Hi Mike and list.
First off, so very sorry this has taken me this long to answer you. I tend to be very busy. My apologies!… :)
Mike, I'll share some ideas I think might help in getting you familiar with the basics of taking images below. I'll also then reread your note and take a bit more time to detail more in-depth answers if need be in later notes.
To start off though, one idea to keep in mind when using most cameras is to think of a cone shape. The pointy part of the cone is where the lens is and the further away from the lens a subject is, the wider this cone becomes. So if you want to have more of a scene in your picture, simply move further from it.
this is why your doggie had their lil nose cut off. :) Since you were very close when you took the shot, the camera's field of view was smaller than it would be if you moved the camera back a bit further. Does this make sense?
NOw this field of view can be radically altered depending on which lens is mounted on a camera and yes, there are even lenses available for the iPhone. However, for this note, I'll just address the usual most-likely scenario you would encounter with a standard iPhone.
The average angle of the field of view on an iPHone 4 is about 47 degrees from side to side in portrait mode and about 60 degrees side to side in landscape. So you can think of the imaginary cone widening out from its smallest point at the lens in all directions in an oval shape as it extends further and further away from your camera lens.
So bare this in mind when you are setting up a shot with friends or family. If you have a lot of people you'd like to be in the shot, remember this imaginary cone and move forward or backward depending on the number of people you need to fit in. Does this help?
Because of the above, understand that sometimes it will be better to use the camera in portrait mode and other times in landscape, depending on how close you'd like to get to the subject or how tall or wide what you are shooting is. Remember your field of view is wider from side to side when you are holding the phone in landscape mode so if you are wanting to take a pic of your friend who is standing right in front of you, it is better to use portrait mode and just make sure you have them in your cameras field of view so that you get all of them from head to toe in the shot. You may hear of sighted folks cutting someone's head off. Well this is why. :) they needed to step back a little bit or aim the camera just a teeny bit higher. :)
So back to lenses for just a second.
there are little lens adapters you can get for the iPhone which are very, very cool! :) They may come with a lens called a wide-angle lens. Well, as the name implies, this drastically expands the camera's field of view and can allow you to take a picture which covers a huge amount of area from a very close proximity. So this might be something you may be interested in checking out.
So I think this is enough from me for now. I hope this helps and please do let me know if I need to clarify any of this. K?
Thanks so much for reading and I wish you a wonderful day / evening!
Smiles,
Cara :)