Tonical
Sherry Galeazzi
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Above are the words made by unscrambling T O N I C A L (ACILNOT).Our unscramble word finder was able to unscramble these letters using various methods to generate 146 words! Having a unscramble tool like ours under your belt will help you in ALL word scramble games!
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TNAOCILTCONIALANTCIOLOANCITLCNOATILTNAICOLOITCANLNIOCTALONIACTLOCTANILONIATCLIONTACLACOTINLTICOANLCANOTILOTIANCLTOANICLCINOTALCIANOTLOICNTALATNICOLICATONLOTNIACLOITNCALNOACITLIOTNACLTOIANCLNITCOALCTOINALIANTCOLATCOINLOCIATNLCIOANTLTAINOCLOANITCLNOICATLINATOCLNOCTIALTNCIOALCTNAIOLNAOCITLNCOTAILIAOTNCLAICONTLINOCATLOTICNALIOTCNALTANOCILNIOATCLOTANICL
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To study the localization and efficiency of glutamate/aspartate membrane transport in the vicinity of intact glutamatergic synapses, the avascular lamprey spinal cord was incubated with D-aspartate, a metabolically inert transporter substrate. The exogenous D-aspartate was localized by immunocytochemistry after aldehyde fixation. Incubation at 50 or 500 microM D-aspartate for 1 hr caused a prominent D-aspartate labeling of glial processes at glutamatergic synapses, while presynaptic axons and postsynaptic dendrites remained unlabeled. The glial processes surrounding glutamatergic sensory axons with a predominantly tonical firing pattern contained significantly higher levels of D-aspartate than did processes surrounding glutamatergic reticulospinal axons, which fire rarely and in brief bursts. Preparations incubated for 10 hr with 500 microM D-aspartate showed D-aspartate immunolabeling in glia as well as in the two types of glutamatergic axon, but no evidence was obtained for uptake into synaptic vesicles. Nor was such evidence obtained after high-frequency electrical stimulation. The observations suggest that excitatory amino acids delivered diffusely to the extracellular space in the intact CNS are transported almost exclusively into glia. The avid uptake in glial processes, combined with their spatial arrangement around glutamatergic synapses, appears to limit the access of exogenous D-aspartate to the nerve terminal glutamate/aspartate transporter. In physiological conditions, the glial processes are likely to impede the exchange of glutamate between the synaptic cleft and the rest of the extracellular space. The transport was more efficient in glial processes located near tonically active synapses than in ones located near synapses releasing transmitter sporadically. D-Aspartate is not a substrate of vesicular glutamate transport sites at these intact synapses.
A possible participation of receptors of the NMDA type in regulation by glutamate of the Lymnaea stagnalis alimentary program was studied in electrophysiological experiments. The specific antagonist of receptors of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) type MK-801 has been shown to turn off the endogenous generation of the standard three-phase rhythm or the two-phase rhythm. Stimulation of receptors of this type by their specific agonist, NMDA, on the contrary, increased frequency of the alimentary rhythm and transformed it to the two-phase one. All NMDA effects are eliminated by MK-801. Apart from action on generation of central alimentary rhythms, ligands of receptors of the NMDA type change the tonical level of depolarization and activity of the alimentary circuit motoneurons. MK-801 decreased the initial level of the motoneuron B4 activity and inhibited the excitatory effect both of NMDA and of glutamate itself. There are also obtained data in favor of that earlier reported effect of transformation of the inhibitory response of neurons B4 to glutamate to the excitatory one at action of nitric oxide (NO) donors can be mediated by the specific NO effect on the activity of receptors of the NMDA type. The blocker of NMDA receptors MK-801 has been shown to inhibit the effect of transformation of the response to glutamate. The NO donor nitroprusside enhanced essentially the NMDA excitatory action, while the NO acceptor PTlO decreased it. The results obtained with use of ODQ, the blocker of NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclase (GC), allow thinking that effect of NO on activity of the NMDA receptors of the pond snail alimentary program can be realized through the metabolic pathway GC-cGMP. On the whole, the obtained results show the pond snail receptors of the NMDA type to participate in generation and rearrangements of rhythmical alimentary programs in the tonical excitatory effect on the alimentary program motoneurons in the NO-dependent transformation of the glutamate response.