Dolphin Imaging 11.5 Free Downlo
Elis Riebow
I can't find the folder location. A title search with FX File Manager doesn't find them. Opening the downloads with Dolphin via FX Image Viewer displays the image, but when I click on Details it shows a file path (still can't find it) and says the image can't be found.
I do most of my image conversion using converseen. But it would be really easy if there was an extension for dolphin so that I could convert image size just on right click. Is there such an extension?
Dolphins are a widely distributed and diverse group of aquatic mammals. They are an informal grouping within the order Cetacea, excluding whales and porpoises, so to zoologists the grouping is paraphyletic. The dolphins comprise the extant families Delphinidae (the oceanic dolphins), Platanistidae (the Indian river dolphins), Iniidae (the new world river dolphins), and Pontoporiidae (the brackish dolphins), and the extinct Lipotidae (baiji or Chinese river dolphin). There are 40 extant species of dolphins. Dolphins, alongside other cetaceans, belong to the clade Cetartiodactyla with even-toed ungulates. Their closest living relatives are the hippopotamuses, having diverged about 40 million years ago.
Dolphins range in size from the 1.7 m (5.6 ft) long and 50 kg (110 lb) Maui's dolphin to the 9.5 m (31 ft) and 10 t (11 short tons) killer whale. Several species exhibit sexual dimorphism, in that the males are larger than females. They have streamlined bodies and two limbs that are modified into flippers. Though not quite as flexible as seals, some dolphins can travel at 55.5 km/h (34.5 mph). Dolphins use their conical shaped teeth to capture fast moving prey. They have well-developed hearing which is adapted for both air and water and is so well developed that some can survive even if they are blind. Some species are well adapted for diving to great depths. They have a layer of fat, or blubber, under the skin to keep warm in the cold water.
Although dolphins are widespread, most species prefer the warmer waters of the tropic zones, but some, like the right whale dolphin, prefer colder climates. Dolphins feed largely on fish and squid, but a few, like the killer whale, feed on large mammals, like seals. Male dolphins typically mate with multiple females every year, but females only mate every two to three years. Calves are typically born in the spring and summer months and females bear all the responsibility for raising them. Mothers of some species fast and nurse their young for a relatively long period of time. Dolphins produce a variety of vocalizations, usually in the form of clicks and whistles.
Dolphins are sometimes hunted in places like Japan, in an activity known as dolphin drive hunting. Besides drive hunting, they also face threats from bycatch, habitat loss, and marine pollution. Dolphins have been depicted in various cultures worldwide. Dolphins occasionally feature in literature and film, as in the film series Free Willy. Dolphins are sometimes kept in captivity and trained to perform tricks, but breeding success has been poor and the animals often die within a few months of capture. The most common dolphins kept are killer whales and bottlenose dolphins.
Determining discrete units of conservation for dolphins can be an arduous task [50], given the difficulty of studying cetacean genetic population structure and the cost of analysis. However, due to the different pressure of local threats, such as fishing activity, pollution and marine traffic, on coastal and pelagic areas, it is crucial to define the borders of distinct UCs. Furthermore, since some dolphins species, notably bottlenose, striped and common dolphins, are considered Data Deficient by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature in European waters (and vulnerable or endangered at the Mediterranean level), it is critical to investigate which time-scale is suitable to consider for adequate management. Acoustics may provide an additional source of data that can help the understanding of discrepancies through space and over time of those discrete units [51]. Here, we investigate whether the characteristics of time-frequency contours can help identify units of conservation in species capable of vocal learning. We examine the patterns of variation in whistle time-frequency characteristics in three dolphin species, phylogenetically related [52] and all widespread both in the Mediterranean and in the Atlantic Oceans: bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) and striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba). In detail, we examine if whistles can be used to verify the possible existence of UCs among a poorly studied area by comparing groups defined according to three different criteria. Specifically, we tested:
the effect of habitat, regardless isolation and genetics by comparing whistles characteristics of dolphins inhabiting the different localities sampled: Azores and Canary Islands (in the Atlantic Ocean), Alboran Sea, Ligurian Sea, Tyrrhenian Sea, Sardinian waters, Provençal Sea, Spanish waters and Balearic Sea (in the Mediterranean Sea).
Map of the ocean basins included in the study. Two sub-areas were investigated per basin. In the Atlantic Ocean: the Azores islands and the Canary Islands. In the Mediterranean Sea: the Alboran Sea, and the Western Mediterranean (A Ligurian Sea, B Tyrrhenian Sea, C Sardinian waters, D Provençal Sea, E Spanish waters, F Balearic waters). Dots represent striped dolphin sightings, stars bottlenose dolphin sightings and triangles common dolphin sightings. Map was generated by using QGis 2.2.0 ( )
Given that many factors act on acoustic parameters, we verified to what extent the general scenario was distinguishable, both within the Mediterranean and the Atlantic. Tests performed in relation to local areas showed that, for all the species, the OOB estimate of the classification error was in any case lower than 38%, in spite of the higher number of groups considered, which ranged between five (short-beaked common dolphin) and eight (striped dolphin) (Supplementary 1). Within the Atlantic, end and minimum frequency continued to have the highest importance for correct classification of bottlenose dolphin observations. In the other two species, maximum frequency remained the most influential parameter. Within the Mediterranean Sea, high discrimination was highlighted for all the species. For bottlenose dolphins, minimum frequency remained important for distinguishing among groups; duration remained the most important parameter for distinguishing short-beaked common dolphins groups, while maximum frequency remained the most important parameter for striped dolphins. In all three cases, the beginning frequency was also an important parameter in the classification models.
However, our results show also that whistles can be predictive of the finer-scale habitat-driven population structure, both in the Atlantic and in the Mediterranean, where dolphin populations are known to be structured based on local habitat dependencies [54, 56, 59, 61, 68]. Habitat features (both environmental and anthropogenic) are considered drivers of whistle changes [24, 44, 93] and their variation could represent an adaptation to signal transmission in the environment or caused by genetic differences related to the habitat niche differentiation. Recently, genetic differentiations have been detected in the form of offshore and coastal ecotypes, in particular for Tursiops truncatus both in the Atlantic and in the Mediterranean [63]. However, since information is still scarce in some areas for the species considered, and our samples were obtained both in coastal and in offshore waters, different ecotypes could have been sampled. Therefore, even though the Random Forest classification model highlighted that the whistles were highly classified to the assigned group, the current variability should be better investigated. Indeed, our limited sample size may not capture all of the variability in the whistle repertoires of these populations and may not provide a complete picture of the similarities and differences between populations. Considering a higher number of recordings and increasing the sampling area could reveal possible connections or stronger differences among groups.
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