव समाधिना ह-य-व-र-ट् इति सूत्रस्थो हकारः अर्धस्वरत्वेन पाणिनिना स्वीकृतः स्यादिति निश्चीयते ।।
 

---

Date: Sun, 17 Aug 2014 10:38:30 -0700
From: anandpi...@gmail.com
To: bvpar...@googlegroups.com

Subject: Re: {भारतीयविद्वत्परिषत्} antastha and ushma

[Anand S]

Sir, Thanks for that wonderful explanation. 

What could be the reason that Panini Maharshi has included 'ha' twice among the Mahesvara sutras. Is it foreseeing some making of pratyahaara or is it to show that 'ha' is also a semi-vowel and it occupies place among the sibilants as well?

[vasantkumar bhatt]

ह-य-व-र-ट् इत्यत्र हकारोर्धस्वरत्वेन निर्दिष्टः, अन्तिमे च हल्  इति चतुर्दशे सूत्रे हकारः शुद्धव्यञ्जनरूपेण समाविष्ट इति सङ्गतिः ।
वसन्तकुमारो भट्टः ।
 

---

Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2014 02:48:19 -0700
From: anandpi...@gmail.com
To: bvpar...@googlegroups.com
CC: bhatt...@hotmail.com

[Anand S]

Then it should be understood that 'ha' is a semi vowel as well as a suddha vyanjana meanwhile 'ya ra la va' are just semi vowels.

[Nagaraj Paturi]

Which commentary - is it the Bhaimi commentary on the LSK?

 

It is the Kaladasa Academi 's( Ujjaini ) publication of pANinIya s'ikShA.

 

Hindi translation by Balakrishna Sharma.

 

 

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Prof.Nagaraj Paturi

Hyderabad-500044

[Sivasenani Nori]

2014-08-18 15:18 GMT+05:30 Anand S <anandpi...@gmail.com>:

Sir, Thanks for that wonderful explanation. 

What could be the reason that Panini Maharshi has included 'ha' twice among the Mahesvara sutras. Is it foreseeing some making of pratyahaara or is it to show that 'ha' is also a semi-vowel and it occupies place among the sibilants as well?

 

Many scholars looked at this question. Mahabhashya and its subcommentaries have shown the usage of eight pratyaharas as the reason for repetition of "ha". Usage of four pratyāhāras aṬ, haŚ, aŚ and iṆ is the justification for the earlier "ha". Similarly, four more pratyāhāras viz. vaL, raL, jhaL and śaL are cited as justification for the latter "ha". Now, if in the interest of brevity, one of the "ha"s is dropped in the varṇasamāmnaya, then we would have to specify "ha" additionally in at least four sūtras [1]. Fritz Staal [2] after a long analysis essentially gives the same reason as Patanjali for the repetition of "ha".  Cardona [3] and Kiparsky [4] have also analyzed the Sivasutras, but the repetition of "ha" is not the main focus of their effort. Wiebke Petersen [5] mathematically "proves" that repetition of at least one letter is inevitable and that repetition of "ha" is the most efficient.

Western linguists, say W. S. Allen (Phonetics in Ancient India, London, 1953, p20) classify "ha" as a glottal, whereas ka-varga, i.e. k, kh, g, gh and ṅ, is considered velar. On the other hand, Sanskrit grammarians describe "ha" as a kaṇṭhya along with ka-varga. This might boil down to whether the glottis and velum (places of pronunciation) are both part of what is called kaṇṭha in Sanskrit. This is not the only difference, though. Under certain circumstances, "ha" is held to be pronounced in the chest:

hakāraṃ pañcamairyuktam antasthābhiśca saṃyutam

aurasyaṃ taṃ vijānīyāt kaṇṭhyamāhurasaṃyutam (Pāṇinīyaśikṣā, 16)

(When "ha" is conjoined with the fifth letters, i.e. ṅa, ña, ṇa, na and ma, and with antasthas, i.e. ya, ra, la and va, it is pronounced in the chest[6] (aurasya); when it is not conjoint with other letters, then it is said to be pronounced in the throat (kaṇṭhya)).

Regards

N. Siva Senani

[1] In fact, it is more than four sūtras. As remarked by in his Chāyā: (idaṃ dikpradarśanam, madhuliṃhītyādau numsiddhaye 'napuṃsakasya' ityatrāpi tadgrahaṇam bodhyam.) This is only a pointer [of how an additional "ha" would have to be supplied in many sūtras, and it is not an exhaustive list; for instance] in "madhuliṃhi" for the sake of introducing the augment nUM, in the sūtra 7.1.72 napuṃsakasya jhalacaḥ also, "ha" would have to be included. [Here jhaL is the pratyāhāra that is used]. Each pratyāhāra is usually used in more than one sūtra (usually rules are productive, i.e. an abbreviation is made only if it is used in more than one sūtra – otherwise there is little point in introducing an additional intermediate term). Another example is seen in the derivation of "mahǡ hi saḥ" wherein the pratyāhāra aṬ is used in two sūtra, 8.3.9 (Step (1)) and 8.3.3 (Step (4)).

