Download Peta Google Earth
Faye Woodson
Google Earth Engine combines a multi-petabyte catalog of satellite imagery and geospatial datasets with planetary-scale analysis capabilities. Scientists, researchers, and developers use Earth Engine to detect changes, map trends, and quantify differences on the Earth's surface. Earth Engine is now available for commercial use, and remains free for academic and research use.
See our impact on the Earth from a new perspective through 37 years of satellite imagery in Timelapse in Google Earth. Timelapse is one example of how Earth Engine can help gain insight into petabyte-scale datasets.
The public data archive includes more than thirty years of historical imagery and scientific datasets, updated and expanded daily. It contains over eighty petabytes of geospatial data instantly available for analysis.
The Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) is an international collaboration powering most global climate change research and managing the first-ever decentralized repository for handling climate science data, with multiple petabytes of data at dozens of federated sites worldwide. It is recognized as the leading infrastructure for the management and access of large distributed data volumes for climate change research and supports the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) and the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX), whose protocols enable the periodic assessments carried out by the IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. As trusted international repository, ESGF hosts and replicates data from a broader range of domains and communities in the Earth sciences leading thus to a strong support to standards for connecting data and application of FAIR data principles to ensure free and open access and interoperability with other similar systems in the Earth Sciences. ESGF includes a specific software component, funded by the H2020 projects IS-ENES2 and IS-ENES3, named ESGF Data Statistics, which takes care of collecting, analyzing, visualizing the data usage metrics and data archive information across the federation. It provides a distributed and scalable software infrastructure responsible for capturing a set of metrics both at single site and federation level. It collects and stores a high volume of heterogeneous metrics, covering coarse and fine grain measures such as downloads and clients statistics, aggregated cross and project-specific download statistics thus offering a more user oriented perspective of the scientific experiments. This allows providing a strong feedback on how much, how frequently and how intensively the whole federation is exploited by the end-users, as well as the most downloaded data, which somehow captures the level of interest from the community on some specific data. It also gives feedback on the less accessed data, which from one side can help designing larger-scale experiments in the future and on the other hand can help getting some insights on the long tail of research. On top of this, a view of the total amount of data published and available through ESGF offers users the possibility to monitor the status of the data archive of the entire federation. This contribution presents an overview of the Data Statistics capabilities as well as the main results in terms of data analysis and visualization.
Terra preta (.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-smallfont-size:85%.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-smallfont-size:100%Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈtɛʁɐ ˈpɾetɐ], literally "black soil" in Portuguese) is a type of very dark, fertile anthropogenic soil (anthrosol) found in the Amazon Basin. It is also known as "Amazonian dark earth" or "Indian black earth". In Portuguese its full name is terra preta do índio or terra preta de índio ("black soil of the Indian", "Indians' black earth"). Terra mulata ("mulatto earth") is lighter or brownish in color.[1]
The origins of the Amazonian dark earths were not immediately clear to later settlers. One idea was that they resulted from ashfall from volcanoes in the Andes, since they occur more frequently on the brows of higher terraces. Another theory considered its formation to be a result of sedimentation in tertiary lakes or in recent ponds.[citation needed]
The peregrine earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus (Oligochaeta: Glossoscolecidae) ingests charcoal and mixes it into a finely ground form with the mineral soil. P. corethrurus is widespread in Amazonia and notably in clearings after burning processes thanks to its tolerance of a low content of organic matter in the soil.[52] This as an essential element in the generation of terra preta, associated with agronomic knowledge involving layering the charcoal in thin regular layers favorable to its burying by P. corethrurus.[citation needed]
Data from the AVHRR were processed using a specialized package. An area, date, and time of reception were selected. From the values of brightness, the radiant temperature and vegetation index were calculated. To clarify the spatial distribution of infrared anomalies, a comparison with the lay of the land was implemented. The heat map was superimposed on a three-dimensional map of the terrain. Therefore, according to the data from the device AVHRR, a distribution of the heat flow in areas of the Baikal Rift Zone (Tunkin depression and Barguzin depression) in the 4th channel (10.30 - 11.30 µm, maximum flow of energy from the earth) for the period 1998 to 2001 was obtained. In parallel, the data from the 1st and 2nd channels were used for vegetation index calculations. In addition, concentrations of Thoron (Rn-222) and Radon (Rn-220) were measured in the identified infrared anomalies, using the radiometer of Alpha-active gases RGA-01. Here are the main results from this and other above-mentioned papers:
For the first time in the 1980s, the short-lived thermal anomalies before an earthquake in central Asia were recorded from satellite images [56]. Since then, many scientists from Russia, China, Japan, India, Iran, and Algeria have been studying satellite data concerning the thermal anomalies preceding earthquakes. Data of satellites such as NOAA/AVHRR and MODIS, which we already wrote about in 5, were widely used for these studies. Several hundreds of observations of this type are described. Brief characteristics of the anomalies are: the short-lived thermal anomalies typically appear 2 - 14 days before an earthquake, affect from thousand to tens of thousands square kilometers, displayed a positive deviation of radiation temperature 2 - 4 K or more, and disappeared a few days after the event. Here are just a few examples.
