FLIGHT of the CAGED Bird In LIBERATION

[Palash]

FLIGHT of the CAGED Bird In LIBERATION

Troubled Galaxy Destroyed Dreams: chapter 166

Palash Biswas

http://troubledgalaxydetroyeddreams.blogspot.com/

India’s sick turn West’s guinea pigs
Sections of India’s infirm and sick have emerged easy-to-recruit
experimental subjects for US companies testing drugs primarily
intended for western markets, a study has indicated. ... | Read..

http://www.telegraphindia.com/section/frontpage/index.jsp


Zee News
Another stimulus possible: Pranab
Business Standard - 1 hour ago
AP cancels Rs 1000cr project to Nagarjuna group Two days after
announcing an Interim Budget that disappointed industry for lacking
stimulus measures, Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee today announced
that he would discuss the possibility of another set ...
India must stimulate demand and credit, protect jobs Reuters India
Protect jobs even if it means pay cuts: Mukherjee Hindustan Times
Reuters - domain-B - Indopia - Economic Times
all 152 news articles »




BBC News
Simmering tension in Tamil Nadu
NDTV.com - 1 hour ago
Lawyers in Chennai protested outside the Madras High Court on Friday
and demanded action against the police for what they said was an
unwarranted attack on them.
High Court clash rocks TN assembly; lawyers continue protests Hindu
Tamil Nadu protest lawyers held BBC News
Express Buzz - Indian Express - BreakingNewsOnline. - Sify
all 265 news articles » हिन्दी में »



Tarja (folk poetry contest) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
7 Feb 2008 ... Tarja is a form of folk poetry contest from Bengal with
a long tradition. Historically it used to be performed in the village
gathering ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarja_(folk_poetry_contest) - 30k - Cached -
Similar pages -
loving-bengal.net
6 Aug 2008 ... The earliest influence on his poetry, however, was a
group of minor folk poets of Bengal. He mentions them as his first
teachers: 'From ...
sos-arsenic.net/lovingbengal/poems.html - 156k - Cached - Similar
pages -
South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, ... -
Google Books Result
by Peter J. Claus, Sarah Diamond, Margaret Ann Mills - 2003 - Social
Science - 710 pages
The baromdsi (literally, "song of the twelve months"; Hindi barahmdsa)
is a poetic structural technique found in art poetry, as well as in
folk poetry. ...
books.google.co.in/books?isbn=0415939194...
Folk Traditions of Bengal
The Baul songs are a very specialised branch of Bengali folk
songs. ... was much influenced by the Baul music and philosophy in his
poetry, ...
bengalonline.sitemarvel.com/bengali-folklore.asp?art=baul - 20k -
Cached - Similar pages -
FAMOUS BENGALI FOLK SONG- Bhatiali ki-balibo.avi - AOL Video
FAMOUS BENGALI FOLK SONG- Bhatiali ki-balibo.avi Video on AOL Video -
KI BALIBO SONAR ... Both these ballads cross the prescribed limits of
folk poetry. ...
video.aol.com/video-detail/famous-bengali-folk-song-bhatiali-ki-
baliboavi/2222657965 - 62k - Cached - Similar pages -
Bengali Literature,Indian Literature,Bengali Literature in India ...
Bengali literature has its roots in poetry. Folk tales collected from
famous stories or themes composed by "Kobials" or folk poets and Bauls
or street ...
www.culturopedia.com/Literature/bengali_literature.html - 29k - Cached
- Similar pages -
Patuas and Patua art in Bengal (Open Library)
Subject: Folk songs, Bengali — India — West Bengal — Texts. Folk
poetry, Bengali — India — West Bengal — Translations into English. ...
openlibrary.org/b/OL162875M - 11k - Cached - Similar pages -
JSTOR: Green and Gold, Stories and Poems from Bengal.
He has had, in this volume which deals with Bengali writing, the able
editorial ... and regional folk- tales) is, like that of the novel, an
import into India. ... The poetry as a whole seems to me one of the
high points of the volume. ...
links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-9118(195911)19%3A1%3C103%3AGAGSAP
%3E2.0.CO%3... - Similar pages -
by EC Dimock Jr - 1959
Islam in the Indian Subcontinent - Google Books Result
by Annemarie Schimmel - 1980 - Social Science - 303 pages
... AND CUSTOMS— SAINTS AND THEIR TOMBS- MYSTICAL FOLK POETRY The
customs, ... can be traced in some writings of medieval Sufis in
Bengal and Hindustan. ...
books.google.co.in/books?isbn=9004061177...
History of Bangladesh
The Bengali siddhas, Buddhist mystics, used poetry as a vehicle
for ..... but not the singers of the mystic cults and folk culture of
the common people. ...
www.bongoz.com/history/ - 59k - Cached - Similar pages -

News results for rural india
What the budget means (or doesn’t) for India Inc - 16 Feb 2009

Among the key proposals announced by the Interim Budget for Rural
India are higher outlays on rural infrastructure spending by way of
the Indira Awas Yojana ...
Hindu Business Line - 993 related articles »

Passage through India is a lifeline to rural poor - Sydney Morning
Herald - 20 related articles »
A silent revolution is taking place in rural India: Aiyar - Hindu - 10
related articles »


On 19th and 20th February, Lok Kavi the FOLK Legend VIJOY SARKAR and
his excellent works are remembered and analysed in Vijoy Jayanti
celebrated by the family , friends, devotees and Followers across the
border.

