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[Courtland Boland]

Setin Middle-earth, the three films follow the young Hobbit Frodo Baggins as he and the Fellowship embark on a quest to destroy the One Ring, to ensure the destruction of the Dark Lord Sauron. But the Fellowship breaks, and Frodo continues the quest together with his loyal companion Sam and the treacherous Gollum. Meanwhile the wizard Gandalf and Aragorn, heir in exile to the throne of Gondor, unite and rally the Free Peoples of Middle-earth in several battles culminating in the War of the Ring.

The movies were directed by Peter Jackson and released by New Line Cinema. The trilogy is based on the book The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien and follows its general storyline, despite some deviations. Considered to be one of the biggest movie projects ever undertaken with an overall budget of $280 million, the entire project took eight years, with the filming for all three films done simultaneously and entirely in Jackson's native New Zealand.

The trilogy was among the highest-grossing films of all time, unadjusted for inflation. They are critically acclaimed, winning 17 Academy Awards in total, as well as wide praise for the cast and innovative practical and digital special effects. Each film in the trilogy also had Special Extended Editions, released a year after the theatrical release on DVD.

Ever since the publication of The Hobbit in 1937, there was an interest in turning Tolkien's fantasy novels into film. In 1939, Walt Disney considered incorporating it into Fantasia, and he and his company continued to have an interest in the books until the 1970s. Tolkien and his publishers rejected several amateur suggestions to have the books adapted to film, and in one instance Tolkien criticized a screen treatment prepared by Morton Grady Zimmerman. He eventually leased the rights to The Hobbit to Rembrandt Films to make an animated film, but by 1967 they had only made a short which was viewed by twelve people.

By now, Tolkien was in conversations with Bernie-Katzka Productions and United Artists for the rights to The Lord of the Rings and "an option on The Hobbit". Peter Shaffer was commissioned to write a script for a three-hour film, which was deemed "elegant" but was never made. At this time, Denis O'Dell, a producer working for the Beatles, expressed interest in making a "musical multimedia extraveganza" starring the band members. He had considered Richard Lester to direct, but instead tipped David Lean. With Lean busy on Ryan's Daughter, it passed to Stanley Kubrick (who deemed it "unfilmable") and Michaelangelo Antonioni, to no avail.

In 1974, Ralph Bakshi began negotiating to make it as a series of animated films, eventually teaming with producer Saul Zaentz to buy the rights in 1976. The first part was released in 1978 and its modest financial success eventually led to the sequel's cancelation. Nevertheless, other filmmakers like George Lucas are said to have had an interest in adapting The Hobbit, but were rejected by Zaentz, and instead the 1980s were occupied by Tolkien-esque original fantasy films like Excalibur and Willow, none of which were particularly well received.

In September 1995, Jackson was finishing The Frighteners and considered making a "Lord of the Rings-type" original fantasy film that would be relatively serious and feel "real". Weeks of conversation with partner Fran Walsh came to naught when they realized all their ideas were too close to The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. Wondering "why nobody else seemed to be doing anything about it", Jackson had his agent Ken Kamins search-out the rights, which they traced to producer Saul Zaentz, who was said to have dismissed several proposals to adapt the books to live-action.[6] In fact, in 1993 Zaentz had declined an offer to make "two or three live-action films, or an epic TV series" from a group of European producers.

Jackson was on a first-look deal with Miramax Films (deferred for work on The Frighteners), and while his contractual obligation to present the project to CEO Harvey Weinstein was unclear, he decided to approach Harvey nonetheless. Fortunately, Weinstein had just rescued Zaentz' production of The English Patient and managed to enter negotiations with the producer for the rights.[6] Jackson had originally wanted to make The Lord of the Rings, but Walsh told him they should start with The Hobbit, which he hadn't read. He set to reading it, while making the tentative offer to Miramax to make a trilogy: he would make a film adaptation of The Hobbit and, if it were to prove succesfull, would make two films based off of The Lord of the Rings back-to-back, to be released six months apart. Jackson would have prefered to make three Lord of the Rings entries (and, as he read through The Hobbit, at least two based on that book) but wasn't in a position to make an overly-ambitious pitch. Having not reread the books since 1979, Jackson's memory was "a bit foggy" and he was relying more on Walsh's memory, and of his own memory of the radio serial.