[2] Staal, Frtis. "A Method of Linguistic Description: The Order of Consonants According to Pāṇini", Language, Vol. 38., No. 1 (Jan. – Mar., 1962), Linguistic Society of America.

[3] Cardona, George. Studies in Indian Grammarians. I. the Method of Description Reflected in the Sivasutras. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1969. 

[4] Kiparsky, Paul. "Economy and the Construction of the Śivasūtras", Festschrift S. D. Joshi, 1991. Pp. 239-261.

 [5] Petersen, Wiebke. "A Mathematical Analysis of Pāṇini's Śivasūtras", Journal of Logic, Language and Information, Vol. 13, 2004. Pp. 471 – 489.

 [6]  For instance, "ha" in "brahma" is the aurasya "ha", where the order of "ha" and "ma" seems to be reversed. 

 

[Nityanand Misra]

On Monday, August 18, 2014 3:18:19 PM UTC+5:30, Anand S wrote:

Sir, Thanks for that wonderful explanation. 

What could be the reason that Panini Maharshi has included 'ha' twice among the Mahesvara sutras. Is it foreseeing some making of pratyahaara or is it to show that 'ha' is also a semi-vowel and it occupies place among the sibilants as well?

Maheshwara/Panini had the foresight that Ashtadhyayi would be using Pratyaharas which would require placement of ha at two places. Refer the attachment which explains Laukika and Alaukika Prayojanas of using ha twice in the Siva Sutras.

Wiebke Pieterson's PhD thesis anlaysis Siva Sutras from a mathematical perspective. One of her insights was assuming Panini would need to use the Pratyahaaras he has used, the repetition of ha is mathematically required for the optimal construction of Siva Sutras.

[सा. श्रेयसः]

Dear Sri Nityananda,

Can you please share the link to Wiebke Pieterson's PhD thesis?

Regards,

-Shreyas

[Ashok Aklujkar]

The terms have been discussed extensively in:
Chatterji, Kshitish Chandra. 1964 (second edn) Technical Terms and Technique of Sanskrit Grammar, Part 1. Calcutta-19: Sibendranath Kanjilal,Sperintendent, Calcutta University Press, pp.245-249 and pp.270-274.

What is to be particularly noted is that anta.hsthaa [with visarga in the middle] was the older form of antasthaa and that anta.hsthaa was a feminine noun.

A relatively less misleading corruption occurred in the case of uu.sman. In the later period, it was mistaken to be u.sman by some authors.

I do not know if any subsequent part of KCC's valuable work was published or if any manuscript or press copy of it exists. Some Kolkata-dwelling scholar should undertake an exploration and at least try to preserve the unpublished work of KCC.

Many of the terms he discusses in the TTTSG were also discussed in elegant Sanskrit essays in the periodical Ma;njuu.saa or Sa.msk.rta-ma'njuu.saa that he used to edit. Compete sets of this periodical should be preserved at least in 2-3 places in India. Alphabetical indices (including the texts and authors to which KCC refers) of what is found in the Ma;njuu.saa and what is found in the TTTSG will also be useful.

K.V. Abhyankar's _A Dictionary of Sanskrt Grammar_ (second edn 1977) gives brief accounts of anta.hsthaa and uu.sman on p. 28 and p. 94.

a.a.

[Nagaraj Paturi]

I was about to seek your opinion AadaraNIya Ashokji.

 

Any clues about the chronology of the ideas on Anthashas and Ooshmas in terms of the sources?

 

Thanks for the guidance.

 

Regards,

 

Nagaraj

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[Ashok Aklujkar]

Dear Prof. Paturi,

It will be a while before I can occupy myself carefully enough with the question you have asked. I have too many unfinished writing projects before me, although I will continue to contribute to BVP and other forums whenever I get a few minutes from other commitments and responsibilities. From the information KCC has gathered, it would seem that anta.hsthaa became a grammatical technical term between the time of the ;Satapatha-braahma.na and the early Praati;saakhyas, that its understanding as 'one which stands between' is older and that the reference through 'between' (anta.h/antar) is NOT to any items in the Pratyaahaara/Maahe;svara suutras occurring at the beginning of Paa.nini's A.s.taadhyaayii.

a.a.