On this occasion, GEETI malanch, a collection of songs bearing the
legacy of the poet and written by my Cousin Nitai Pada Sarkar was
inaugurated before my people in Keutia, the village of VIJOY Sarkar.
CPIM leader and WB Minister of Sports and transport Subhash
ChaKrabarti was scheduled to be on the Dias but he absented. Thus,
CPIM listed INTELLIGENTSIA was absent. But the media was there to
follow the minister.

I have been as regular visitor to the village since 1973 while I
appeared in High school exams. I know the village known for its
association with Narayanpur which happens to be the Father In law
House of SAHITYA SAMRAT Bankim Chandra.

Keutia happens to be a very big village having four Bus Stops on the
Kalayani highway. It is populated mostly by resettled East Bengal SC
refugees. A siezable Muslim Population is also a part of the village.

Half of the village has been included in BHATPARA Municipality and
the rest across Kalyani highway falls under Narayanpur Panchayat.

Though the audiences reach Keutia from every part of the Indigenous
Bengal,luckily I am fortunate to know most of the faces. Most of them
know me personally.

Thus, KAVI VIJOY jayanti turns as a GREATER FAMILY GET TOGETHER for
us. But this year, the Marxists celebrated Seven Day Vijoy UTSAV
before time in Barasat beginning on 25 th December. Then the Ruling
Hegemony used the poet and his legacy to mobilise SC Vote bank
celebrating Ganga Gomati Barak Brahmaputra UTSAV in Kolkata University
this February only.The Ruling Hegemony captured our legacy and it is
quite irritating for me.

This year also the celebration goes simultaneously in Keutia, North 24
Parganas of West Bengal, India as well as in the native place of the
KAVIYAL in his birth place ,the home village DUMUDI situated in
NARAIL, JASSORE in Bangladesh.

This is a rather legacy of Partition Holocaust which we have to bear
in this divided geopolitics for a period infinite generation after
generation.

The People of KEUTIA including my Cousin bear the INJURIES since the
partition right into his heart. they were EJECTED not only out of
their Homeland but also from the Fantastic World of Folk and Folklore.
Nowadays I evade so called cultural package able programmes organised
by the Civil society as it uses the Bangla nationality as HARD CORE
PORN! Rather I focus on FOLK rooted Bangladesi Literature. Vijoy Utsav
is also a rare occasion of Interactions between two separated parts of
Bengal which is united in its culture and folk.

Anyone who has read the Hatred documentations of the Elite Bengali
Intelligentsia dealing with Popular Literature and Celluloid would
perhaps misunderstand the legacy of KAVIGAN as very Rustic, Crude and
Obscene as we see in some so called classic Bengali Novels and Films
titling around KAVI and KAVIAL!

The tradition is rather related with the uprising of the ENSLAVED
Productive Forces INTO creativity as well as Insurrection. As in
India, the Society is ruled by the laws of MANUSMRITI which deprived
the majority Aboriginal Indigenous communities cursed as Shudras in
VEDIC VARNASHRAM and later, divided further into SIX thousand castes
hierarchical and graded in a counter revolution of the SCRIPTURE of
Manusmriti after the DEMISE of the Great ASOKA Empire and Dynasty as
well as Buddhism in India, during the tenure of King PUSHYAMITRA.
Since the Vedic period the Aboriginal Indigenous majority Population
in this subcontinent had been OUT CASTE, MARGINALISED and PERSECUTED.
They were destined to live a BONDED LABOUR LIFE. DEPRIVED of
Knowledge, empowerment, Human Rights and Dignity, Civil Right and Job
Mobilisation, Freedom and Sovereignty.

Hence, because the Majority Negroid Non Aryans Negroids have been
habitual of being Enslaved, Terminated and Annihilated for thousands
and thousands period, they never feel the basic Instinct of FREEDOM
and Sovereignty.

Genetically modified the majority Indigenous DIVIDED people of this
Divided Bleeding Geopolitics never got any opportunity of Empowerment
though being Human being they also possessed the human qualities of
SENSITIVITY, AESTHETICS, Vision, dreams , illusion, Love, affection,
spirituality and DREAMING. But they have no tools of EXPRESSION elite
privileged for the ruling Class.

Thus,while Non Aryan SHAMBUK violated the VEDIC Injunction in his
quest for Knowledge, MARYADA PURUSHOTTAM RAMA, the God and the SAVIOUR
of VEDIC Rules had to kill the non Aryan SAGE!

But the RULING Hegemony could not Terminate the Basic human Instinct
of CREATIVITY and Revolution even in those societies inflicted with
either Caste System or Apartheid. In ancient Greece we may trace the
Revolution of the slaves led by SPARTACUS.

FOLKLORE and ANTHROPOLOGY open the doors and windows of the CONSCIOUS
SUBCONSCIOUS Indigenous Aboriginal mind worldwide.

Hence, the roots of Indian Poetry may be traced into Folk and
Folklore, Myths and superstitions, totems and tradition as well as in
Indigenous aboriginal history dismissed as DARK AGE!

Indian languages have to trace the history of language in the Folk
Tradition of Poetry created by the marginalised out caste creativity
known as CHARYAPADA.

In recent History of Bengal, Folk and Folklore played great role in
Indigenous Aboriginal Insurrection against the Feudal and imperialist
systems. Kavigaan should be traced in the line.
Kavi Vijoy Sarkar and his lot have been associated with creative
empowerment of the productive forces consisting of Aboriginal
Indigenous communities in the same line as those related with the
tradition of AUL, BAUL, Vaishnav, Kartabhaja, SUFI Sant, Sahebdhani,
PAGOL, Fakeer, BHAWAIA, BHATIYALI, Ashtak, GEETIKA, BIHU,BHANGRA,
TAMASHA, PANDWANI, SHABAD,FAAG, AALHA,TAMASHA, GHUMAD, KAJORI, BARVAI
in Awadhi, KEERTAN, RUPKEERTAN, Jhumur, TUSU,Gazan Nritya, ZARIGAAN,
ZARIGAAN, Jatra, Palagaan, Bhasan and so on which has to be analysed
in tradition with the objective and materialistic studies of the
History of this subcontinent.

