Astaxanthin Blackmore

[Desiderato Chouinard]

Thegeneral consensus among users of this astaxanthin supplement is highly positive, with many reporting a range of health benefits. A significant number of users have experienced improvements in eye health, including reduced eye strain and better overall vision.

There are also reports of skin health benefits, with users observing a smoother complexion and improvements in skin condition, which some attribute to the supplement's potent antioxidant properties.Several reviews highlight the supplement's role in supporting a healthy lifestyle, often mentioning its use in conjunction with a balanced diet.

The ease of use, with small, easy-to-swallow capsules, is also appreciated, as is the product's affordability.While the majority of feedback is overwhelmingly positive, a few users indicate that it may take time to notice the benefits, suggesting that the effects may not be immediate for everyone.

A clinical trial funded by Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of astaxanthin, lutein and zeaxanthin on eye-hand coordination and smooth-pursuit eye movements following long-term visual display terminal (VDT) activity.

Kirin has launched its first Food with Function Claims (FFC) sports nutrition drink with immune health benefits. This was a product developed based on consumer survey which showed that consumers were looking for more than nutritional, hydrating benefits when purchasing sports drinks.

Supplement makers may suggest varying amounts of astaxanthin for different purposes. Most of the small research studies to date have used between 2 mg and 12 mg daily. However, optimal doses of astaxanthin have not been set for any condition. Quality and active ingredients in supplements may vary widely. This makes it difficult to set a standard dose.

Side effects. Some laboratory studies have shown astaxanthin may hinder an enzyme called 5-alpha-reductase. As a result, it could keep testosterone from changing into the hormone DHT in the body. It's unclear what effect this may have, but prescription medicines that affect the same enzyme may cause side effects, such as:

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Dr. Debra Rose Wilson is a professor, researcher, and holistic healthcare practitioner. She teaches graduate-level psychology and nursing courses. Dr. Wilson has over 200 publications in her areas of expertise, which include complementary and alternative therapies, autoimmune disease, stress and coping, and obstetrics and breastfeeding.

Because of its antioxidant properties, there has been a lot of research on how astaxanthin might help to treat various cancers. One study found short- and long-term benefits for the treatment of breast cancer, including reduced growth of breast cancer cells.

Astaxanthin can be used topically to promote healthy skin. A 2012 study showed that combining topical and oral doses of astaxanthin can help to smooth wrinkles, make age spots smaller, and help maintain skin moisture. There were positive results in both men and women, but more study is needed to confirm these findings.

Astaxanthin may also have a future in the treatment of joint pain, including conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, which affects nearly one in every five Americans, and carpal tunnel syndrome. However, results so far have been mixed.

Some studies show that astaxanthin may be able to reduce inflammation and pain symptoms related to arthritis. However, a study on the relationship between astaxanthin and carpal tunnel syndrome found no evidence to support the claim.

In a 2005 study, astaxanthin showed positive results for male fertility. Over the course of three months, the double-blind study examined 30 different men who were previously suffering from infertility.

The researchers saw improvements in sperm parameters, like count and motility, and improved fertility in the group who received a strong dosage of astaxanthin. As this was a relatively small-scale study, more evidence and research is needed to support this claim.

Collagen Activ contains vitamin C to support gastrointestinal mucosal membrane health and collagen formation. It also features CeramosidesTM to support skin hydration and skin elasticity in females, VERISOL collagen to support skin firmness and skin health in females, plus astaxanthin to act as an antioxidant in postmenopausal females. Collagen Activ is a great tasting blood orange flavoured oral powder.