Since 1990, the research group led by Z. Qiang, using the Meteorological satellite high-time resolution infrared images, has investigated numerous cases of infrared anomalies associated with earthquakes [57].
The thesis by Chunying Wang of Taiwan National Institute of Geography, Environment and Resources Research [58] reported that abnormal radiation temperature increase had been observed for 13 shallow-focus earthquakes of magnitude 5.9 during the period from 1999 to 2002.
Using MODIS data onboard the NASA Terra satellite, Allah-Zadeh and colleagues [59] repeatedly recorded infrared radiation in the wavelength range 3.66 - 3.84 µm in 2003-2004 on the eve of earthquakes.
A M6.7 earthquake occurred on March 25, 2007 [60]. The NCEP data showed that surface radiation temperature increased about 6.2 K on March 23 compared to the temperature of March 22 (Figure 20(a), Figure 20(b)). The areas without obvious temperature increase are shown with grey, blue and green, and the area with higher temperature is shown with yellow and red. The high-temperature center corresponds to the future epicenter well. The temperature from February 25 to March 25 did not show other similar thermal anomalies.
Three Sumatra earthquakes occurred on February 8, 11, and 12 in 2007 with magnitudes M5.0, M5.7, and M5.0, respectively [50]. Four high-temperature centers appeared on January 16, 2007, and the right three centers corresponded to the three epicenters well (Figure 21(a), Figure 21(b)).
Wei with colleagues [62] studied the characteristics of thermal radiation observed before and after the 8 great earthquakes with magnitude up to M 7.0. They conclude that thermal anomalies can be used for earthquake prediction. In the paper [63], the authors reported a Robust Satellite data analysis Technique (RST) for the detection of seismic anomalies using the bi-angular Advanced Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR) gridded brightness temperature (BT). They investigated the Wenchuan earthquake that occurred on May 12, 2008.
If on the basis of existing statistical data, we accept that infrared is the precursor and companion of earthquakes, a natural question arises: what is the physical nature of this radiation? Let us analyze several possibilities.
Analyzing all the possible causes of infrared and EM radiations on the eve of and after the earthquakes proposed in the literature, we cannot categorically reject any of them. Indeed, earthquakes occur in various geological areas with different weather conditions, and it is completely impossible to exclude the presence of conditions that implement one or another mechanism:
Ouzounov with colleagues [72] [73] insists that the thermal heat fluxes over areas of earthquake preparation are a result of air ionization by radon (and other gases) and consequent water vapor condensation on newly formed ions. Latent heat (LH) is released as a result of this process and leads to the formation of local thermal radiation anomalies (TRA) known as OLR (outgoing longwave radiation). They compared the LH energy, obtained by integrating surface latent heat flux (SLHF) over the area and time with released energies associated with these events. Extended studies of the TRA using the data from the most recent major earthquakes allowed establishing the main morphological features. It was also established that the TRA is part of a more complex chain of the short-term pre-earthquake generation, which is explained within the framework of lithosphere-atmosphere coupling processes. We are particularly impressed by the last hypothesis about the condensation of water vapor on charged radon ions, as a result of which the PeTa energy of water vapor condensation should be emitted. We analyzed similar processes in 3.
df19127ead