The tradition which originated with Charyapada, BHAKTI Andolan,
Baishnav andolana and Baul Tradition spanning the sixth to eighteenth
centuries onwards and the personalities like TULSI, KABEER, RAHEEM,
DADOO and LALAN. OF which Rabindra nath tagore is the most
sophisticated version of Indian labour, production and sprituality
altogether.

Kavi Vijoy Sakar had been associated with Matua Dharma Movement of
Harichand Thakur and Guruchand Thakur which may be described as the
Real Renaissance in Bengal.

Recently, the Ruling Kayastha Brahmin Marxist hegemony has captured
all forums and forms of Folk and Folk Lore under demographic
readjustment and Vote bank Mobilisation which left me DETACHED from
all these functions and I disassociated myself with all those public
functions!

I had just forgot the occasion as I was aware of the fact that CPIM
the main Political party Ruling Bengal organised a Week Long VIJOY
Utsav on last CHRISTMASS day in the district headquarter of North 24
Parganas, BARASAT.

Matua movement is also Captured by either TRINMUL Congress or CPIM. It
is nothing new as the Ruling hegemony used PRAMATHO Nath Thakur, the
son of GURUCHAND Thakur to stop Dr BR Ambedkar as well as Jogendra
Nath Mandal.

The fact of internal Empowerment by Kavigaan is depicted with the
Reality that Partition Holocaust and the persecution of our people all
over the Sub Continent could not disassociate or divide our
association with the legacy of KAVI and KAVIGAAN.

I had been exhausted in energy and work during my Maharashtra Tour.
Then, I was involved in my tedious livelihood as a journalist.

In Wednesday night I was troubled with LINK to publish the edition of
the daily news paper chain with which I am associated for last
eighteen long years without any incentive, recognition and promotion
and face ultimate Turmination in near Future.

I woke in the morning with LOUD Rings of Land line.MY Cousin was
calling me from keutia. He and my nephew Niranjan could not link me
for few days as my CELL Phone remains dead as I could not replace the
SET. Landline is often busy with NET or remains Disconnected.

My Cusin NITAI PADA SARKAR is the only SON of my Only PISIMA, aunt,
the sister of my father late Pulin Kumar biswas. PISIMA SHREEMOTI
Sarkar survives no more. She expired before my parents.

Me and Savita reached keutia on 1 AM. But I had to go to the local
Saloon for shaving. I saw only three people in the line. As our
daughters in law JHOOM and TUSI take every care for us ans tea happens
always READY for me, I could go back into the house. but I decided to
wait. but the waiting turned to be very long almost one and half
hour.

One of the customer seemed to be a Muscleman who got Facial and then
invested nearly a full hour in Massage. The second one was an old man.
He had to get his HAIR colored. the third man was a TEENAGER who
insisted to set his hair style.

I was stunned to see the change in lifestyle as i know the Village and
the Villagers for no less than Thirty six years! Yes, the Kalayani
highway has changed the life of the people here. I have seen the
village surrounded by a lake called BORTI BILL which flooded in every
monsoon to inundate not only the fields but the homes also. Their
transport had been the Boats. Now they ply on two Wheelers and for
wheelers. I remember the Village leaders who accompanied my father to
New Delhi to solve the problem. They would meet ND TIWARI and KC pant
with whom my father had special relationship. Then they would go to
Rajendra Kumari Vajpayee, Mohsina kidwai or Manoranjan Bhakta. the
problem remain unsolved until Kalani Highway essentially ate up the
lake. It has not a trace of it anywhere as you may not trace the CLIFF
in many parts of Mumbai or the SALT lake is not traceable in kolkata.
salt lake has become the new kolkata.

The saloon workers have gained nothing from the changing lifestyle.
They have to waste more time and more labour to get customers and get
nominal payment. for facial rs Ten and for the massage Rs Five only!

I asked whether it was a festival trend and the saloon workers replied
the People have become URBANISED.

Urbanisation has hiked the rates of land all along the kalayani
highway from kalyani to DUMDUM Airport. You won`t be able to get a
piece of land anywhere. the builders and promoters affiliated to
Political parties have CAPTURED the land.

Cusin NITAI Pada sarkar happens to be a Successful Businessman today
and Elder by no no less than Twenty five Years. He is in his
seventies.

Lifelong, since partition, he invested himself to resettle in this
part of Bengal after the Partition Holocaust. He resettled in the same
village where Lok Kavi Vijoy Sarkar resettled, keutia. he was married
to SHAROMA, the grand daughter of the poet.

Nitai da began his livelihood as a vendor or hawker working in Local
Trains selling Lemonade. Then he worked as daily Wage based labour.
Thus, he discharged his liabilities and got married off three sisters
and also a niece.

But he continued the Job Mobilisation and emerged the first person to
start a NURSERY and HATCHERY in the locality In sixties. then he was
associated with JUTE and established a Jute godown by Kalyani highway
where he has made an excellent House nowadays.

In seventies, while the JUTE industry was hit by Recession
unprecedented and he was in deep Food Insecurity, glimpses of which I
witnessed during early eighties as I was based in Dhanbad, Jharkhand
and often visited Keutia for family Get together.