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Nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) have been extensively studied with respect to cellular responses. Whether nsPEFs can regulate gene expression and to modulate the synthesis of valuable compounds, has so far been only tested in the context of apoptosis in cancer cells. We used the unicellular algae Haematococcus pluvialis as system to test, whether nsPEFs could alter gene expression and to promote the biosynthesis of astaxanthin. We find that nsPEFs induce a mild, but significant increase of mortality up to about 20%, accompanied by a moderate increase of astaxanthin accumulation. Steady-state transcript levels of three key genes psy, crtR-b and bkt 1 were seen to increase with a maximum at 3 d after PEF treatment at 50 ns. Pulsing at 25 ns reduce the transcripts of psy, crtR-b from around day 2 after the pulse, while those of bkt 1 remain unchanged. By blocking the membrane-located NADPH oxidase RboH, diphenylene iodonium by itself increased both, the levels of astaxanthin and transcripts of all three biosynthetic genes, and this increase was added up to that produced by nsPEFs. Artificial calcium influx by an ionophore did not induce major changes in the accumulation of astaxanthin, nor in the transcript levels, but amplified the response of crtR-b to nsPEFs at 25 ns, while decreased in 50 ns treatment. When Ca2+ influx was inhibited by GdCl3, the transcript of psy and bkt 1 were decreased for both 25 ns and 50 ns treatments, while crtR-b exhibited an obvious increase for the 25 ns treatment. We interpret these data in a working model, where nsPEFs permeabilise plasma and chloroplast membrane depending on pulse duration leading to a differential release of plastid retrograde signaling to the nucleus.

The work from mammalian cells suggests that nsPEFs modify intracellular targets in the first place, which is usually explained by the extremely short rise time that will unfold the effects of the field, before the plasma membrane had the chance to be fully charged3. However, there is clear evidence from plant cells for direct responses of the cytoskeleton at the plasma membrane16.

This diversity of cellular responses as well as the relatively low input energies that are usually far too small to electroporate the membrane (irreversibly) already indicates that a merely physical interpretation will not suffice to understand the effect of nsPEFs. Alternative working models approach focus on the modulation of signaling events at the cell membrane that might be altered even by electrical fields of moderate energies. For plants, two major signaling inputs are central: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by the NADPH oxidase Respiration burst oxidase Homolog (RboH) located on the plasma membrane (reviewed in17), and the opening of voltage-gated calcium channels in the plasma membrane (reviewed in18) as central components of early stress signaling.

The modelling (Fig. 2) shows that the threshold for irreversible membrane electroporation (around 1 V) should be reached within 25 ns over around 2/3 of the entire circumference of the charged cell, while treatment with 50 ns should achieve the conditions for irreversible electroporation almost over the entire sphere (up to 80 azimuth angle). During the polarisation and electroporation of the outer membrane, the chloroplast membrane (which in H. pluvialis is very close to the plasma membrane, because the chloroplast fills almost the entire cell interior) can be permeabilised as well. For stringent treatment (with 50 ns), there should be sufficient time for substantial permeabilisation of the chloroplast, while for moderate treatment (25 ns), only initial steps of such a permeabilisation are expected. Although a strict separation of cellular effects for the two pulse treatments cannot be expected, it is safe to assume that the stringent treatment (50 ns) will not only permeabilise the plasma membrane, but the chloroplast as well.

Thus, although the level of the final product, astaxanthin, was not very responsive to nsPEFs treatment, there was a significant induction in the steady-state levels for transcripts of the astaxanthin pathway. Interestingly, while the pattern was similar for stringent treatment, a qualitative difference became manifest for moderate treatment, where bkt 1 behaved differently from psy and crtR-b.

In our previous work on nsPEFs responses in the microalga C. reinhardtii6, we had demonstrated that DPI, a specific inhibitor of the membrane-located NADPH oxidase RboH, suppressed the long-term responses to nsPEFs. We therefore asked, whether this NADPH oxidase modulates astaxanthin biosynthesis. DPI was added at 30 min before pulsing with durations of 25 ns and 50 ns, respectively. Then, the astaxanthin content and the relative gene expression of psy, crtR-b and bkt 1 were quantified at 72 h after PEF treatment (Fig. 5).

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