When Universal cancelled King Kong in 1997, Jackson and Walsh immediately received support from Weinstein and began a six-week process of sorting out a deal with Zaentz,[9] who had recently declined a proposal for a TV adaptation by ITV Granada. Jackson commissioned WETA to begin designing The Hobbit, but days later the rights proved unavailable and they were recommissioned to produce early designs for The Lord of the Rings.[10] Simultaneously, Jackson and Walsh asked Costa Botes to write a complete, scene-by-scene synopsis of the book, which Jackson would then reorganize as a basis for a film treatment.[9]

Immediately after Kong's cancelation, Jackson clarified to Harvey that he still intended to make two films,[7] but concerns expressed by Miramax led him to try and write the treatment as a single film, "but by the time we had got to the end, it was clear that we were talking about two films."[9] At the story conference in Miramax (during which the Bakshi cartoon was screened), the Weinsteins "blanched"[11] but accepted two films. While writing the treatment, Jackson considered doing three films and "shaped our treatment into three parts"[9] before Miramax rejected the idea.

Between the synopsis and the treatment, Jackson decided to cut Gildor, Crickhollow, the Old Forest, Tom Bombadil, the Barrow-wights, Bill Ferny, Radagast, Lothlrien and Ghn-buri-Ghn. The final treatment divides the story into two parts: The Fellowship of the Ring (which covered the eponymous novel but also The Two Towers) and The War of the Ring. The first opens immediately with the Battle of the Last Alliance (in what Jackson called a "James Bond" opening) and ends with Saruman's death, and Gandalf and Pippin (the latter having looked into the palantr) going to Minas Tirith.

In this treatment, Farmer Maggot and Glorfindel are present; Gwaihir and Gandalf visit Edoras after escaping Saruman, and owyn and omer help him find Shadowfax against the wishes of a possessed Thoden. Gollum attacks Frodo when the Fellowship is still united, a struggle during which the Ring falls into the mud and is picked up by Boromir. Bilbo attends the Council of Elrond and Sam looks into Galadriel's mirror. At the end of the film, Saruman is shot by an overhead Nazgl and, before his death, is redeemed through issuing the palantr for Gandalf to look into. Aragorn, Legolas and Gimli are sent south to espy Sauron's forces, and Frodo and Sam are en route to the Black Gate.

The second film opens in the thick of battle, and ends with Frodo sailing to the West. It features a more pronounced romantic triangle with Arwen and owyn, including a scene of Aragorn and owyn "asleep in each other's arms"; and has Elladan, Elrohir, and Erkenbrand join Aragorn on the Paths of the Dead (the latter dying in the process), which are described as though made of flesh and feature an undead Isildur as King of the Dead. The Nazgl just make it into Mount Doom before they fall.

In the story conference, they presented this treatment to Harvey and Bob Weinstein, the latter of whom they focused on impressing with their screenwriting, as he had not read the book. Jackson would later recall that Harvey's "heart was always in the right place" and that he gave good notes, suspecting it was Bob who lacked faith in the project. With Disney's approval, they agreed upon two films and a total budget of $75 million. Jackson hoped the budget would increase to accommodate the nature of the back-to-back production, saying later than he worked in the premise that by "incrementally doing a little bit of development" would lead to the studio getting "in too deep."

Stephen Sinclair came on board for a couple of weeks to help flesh-out the scripts, and later brought along his partner, Philippa Boyens, a major fan of the book. Philippa had read The Silmarillion, Unfinished Tales, Tolkien's biography, his letters, Tom Shippey's The Road to Middle Earth and David Day's books, bringing depth to their understanding of the work. It took 13 to 14 months to write the two film scripts, which were 147 and 144 pages respectively. Sinclair left the project due to theatrical obligations, but maintains a credit on The Two Towers, where enough of his contributions survived to the finished film.

The length and certain aspects of the scripts - such as the role of Arwen - were at this stage written as if as "a selling script" to impress the Weinsteins. Miramax seemed to Jackson to be "happy with the scripts", but they later told producer Marty Katz they "contained too much information, too many characters and too many situations." Jackson sensed they were stalling during the story conferences.

In this version, Farmer Maggot and Fatty Bolger appear. Gandalf is more frail and has given up pipe-smoking, and Gimli's dialogue contains several vulgarities. Sam, Merry and Pippin are all caught eavesdropping behind the door and forced to go along with Frodo. The Nazgl skewer Barliman Butterbur and Wargs attack the Hobbits near Weathertop. Gandalf's account of his time at Orthanc was pulled out of flashback and Lothlrien was cut, with Galadriel doing what she does in the story at Rivendell. Denethor attends the Council of Elrond with his son. The Watcher in the Water, absent from the treatment, is reinstated. Arwen now rescues Frodo instead of Glorfindel, and later joins the Battle of Helm's Deep, where a Nazgl sweeps in, only for its fellbeast to be slain by Gimli. Indeed, Thoden's palace is placed in Helm's Deep itself. While on the Seat of Seeing, Frodo sees the Nazgl, having killed Saruman, attack Gandalf. He puts on the Ring to draw him away and is attacked by a fellbeast, which Sam lassos to the structure. The Nazgl attack Sam before Frodo kills it.

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