He chose to shift himself in Real TRADING in Share Market.

I would get BORE anytime as I was living in a MESS. I would travel to
Howrah any week day and visit my Brother and sister in law as it was
hard to visit Nainital so often!

I saw the JUTE Industry being destroyed. I visited the traders and the
farmers from kolkata to the Rural pockets and the Jute mills. I wrote
articles. But I could not prove myself a HELP for the family in
economic sense.

Nitai da owned the Go down. Jute Mills were locked out with payments
pending. Nitaida had to pay the small peasants. It turned out to be
clear cut STARVATION while he opted for hatchery and nursery. Got
gardens on lease for Nursery and ponds for Fishing. I won`t forget
ICHHUMIA, a Muslim friend of my Cousin who had proved himself the LIFE
LINE for the family. He would supply the CEREALS and vegetables for
the family. he is no more. But we have maintained the relationship
with the family. We would often visit the House of ICHHUMIAN in nearby
Muslim Village Kusum pur and would get into the CURTAINS while the
family is very religious and Conservative.

It helped me to understand the HINDU Muslim Chemistry of Fraternity
and the peasant Insurrections and movements in East Bengal.

We had to understand the COMMON legacy as AZHAR has been the RIGHT
HAND for my Cousin for all these 36 or 37 years.

AZHAR was a worker. But he was entitled to do all the business
transaction.Nitaida helped him to raise his BUSINESS. He is an
AFFLUENT farmer as well as businessman. His sons are well educated and
established themselves in service and Business. but Azhar remains a
part of the family. he happens to be the eldest son.

The Communal fraternity makes the BENGALI FOLK that important. it may
be traced since JAIDEB and Chaitanya Mahaprabhu.

All the folk traditions in Bengal rooted in Fraternity.

Often the family was divided in religion but United in folk and
relationship, livelihood.

The converted Muslims are our own real brothers and sisters, the
HINDU Peasants of west Bengal understood well.

So, Jogendra Nath Mandal and Harichand Guruchand thakur could rise
against Brahaminical hegemony with the help of the Converted Muslims
which ultimately elected DR BR AMBEDKAR in the Constitution Assembly!

The Chemistry was diluted by the KAYASTHA BRAHMIN ELITE Politics,
specially Hindu Mahasabha, Congress and the Marxist parties. Not by
the Praja krishak party of fazlul haq or Muslim League of Najibullah
or Suharawardi. It has to be understood and you have to read
Jasimuddin, Manik Bandopaddhyay and Akhtaruzzaman ILIUS!

I am happy, despite the INJECTED Hate with partition HOLOCAUST, my
people still bear the legacy of FRATERNITY, Kavi Vijoy and tradition
of KAVIGAN are the evidences. i am happy that the Book written by
Cousin also may be mentioned as a SOLID DOCUMENTATION of the
tradition!

It was a tough Option any Bengali Rural person belonging to working
class would have hardly dreamt of. But Nitaida was a DREAMER as well
as Entrepreneur by nature. He established himself with hard work.

Since partition , Nitaida continued Job mobilisation before he could
establish himself as successful and his sons NIRANJAN and Tapas could
take over, the only daughter Supria is married off. But he continued
clinging on with FOLK and FOLK Tradition.

He would relax with writing Poetry in Vijoy trdition. He was lucky
enough to have the Inspiration directly from the poet who was the
SENIORMOST, REVERED most in the relations.

His poetry was being recognised since earlier days as it was broad
casted by All India radio and Doordarshan. Some CDs and Cassettes
became hotcakes while released.

I was insisting for years to publish a COLLECTION.

The work was on and i had also approved the PROOF.

But as I chose to boycott the Ruling Hegemony and decided not to be a
part of any occasion where CPIM leaders would take over,I had decided
not to come to keutia.


But on Thursday Morning My Cousin and nephew informed me that BOOK was
to be released in the same Evening.

Me and SABITA got ready immediately and left for Keutia!

The Collection is named as GEETI MALANCH consisting of different
genres he composed.

FOLKLORE Academicia SHAKTINATH JHa wrote the Preface and
VIJOYKAVIPUTRA, the son of VIJOY Sarkar Kajol Adhikari introduced
Nitai da as Poet. After TUSHAR Chattopadhyaya, Jha happens to be the
master of the subject.

Tushar Chattopaddhya was the head of Department of Folk in Klayani
University. only University in West Bengal, incidentally where the
Folk is taught as a different discipline.

Tushar Chattopadhyay is no more.

KAKOLI DHADA is the new head of the department. She released the book
as FOLK Expert JATIN BALA from Nadia who happens to be the President
of Lokvai VIJOY Memorial Committee analysed the content.

On this occasion, a novel written by a friend NAKUL Mallick, a vetarn
dalit writer was released by Mr Bala. The novel entitled RATAN MAANIK
dealt with life and works of VIJOY PAGAL. the poet.

The Audience was involved in Intense passion as RUP KEERTN was being
enacted meanwhile the book reached late from the printers. It was so
late that KAKOLI DADHA had no scope to talk academically at all as the
audience of Rural Folk in thousands had no mood to hear.

Only a Vijoy oriented speech by Nakul Mallick himself full of emotions
could calm down the excited people.

But it was a beautiful evening while the caged BIRDS got the Open sky
to weigh their wings in Flights infinite.