[Shreyas Sarangan]

​

श्रीः

नमो विद्वद्भ्यः

while 

Please refer the छान्दोग्योपनिषत् for references on ऊष्माणः-

 

सर्वे स्वरा इन्द्रस्यात्मानः सर्व ऊष्माणः

प्रजापतेरात्मानः सर्वे स्पर्शा मृत्योरात्मानस्तं

यदि स्वरेषूपालभेतेन्द्रप्रपन्नोऽभूवं

स त्वा प्रति वक्ष्यतीत्येनं ब्रूयात्‌॥ २.२२.३॥

अथ यद्येनमूष्मसूपालभेत प्रजापति

प्रपन्नोऽभूवं स त्वा प्रति पेक्ष्यतीत्येनं

ब्रूयादथ यद्येनस्पर्शेषूपालभेत मृत्युशरणं

प्रपन्नोऽभूवं स त्वा प्रति धक्ष्यतीत्येनं ब्रूयात्‌

॥ २.२२.४॥

सर्वे स्वरा घोषवन्तो बलवन्तो वक्तव्या इन्द्रे बलं

ददानीति सर्व ऊष्माणोऽग्रस्ता अनिरस्ता विवृता

वक्तव्याः  प्रजापतेरात्मानं परिददानीति सर्वे स्पर्शा

लेशेनानभिनिहिता वक्तव्या मृत्योरात्मानं

परिहराणीति ॥ २.२२.५॥

Regards.

-Shreyas

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[Nityanand Misra]

On Monday, August 18, 2014 8:03:37 PM UTC+5:30, सा. श्रेयसः wrote:

Dear Sri Nityananda,

Can you please share the link to Wiebke Pieterson's PhD thesis?

http://d-nb.info/1007126175/34

Verstehen Sie Duetsch?

[Shreyas Sarangan]

Nein, aber ich fand, dieses Papier in englischer Sprache. धन्योऽस्मि । 

:-)

Refer Section 4.2 of the attached paper by the author. 

-श्रेयसः

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[Nagaraj Paturi]

 From the information KCC has gathered, it would seem that anta.hsthaa became a grammatical technical term between the time of the ;Satapatha-braahma.na and the early Praati;saakhyas, that its understanding as 'one which stands between' is older and that the reference through 'between' (anta.h/antar) is NOT to any items in the Pratyaahaara/Maahe;svara suutras occurring at the beginning of Paa.nini's A.s.taadhyaayii.

That was my hunch. That is why I sought help with regard to chronology.

 

Thanks. Please take your time.

 

 

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[Nityanand Misra]

Prof. Aklujkar and Prof. Paturi,

Both of you used or mentioned the term अन्तस्थ (different from अन्तःस्थ). Which grammar work uses the term अन्तस्थ (situated at the end)? Does any Pratishakhya use this term? As far as I remember the SK and LSK use अन्तःस्थ (situated in the middle) and not अन्तस्थ. अन्तस्थ would be a misnomer in the Paninian tradition as the letters are not at the end of the Siva Sutras. 

On Tuesday, August 19, 2014 1:30:45 PM UTC+5:30, nagarajpaturi wrote:

[Hnbhat B.R.]

On Tue, Aug 19, 2014 at 4:09 PM, Nityanand Misra <nmi...@gmail.com> wrote:

Prof. Aklujkar and Prof. Paturi,

Both of you used or mentioned the term अन्तस्थ (different from अन्तःस्थ). Which grammar work uses the term अन्तस्थ (situated at the end)? Does any Pratishakhya use this term? As far as I remember the SK and LSK use अन्तःस्थ (situated in the middle) and not अन्तस्थ. अन्तस्थ would be a misnomer in the Paninian tradition as the letters are not at the end of the Siva Sutras. 

I think both the forms अन्तःस्थ and अन्तस्थ could be the variant forms for the same word, in Sandhi, option for विसर्ग, due to the operation of the वार्तिक, "खर्परे शरि वा लोपो वक्तव्यः।" ( ८।३।३६) between अन्तः+स्थ. 

अन्तः मध्ये तिष्ठतीति - both forms could be obtained, depending on the context of the use of अन्तस्थ. Just a note on the use without the विसर्ग also, if context requires.

[Nagaraj Paturi]

Prof. Aklujkar typed it as anta.hsthaa . Mine appeared as Anthashas, full of typos.

 

Anthah =in between can be right if the term is not older than Shiva-sutras. If it is older than Shiva-sutras , an alternative etymology should be considered. That is what I wanted to know from Prof. Aklujkar's textual history expertise.

 

 

On Tue, Aug 19, 2014 at 4:09 PM, Nityanand Misra <nmi...@gmail.com> wrote:

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Prof.Nagaraj Paturi

Hyderabad-500044