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Kirby Apodaca
Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of infection in both hospitals and the community, and it is becoming increasingly virulent and resistant to antibiotics. The recent sequencing of seven strains of S. aureus provides unprecedented information about its genome diversity. Subtle differences in core (stable) regions of the genome have been exploited by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) to understand S. aureus population structure. Dramatic differences in the carriage and spread of accessory genes, including those involved in virulence and resistance, contribute to the emergence of new strains with healthcare implications. Understanding the differences between S. aureus genomes and the controls that govern these changes is helping to improve our knowledge of S. aureus pathogenicity and to predict the evolution of super-superbugs.
One of the many ways that diarrhoea-causing superbug Clostridioides difficile has to protect itself from antibiotics is a special layer that covers the cell of the whole bacteria - the surface layer or S-layer. This flexible armour protects against the entry of drugs or molecules released by our immune system to fight bacteria.
A superbug is a bacterium or fungi that is resistant to clinical antimicrobials. They are increasingly common. Right now, for instance, the percentage of clinical isolates of Enterobacteriales (which includes things like Salmonella and E. coli) that are known to be resistant is around 35%. So, if you go into a hospital and get an infection like this, you have about a one in three chance of being either untreatable or not very treatable.
Scientists have found evidence that a type of the antibiotic resistant superbug MRSA arose in nature long before the use of antibiotics in humans and livestock, which has traditionally been blamed for its emergence.
The resulting methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is better known as the superbug MRSA. The discovery of this centuries-old antibiotic resistance predates antibiotic overuse in medical and agricultural settings.
MRSA proves to be especially adept at evading the grasp of antibiotics, becoming a truly dangerous superbug. But this shouldn't be a huge surprise, because as long as we've had antibiotics, staph bacteria have been figuring out ways to become resistant to them.
Public health officials from Nevada are reporting on a case of a woman who died in Reno in September from an incurable infection. Testing showed the superbug that had spread throughout her system could fend off 26 different antibiotics.
The woman in Nevada was cared for in isolation; the staff who treated her used infection control precautions to prevent spread of the superbug in the hospital. Chen and Randall Todd, a health department colleague, told STAT testing was done to look for additional infections, but so far none have been detected.
The U.N. report's authors argued these problems should be fixed with top-down, government-level initiatives, which should be implemented as soon as possible. Specifically, governments should consider freeing up enough funding for national development planning, climate change initiatives and monitoring for the evolution of new superbugs.
Antibiotic-resistant superbugs are a serious threat. The CDC estimates that each year, antibiotic-resistant bacteria and fungi cause 2.8 million infections in the US, and more than 35,000 people die as a result.1
In the report, Antibiotic Resistant Threats in the United States (2019), the CDC compiled information about pathogens it considers urgent, serious, or concerning. Here are some of the dangerous superbugs the CDC and the healthcare industry are most worried about. 1
The fungus, Candida auris, is a form of yeast that is usually not harmful to healthy people but can be a deadly risk to fragile hospital and nursing home patients. It spreads easily and can infect wounds, ears and the bloodstream. Some strains are so-called superbugs that are resistant to all three classes of antibiotic drugs used to treat fungal infections.
Floyd Wormley, associate provost for research and dean of graduate studies, was featured on CBS Evening News, along with other news outlets, as an expert on a drug-resistant superbug fungus recently found in Dallas and Washington, D.C. Candida auris can be deadly.
The same was true for 22 more superbug outbreaks in Virginia healthcare facilities since 2007 that involved more than 130 patients, including 15 who died. State law prohibits the agency from identifying the location of outbreaks. At least 27 other states have similar laws or policies in place.
But only two superbug infections are on the reportable list, MRSA bacteremia and C. difficile. The others are reported under only limited circumstances, such as when related to a hysterectomy or a catheter-associated urinary tract infection.