`PUJO UPASANA ROZA NAMAAJ SAKOLI MITHYA
CHITTOSHUDDHI SATYANISTHA BINA ANYA CHINTA'

HAPPENS TO BE THE THEME OF NITAIDA`S POETIC ADVENTURE. IT IS FULL OF
EXPERIENCES IN FIELDS AND HOME. IT IS FULL OF SPRITULITY AND HUMOUR
AND PATHOS.

HE WROTE:

`JOBON KTHA AAR MANER BYATHA
AEI NIYE HOI GAANER KATHA'

HE SOUNDS QUITE MYSTIC WHILE HE WROTE THE LINES LIKE THESE:

`AAMI TO AEI GHARER MAALIK NOI,
DUI CHAAR DIN AACHHI TAI AEIGHARETE ROI'

The PATHOS is revealed like this:

`AAMAR RUP GELO JAUBON GELO MANER JWALA GELO NAA
EKE OKE SAKAL DILAM, MON-MANUSE MON DILAM NAA.'

HE WROTE ON TASLIMA NASREEN ALSO:

`NASTO MEYE PASTO AAMI TOMADERI JONYE,
DHNIR TAKAI AAMRA BIKOI PANNEY.'

PANGS OF EMPLOYMENT CRISIS AND JOB LOSS:

`BEKAR KHATAI NAAM LIKHIYE BEKAR BEDAI GHURE.
ROCKBJI AAR JHKMAARITE DAGDHO JIBON PUDE.'


The BOOK is paged 111 and Priced at RS EIGHTY only. You may book your
copy writing to:

NIRANJAN SARKAR/ NIRMALENDU SARKAR
VILLAGE AND POST KEUTIA
VIA KANKINARA
DIST: NORTH 24 PARGANS
PIN: 743126
PHONE: 033-25814035
MOBILE: 09830149154, 09433959719



Folk
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
See also: Folk (disambiguation) and Volk (disambiguation)
English Folk "people" is derived from a Germanic noun *fulka meaning
"people" or "army" (i.e. a crowd as opposed to "a people" in a more
abstract sense of clan or tribe). The English word folk has cognates
in most of the other Germanic languages. Folk may be a Germanic root
that is unique to the Germanic languages. although Latin vulgus, "the
common people", has been suggested as a possible cognate. [1]

Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Cognates in other Germanic language
2.1 Volk in German
2.1.1 Background
2.1.2 19th century and early 20th century
2.1.3 Nazi era
2.1.4 Today
3 References
4 See also



[edit] Etymology
The Modern English word "folk", derives from Old English "folc"
meaning "common people", "men", "tribe" or "multitude". The Old
English noun itself came from Proto-Germanic "*fulka" which perhaps
originally referred to a "host of warriors". Compare Old Norse "folk"
meaning "people" but more so "army" or "detachment", German
"Gefolge" (host), and Lithuanian "pulkas" meaning "crowd". The latter
is considered to be an early Lithuanian loanword from Germanic origin,
cf. Belarusian "полк" - "połk" meaning regiment and German "Pulk" for
a group of persons standing together.

The word became colloquialized (usually in the plural "folks") in
English in the sense "people", and was considered unelegant by the
beginning of the 19th century. It re-entered academic English through
the invention of the word folklore in 1846 by the antiquarian William
J. Thoms (1803-85) as an Anglo-Saxonism. This word revived folk in a
modern sense of "of the common people, whose culture is handed down
orally", and opened up a flood of compound formations, eg. folk art
(1921), folk-hero (1899), folk-medicine (1898), folk-tale (1891), folk-
song (1847), folk-dance (1912). Folk-music is from 1889; in reference
to the branch of modern popular music (originally associated with
Greenwich Village in New York City) it dates from 1958. It is also
regional music.


[edit] Cognates in other Germanic language
Folk has a cognate in almost every other Germanic language, all
deriving from Proto-Germanic "*fulka", some are listed below:

Danish - folk
Dutch - volk
Swedish - folk
Frisian - folk
Norwegian - folk
Icelandic - fólk
Faroese - fólk
German - Volk
Afrikaans - volk
Scots - fowk
In all Germanic languages, the variant of "folk" means "people" or
something related to the people.


[edit] Volk in German
For other uses, see Volk (disambiguation).

[edit] Background
In German the word Volk can have several different meanings, such as
folk (simple people), people in the ethnic sense, and nation.

German Volk is commonly used as the first, determing part (head) of
compound nouns such as Volksentscheid (plebiscite, lit. "decision of/
by the people") or Völkerbund (League of Nations), or the car
manufacturer Volkswagen (literally, "people's car").


[edit] 19th century and early 20th century
A number of völkisch movements existed prior to World War I. Combining
interest in folklore, ecology, occultism and romanticism with ethnic
nationalism, their ideologies were a strong influence on the Nazi
party, which itself was inspired by Adolf Hitler's membership of the
Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (German Workers' Party), even though Hitler in
Mein Kampf himself denounced usage of the word völkisch as he
considered it too vague as to carry any recognizable meaning due to
former over-use. Today, the term völkisch is largely restricted to
historical contexts describing the closing 19th century and early 20th
century up to Hitler's seize of power in 1933, especially during the
years of the Weimar Republic.


[edit] Nazi era
During the years of the Third Reich, the term Volk became heavily used
in nationalistic political slogans, particularly in slogans such as
Volk ohne Raum — "(a) people without space" or Völkischer Beobachter
("popular observer"), an NSDAP party newspaper. Also the political
slogan Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer ("One people, one country/
empire, one leader"); and the compound word Herrenvolk, translated as
"master race".

