Steve,
It's not really clear to me what you are asking for here. Are you asking for an example of how you would use setValue to set the dateNUM field for a block that was defined using intervalDaysBlock as defined by you below? If that's it, the answer is simply something like myBlock.getField('dateNum').setValue(750). However, you are also asking where the call is being made from. The, somewhat trite, answer is that it is called from wherever you, as the programmer, are calling it. But, perhaps, what you're really asking is under what circumstances might you, as the programmer, call it. One answer might be if your app received some date data from an external source (e.g. a database, or an API call) and therefore wanted to programmatically change the value of a block's dateNUM field with that data.
Does that make sense or have I still misunderstood your questions? If it's the latter, please try to clarify what you're looking for.