David Houser, 79, was the last of seven patients to die during an outbreak of Acinetobacter baumannii that swept Adena Regional Medical Center and seven nursing homes in 2016 in south-central Ohio, hospital officials confirmed. His daughter, Jeanette Corey, said medical staff didn't tell her about his superbug infection or the outbreak, which she learned about from Reuters. His death certificate says he died Aug. 4 of congestive heart failure. Julie McCray, Adena's infection-prevention manager, said it was up to state and local health authorities to warn the public; they said there was no reason to do so.
Joyce Werner, 74, contracted a highly resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infection during an outbreak that spread through Adena Regional Medical Center and seven nursing homes in three south-central Ohio counties in 2016. "She fought like there's no tomorrow," said Connie Perhach, her daughter. Werner died at Adena on Feb. 28, "seven days before she could meet her first great-granddaughter," Perhach said. Werner's death certificate cites the superbug as a cause of death, but Ohio does not track superbug deaths.
Scientists will have to sift through the genomes of these lab-evolved superbug strains to identify all the mutations that restore growth and how they do it. This will be the work of multiple studies to come.
He and his colleagues are working to understand better how mutant AcnB boosts growth of N. gonorrhoeae and what other growth-restoring mutations exist in the lab-evolved superbug strains. At the same time, the researchers are on the lookout for reports of similar dangerous mutations in strains recovered from patients around the world.
Outbreaks of a drug-resistant "superbug" fungus spread among patients in hospitals and long-term care facilities in Texas and Washington, D.C., the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported Thursday. The fungus, Candida auris, preys on people with weakened immune systems. The CDC said evidence suggests these cases involved person-to-person transmission, which would be a first for the U.S.
This superbug, detectable by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, not only infects lungs and cause pneumonia, but also invades the bloodstream and other organs. Its hypervirulence and phenotypic resistance to common antibiotics make the infections incurable even for healthy people with normal immunity.
Rather than rolling the dice with a multi-drug combination or wasting precious time trying to determine which medicine to prescribe, doctors could soon use a new method for disarming the superbugs: light therapy.
Yet despite the danger it poses, antibiotic resistance is widely misunderstood, global research shows. Here are six myths about antibiotic resistance, plus tips on how you can protect yourself from a superbug infection.
Many of the same prevention efforts that can reduce the risk of any infection can also reduce the risk of a superbug infection: Washing your hands, staying up to date on recommended vaccines, preparing and storing your food safely, and avoiding close contact with people who are sick.
The overall group of bacteria normally live in the human digestive system. If those bacteria get into the wrong areas of the body, such as the blood or bladder, severe infections can occur. Some of these bacteria also have enzymes that give them resistance to last-resort antibiotics called carbapenems. The director of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control last year called the superbugs "nightmare bacteria."
According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), by 2050 there will be more deaths related to superbugs than cancer and they will be the leading cause of death on the planet. And, when this study was published, the institution had not taken into account the acceleration that the excessive and incorrect consumption of antibiotics caused by the covid pandemic would cause.
Recommendations to slow down the arrival of more superbugs cover different areas as this is a major global public health problem. On the one hand, the medical community has important guidelines to reduce the prescription of antibiotics, limiting their use if their benefit is questionable. It is also important to monitor veterinary medication, a sector where 70% of antibiotics end up and where they have been used, and continue to be used in developing countries, to support animal growth.
In the world of superbugs (bacteria that have grown resistant to antibiotics), C. diff is among the most stubborn. Symptoms of C. diff infection are not only life-threatening but can persist for long periods, especially in persons with recurrent disease.
The T2Resistance Panel can identify 13 of the most serious superbugs and resistance genes on the antibiotic-resistance threat list, published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, including genes indicating resistance to common antibiotic therapies such as penicillin.
Meanwhile, he and others at U-M including microbiology and immunology chair Harry Mobley, Ph.D., are pursuing a broader goal through U-M's Host Microbiome Initiative. Using an advanced genetic technique called transposon sequencing, they're studying which genes K. pneumoniae and other superbugs absolutely need to cause infections.
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