Even though Hitler in his book Mein Kampf often mixed up specific
biological and zoological terms such as race, species, and others, the
Nazi-era use of Volk could not, depending on context, be interpreted
as "race", "Germanic", or "European." In Nazi propaganda, several
peoples made up a race, so these two terms did not denote the same
thing during the Nazi years. The German people was considered part of
the Germanic race which latter officially included the Scandinavians,
the English, and the Dutch as well (while Hitler himself also included
the Celts), so Volk did not equal Germanic either. Nazi-era
publications on pre-history only differed whether their Germanic race
equalled the Indo-European race or the Germanic race itself was part
of a family of Indo-European races, since indogermanisch is the common
German term for Indo-European.


[edit] Today
Because Volk is the generic German word for "people" in the ethnic
sense today as well as for "people entitled to vote" (Wahlvolk), its
use does not necessarily denote any particular political views in
post-1945 Germany. However, because of its past, the word is rarely
used with Bevölkerung ("population") serving as a substitute.


[edit] References
Henning Eichberg (2004), The People of Democracy. Understanding Self-
Determination on the Basis of Body and Movement. (= Movement Studies.
5) Århus: Klim (Theory of folk, people, and civil society with
Scandinavian background)
Emerich K. Francis (1965) Ethnos und Demos. Soziologische Beiträge zur
Volkstheorie. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot (classical German-American
sociology of folk, ethnos and demos)
Emerich K. Francis (1976) Interethnic Relations. An Essay in
Sociological Theory. New York u.a.: Elsevier.
Raphael Samuel (1981) (ed.), People’s History and Socialist Theory.
London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
^ Calvert Watkins (ed.), The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-
European Roots, second edition (Houghton Mifflin, 2000) ISBN
0-618-08250-6


Folklore
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please
help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced
material may be challenged and removed. (April 2008)

For other uses, see Folklore (disambiguation).
Folklore is the body of expressive culture, including tales, music,
dance, legends, oral history, proverbs, jokes, popular beliefs,
customs, and so forth within a particular population comprising the
traditions (including oral traditions) of that culture, subculture, or
group. It is also the set of practices through which those expressive
genres are shared. The academic and usually ethnographic study of
folklore is sometimes called folkloristics. The word 'folklore' was
first used by the English antiquarian William Thoms in a letter
published by the London Journal Athenaeum in 1846.[1]

Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Types of folklore
2.1 Folklore as describable and transmissible entity
2.2 Material culture
2.3 Culture as folklore
2.4 Behavior as folklore
3 Categories of folklore
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
7.1 Malta
7.2 North America
7.3 Russia
7.4 Slovakia
7.5 Ukraine
7.6 United Kingdom



[edit] History
The concept of folklore developed as part of the 19th century ideology
of romantic nationalism, leading to the reshaping of oral traditions
to serve modern ideological goals; only in the 20th century did
ethnographers begin to attempt to record folklore without overt
political goals. The Brothers Grimm, Wilhelm and Jakob Grimm,
collected orally transmitted German tales and published the first
series as Kinder- und Hausmärchen ("Children's and Household Tales")
in 1812.

The term was coined in 1846 by an Englishman, William Thoms, who
wanted to use an Anglo-Saxon term for what was then called "popular
antiquities." Johann Gottfried von Herder first advocated the
deliberate recording and preservation of folklore to document the
authentic spirit, tradition, and identity of the German people; the
belief that there can be such authenticity is one of the tenets of the
romantic nationalism which Herder developed. One definition is
"artistic communication in small groups," coined by Dan Ben-Amos a
scholar at the University of Pennsylvania, and the term, and the
associated field of study, now include non-verbal art forms and
customary practices.



French-Canadian folklore includes tales of the "bewitched canoe"

[edit] Types of folklore
Folklore can be divided into four areas of study: artifact (such as
voodoo dolls), describable and transmissible entity (oral tradition),
culture, and behavior (rituals). These areas do not stand alone,
however, as often a particular item or element may fit into more than
one of these areas.[2]


[edit] Folklore as describable and transmissible entity
Folklore can contain religious or mythic elements, it equally concerns
itself with the sometimes mundane traditions of everyday life.
Folklore frequently ties the practical and the esoteric into one
narrative package. It has often been conflated with mythology, and
vice versa, because it has been assumed that any figurative story that
does not pertain to the dominant beliefs of the time is not of the
same status as those dominant beliefs. Thus, Roman religion is called
"myth" by Christians. In that way, both "myth" and "folklore" have
become catch-all terms for all figurative narratives which do not
correspond with the dominant belief structure.

Sometimes "folklore" is religious in nature, like the tales of the
Welsh Mabinogion or those found in Icelandic skaldic poetry. Many of
the tales in the Golden Legend of Jacob de Voragine also embody
folklore elements in a Christian context: examples of such Christian
mythology are the themes woven round Saint George or Saint
Christopher. In this case, the term "folklore" is being used in a
pejorative sense. That is, while the tales of Odin the Wanderer have a
religious value to the Norse who composed the stories, because it does
not fit into a Christian configuration it is not considered
"religious" by Christians who may instead refer to it as "folklore."

"Folktales" is a general term for different varieties of traditional
narrative. The telling of stories appears to be a cultural universal,
common to basic and complex societies alike. Even the forms folktales
take are certainly similar from culture to culture, and comparative
studies of themes and narrative ways have been successful in showing
these relationships. Also it is considered to be an oral tale to be
told for everybody.

