Sistemul Locomotor Pdf
Beatrix Gerke
Aparatul locomotor (sistemul muscularo-osos) este, anatomic, aparatul care dă posibilitate oamenilor și animalelor să se miște folosindu-se de o structură organică locomotoare formată din sistemul osos și cel muscular. La vertebratele superioare, inclusiv la om s-au diferențiat, n decursul evoluției, grupuri de organe puse n slujba ndeplinirii unor majore funcțiuni ale ntregului organism. Un astfel de "complex funcțional" este și aparatul locomotor.
Aparatul locomotor este alcătuit din oase, tendoane denumite și ligamente, mbinările mobile dintre oase - articulațiile, și din mușchi. Totalitatea structurilor osoase ale unui organism formeaza scheletul. Acesta constitue un fel de "schelă" de susținere, care dă și formă generală și proporții, corpului omenesc. Elementele scheletului contribuie esențial la menținerea posturii organismului, opunndu-se ncovoierilor posibile datorate mpovărării reprezentate de greutatea corpului, acesta care aflndu-se sub acțiunea gravitației terestre. Oasele sunt legate ntre ele prin structuri de mbinare de diferite feluri și forme, care le asigură mobilitate reciprocă, adică posibilitatea deplasării unora n raport cu altele. Aceste structuri sunt articulațiile. Oasele și articulațiile formeaza partea pasivă a aparatului locomotor. Pe oase se fixeaza mușchii striați scheletici. Aceștia acționeaza asupra oaselor și articulațiilor lor, ca asupra unor prghii, constituind partea activă a aparatului locomotor, adică elementele lui mișcătoare, dinamice. n afară de imprimarea unor mișcări segmentelor osoase, mușchii mai intervin și n imobilizarea acestor segmente n anumite posturi, atitudini fizice.
Să avem o evaluare care sa testeze competențele elevilor la fiecare final de an. Astfel vom vedea n ce stadiu se află generația , cum putem sa mbunatățim sistemul de educație şi profesorii care nu-şi fac treaba şi ncă folosesc metode şi o gndire nvechită să nu mai poată profesa. n plus , feedback-ul eleviilor sa fie luat n serios , pentru că nu e ok n 2024 doar elevul sa poată fi sacționat ,iar profesorul nu , ba chiar să abuzeze de putere.
Glucochon Forte asigură hrănirea articulaţiilor şi a ţesutului conjunctiv, previne distrugerea acestora şi contribuie la regenerarea ţesutului osos, are acţiune antiinflamatoare, participă la formarea ligamentelor, oaselor, mbunătăţeşte starea funcţională a aparatului locomotor. Administrarea lui permite diminuarea substanţială a durerilor n articulaţiile afectate, reduce rigiditatea acestora, ameliorează starea lor funcţională, asigurnd mbunătăţirea substanţială a calităţii vieţii.
Proprietati:
- este un aliment complementar care susţine funcţia locomotorie şi menţine articulaţiile sănătoase;
- lubrifiază articulaţiile, susţine şi conservă cartilagiile, completează cerinţele nutriţionale ale aparatului locomotor n timpul creşterii şi n perioadele de efort intens şi menţine flexibilitatea articulaţiilor;
- conține mult mai mult dect glucozamină și condroitină. Celelalte componente de origine 100% naturala protejeaza si sprijina formarea cartilajului si a lichidului sinovial.
Acţiune:
Este utilizat la animale bătrne, de asemenea la animalele n creştere, n perioada de convalescenţă şi de restabilire, la animalele sportive n perioada de pregătire şi recuperare, la femelele gestante și / lactante.
The human musculoskeletal system (also known as the human locomotor system, and previously the activity system) is an organ system that gives humans the ability to move using their muscular and skeletal systems. The musculoskeletal system provides form, support, stability, and movement to the body.
It is made up of the bones of the skeleton, muscles, cartilage,[1] tendons, ligaments, joints, and other connective tissue that supports and binds tissues and organs together. The musculoskeletal system's primary functions include supporting the body, allowing motion, and protecting vital organs.[2] The skeletal portion of the system serves as the main storage system for calcium and phosphorus and contains critical components of the hematopoietic system.[3]
This system describes how bones are connected to other bones and muscle fibers via connective tissue such as tendons and ligaments. The bones provide stability to the body. Muscles keep bones in place and also play a role in the movement of bones. To allow motion, different bones are connected by joints. Cartilage prevents the bone ends from rubbing directly onto each other. Muscles contract to move the bone attached at the joint.
There are, however, diseases and disorders that may adversely affect the function and overall effectiveness of the system. These diseases can be difficult to diagnose due to the close relation of the musculoskeletal system to other internal systems. The musculoskeletal system refers to the system having its muscles attached to an internal skeletal system and is necessary for humans to move to a more favorable position. Complex issues and injuries involving the musculoskeletal system are usually handled by a physiatrist (specialist in physical medicine and rehabilitation) or an orthopaedic surgeon.
The skeletal system serves many important functions; it provides the shape and form for the body, support and protection, allows bodily movement, produces blood for the body, and stores minerals.[4] The number of bones in the human skeletal system is a controversial topic. Humans are born with over 300 bones; however, many bones fuse together between birth and maturity. As a result, an average adult skeleton consists of 206 bones. The number of bones varies according to the method used to derive the count. While some consider certain structures to be a single bone with multiple parts, others may see it as a single part with multiple bones.[5] There are five general classifications of bones. These are long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, and sesamoid bones. The human skeleton is composed of both fused and individual bones supported by ligaments, tendons, muscles and cartilage. It is a complex structure with two distinct divisions; the axial skeleton, which includes the vertebral column, and the appendicular skeleton.[6]
The skeletal system serves as a framework for tissues and organs to attach themselves to. This system acts as a protective structure for vital organs. Major examples of this are the brain being protected by the skull and the lungs being protected by the rib cage.
Located in long bones are two distinctions of bone marrow (yellow and red). The yellow marrow has fatty connective tissue and is found in the marrow cavity. During starvation, the body uses the fat in yellow marrow for energy.[7] The red marrow of some bones is an important site for blood cell production, approximately 2.6 million red blood cells per second in order to replace existing cells that have been destroyed by the liver.[4] Here all erythrocytes, platelets, and most leukocytes form in adults. From the red marrow, erythrocytes, platelets, and leukocytes migrate to the blood to do their special tasks.
Another function of bones is the storage of certain minerals. Calcium and phosphorus are among the main minerals being stored. The importance of this storage "device" helps to regulate mineral balance in the bloodstream. When the fluctuation of minerals is high, these minerals are stored in the bone; when it is low they will be withdrawn from the bone.
In mammals, when a muscle contracts, a series of reactions occur. Muscle contraction is stimulated by the motor neuron sending a message to the muscles from the somatic nervous system. Depolarization of the motor neuron results in neurotransmitters being released from the nerve terminal. The space between the nerve terminal and the muscle cell is called the neuromuscular junction. These neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse and bind to specific receptor sites on the cell membrane of the muscle fiber. When enough receptors are stimulated, an action potential is generated and the permeability of the sarcolemma is altered. This process is known as initiation.[11]
A tendon is a tough, flexible band of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscles to bones.[12] The extra-cellular connective tissue between muscle fibers binds to tendons at the distal and proximal ends, and the tendon binds to the periosteum of individual bones at the muscle's origin and insertion. As muscles contract, tendons transmit the forces to the relatively rigid bones, pulling on them and causing movement. Tendons can stretch substantially, allowing them to function as springs during locomotion, thereby saving energy.
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