On the other hand, folklore can be used to accurately describe a
figurative narrative, which has no sacred or religious content. In the
Jungian view, which is but one method of analysis, it may instead
pertain to unconscious psychological patterns, instincts or archetypes
of the mind. This may or may not have components of the fantastic
(such as magic, ethereal beings or the personification of inanimate
objects). These folktales may or may not emerge from a religious
tradition, but nevertheless speak to deep psychological issues. The
familiar folktale, "Hansel and Gretel," is an example of this fine
line. The manifest purpose of the tale may primarily be one of mundane
instruction regarding forest safety or secondarily a cautionary tale
about the dangers of famine to large families, but its latent meaning
may evoke a strong emotional response due to the widely understood
themes and motifs such as “The Terrible Mother”, “Death,” and
“Atonement with the Father.”

There can be both a moral and psychological scope to the work, as well
as entertainment value, depending upon the nature of the teller, the
style of the telling, the ages of the audience members, and the
overall context of the performance. Folklorists generally resist
universal interpretations of narratives and, wherever possible,
analyze oral versions of tellings in specific contexts, rather than
print sources, which often show the work or bias of the writer or
editor.

Contemporary narratives common in the Western world include the urban
legend. There are many forms of folklore that are so common, however,
that most people do not realize they are folklore, such as riddles,
children's rhymes and ghost stories, rumors (including conspiracy
theories), gossip, ethnic stereotypes, and holiday customs and life-
cycle rituals. UFO abduction narratives can be seen, in some sense, to
refigure the tales of pre-Christian Europe, or even such tales in the
Bible as the Ascent of Elijah to heaven. Adrienne Mayor, in
introducing a bibliography on the topic, noted that most modern
folklorists are largely unaware of classical parallels and precedents,
in materials that are only partly represented by the familiar
designation Aesopica: "Ancient Greek and Roman literature contains
rich troves of folklore and popular beliefs, many of which have
counterparts in modern contemporary legends" (Mayor, 2000).

Vladimir Propp's classic study Morphology of the Folktale (1928)
became the basis of research into the structure of folklore texts.
Propp discovered a uniform structure in Russian fairy tales. His book
has been translated into English, Italian, Polish and other languages.
The English translation was issued in USA in 1958, some 30 years after
the publication of the original. It was met by approving reviews and
significantly influenced later research on folklore and, more
generally, structural semantics.Though his work was based on
syntagmetic structure but it gave the scope to understand the
structure of folktale where he discovered thirty one function of
folktale[3]


[edit] Material culture
Elements such as dolls, decorative items used in religious rituals,
hand-built houses and barns, and handmade clothing and other crafts
are considered to be folk artifacts, grouped within the field as
"material culture." Additionally, figures that depict characters from
folklore, such as statues of the three wise monkeys may be considered
to be folklore artifacts, depending on how they are used within a
culture.[4] The operative definition would depend on whether the
artifacts are used and appreciated within the same community in which
they are made, and whether they follow a community aesthetic.


[edit] Culture as folklore
Folklorist William Bascom states that folklore has many cultural
aspects, such as allowing for escape from societal consequences. In
addition, folklore can also serve to validate a culture (romantic
nationalism), as well as transmit a culture's morals and values.
Folklore can also be the root of many cultural types of music. Folk,
country, blues, and bluegrass all originate from American folklore.
Examples of artists which have used folklore to produce beautiful
music would be: Bill Monroe, Flatt and Scruggs, Old Crow Medicine
Show, Jim Croce, and many others. Folklore can also be used to assert
social pressures, or relieve them, in the case of humor and carnival.

In addition, folklorists study medical, supernatural, religious, and
political belief systems as an essential, often unspoken, part of
expressive culture.


[edit] Behavior as folklore
Many rituals can be considered folklore, whether formalized in a
cultural or religious system (e.g. weddings, baptisms, harvest
festivals) or practiced within a family or secular context. For
example, in certain parts of the United States (as well as other
countries) one places a knife, or a pair of scissors, under the
mattress to "cut the birth pains" after giving birth. Additionally,
children's counting-out games can be defined as behavioral folklore.
[5]


[edit] Categories of folklore
Genres
Archetypes, stereotypes and stock characters.
Ballad
Blason Populaire
Childlore
Children's street culture
Counting rhymes
Costumbrismo
Craft
Custom
Folk play
Epic poetry
Factoids
Festival
Folk art
Folk belief
Folk magic
Folk medicine
Folk metaphor
Folk narrative
Anecdote
Fable
Fairy tale
Ghost story
Joke
Legend
Myth
Parable
Tall tale
Urban legend
Folk poetry and rhyme
Folk simile
Folk song
Games
Holiday lore and customs
Mythology
Riddle
Saying
Maxim
Proverb
Superstition
Taunts
Weather lore
Xerox lore
National or ethnic

Further information: List of mythologies
American folklore
Canadian folklore
Latin American folklore
Brazilian folklore
Caribbean folklore
Colombian folklore
United States folklore
Australian folklore
East Asian
Chinese folklore
Japanese folklore
Korean folklore
European
Albanian folklore
Alpine (Austrian and Swiss) folklore
English folklore
Estonian folklore
Dutch folklore
Finnish folklore
French folklore
German folklore
Hungarian folklore
Irish folklore
Italian folklore
Lithuanian folklore
Maltese folklore
Montenegrin folklore
Romanian folklore
Scandinavian folklore
Scottish folklore
Slavic folklore
Polish folklore
Russian folklore
Swiss folklore
Welsh folklore
Near Eastern
Aggadah
Arab folklore
Iranian folklore
Jewish folklore
Turkish folklore
South Asian
Indian folklore
Pakistani folklore
Southeast Asian
Philippine folklore

[edit] See also
Folklore portal

Applied folklore
Appropriation (music)
Chinook wind
Folk
Intangible Cultural Heritage
pashto Folklore
Petrosomatoglyph (image of parts of a human or animal body incised in
rock)

[edit] References
^ Georges, Robert A., Michael Owens Jones, "Folkloristics: An
Introduction," Indiana University Press, 1995.
^ Georges, Robert A., Michael Owens Jones, "Folkloristics: An
Introduction," pp.313 Indiana University Press, 1995.
^ L. V. Propp, Morphology of the Folktale, Second Edition, revised and
edited with a Preface of Louis A. Wagner, University of Texas Press,
1968.
^ Wolfgang Mieder, "The Proverbial Three Wise Monkeys," Midwestern
Journal of Language and Folklore 7 (1981):5-38.
^ Kenneth S. Goldstein, "Strategy in Counting Out: An Ethnographic
Folklore Field Study," in Elliott M. Avedon and Brian Sutton-Smith,
eds., The Study of Games New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1971.




[edit] Further reading
Adrienne Mayor, "Bibliography of Classical Folklore Scholarship:
Myths, Legends, and Popular Beliefs of Ancient Greece and Rome", from
Folklore (April 2000)

[edit] External links
Folklore-BG Monthly Electronic Magazine
Folklore Festivals - international listing

[edit] Malta
Maltese Folklore- feasts, plant lore, local traditions, music, dance
and humour

[edit] North America
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Folklore




American Folklore
American Folklore Society
American Folklife Center
Center for the Study of Upper Midwestern Cultures
Folkstreams
Western States Folklore Society
Folklore Studies Association of Canada
Folklore and Folklife Studies at Penn
Indiana University's Folklore Program
The Ohio State University Center for Folklore Studies
Folklore Program at the University of California at Berkeley
Memorial University of Newfoundland's Folklore Program
Folklore Program at Western Kentucky University
Folklore Program at Utah State University
University of Oregon's Folklore Program
Folklore Program at the University of North Carolina
World Arts and Cultures Program of the University of California at Los
Angeles
Slavic and East European Folklore Association
The Center for Studies in Oral Tradition, University of Missouri
Oral Tradition Journal
Folklore Program at University of Wisconsin
McKissick Museum at the University of South Carolina
Digital Traditions
The Missouri Foklore Society

[edit] Russia
Bashkir folk-tales and legends

[edit] Slovakia
Slovak Folklore — folklore groups, videos, songs, history, news,
events, festivals

[edit] Ukraine
Ukrainian Folklore Centre, University of Alberta
Ukrainian Traditional Folklore, University of Alberta

[edit] United Kingdom
Mysterious Britain & Ireland Folklore and legends of Britain and
Ireland
The Folklore Society, founded 1878 — very extensive links list among
much else
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore"


Bengali folk rhymes: an introduction. - Asian Folklore Studies ...
Their long history makes discerning origins impossible, but Bengali
folk rhyme can be studied in terms of collective creation, variation,
social function ...
www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-14042393.html - 46k - Cached - Similar
pages -
Gurusaday Museum of Bengal Folk Art - Kolkata Folk Art Museum ...
Gurusaday Museum of Bengal Folk Art - Page offers information related
to Bengal folk art museum located at Kolkata city including the brief
history, ...
kolkata.clickindia.com/travel/gurusadaymuseumofbengalfolkart.html -
22k - Cached - Similar pages -
The Folk Literature of Bengal
He was the first to have written the History of Bengali literature ...
Obviously each category of Bengali Folk literature will be high
lighted along with ...
www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/IDK362/ - 85k - Cached - Similar
pages -
The folk literature of Bengal : being lectures delivered to the ...
Alibris has The folk literature of Bengal : being lectures delivered
to the Calcutta University in 1917, as Ramtanu Lahiri research fellow
in the history of ...
https://www.alibris.com/.../The%20folk%20literature%20of%20Bengal%20:%...
- 48k - Cached - Similar pages -
[PDF]
Bengali Folk Rhymes An Introduction
File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat - View as HTML
Bengali Folk Rhymes. :. An Introduction. Abstract. Bengali is an Indo-
Aryan language possessing a history and tradition of at least ...
www.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/afs/pdf/a947.pdf - Similar
pages -
by SM SHAHED - 1993 - Related articles - All 4 versions
Bengali folk rhymes: an introduction. (01-APR-93) Asian Folklore ...
The collection and compilation of Bengali folk rhymes in a systematic
way has a history of one century. It was inspired by the worldwide
interest in ...
www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-5496165_ITM - 62k - Cached
- Similar pages -
Folk Literature of Bangladesh - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
31 Jan 2009 ... Bengali literary history. History of Bengali
literature ... Bengali Folk Literature includes different types of
epic, poetry and drama, ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_Literature_of_Bangladesh - 45k - Cached -
Similar pages -
Amazon.com: Jamil's Clever Cat: A Folk Tale from Bengal: Fiona ...
History buffs shaould also note that Jamil's Clever Cat is shrewdly
retold from "The Folk Tales of Bengal" originally published by the
Rev. ...
www.amazon.com/Jamils-Clever-Cat-Folk-Bengal/dp/1845075188 - 252k -
Cached - Similar pages -
The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music - Google Books Result
by Alison Arnold - 2000
BENGALI FOLK MUSIC The history of Bengali folk music dates back at
least to the growth of carya songs in the eighth century. Folk music
and classical or ...
books.google.co.in/books?isbn=0824049462...
Dances of West Bengal, Tourist Guide on West Bengal Dances,
Famous ...
West Bengal tourism guide provides complete information on famous
dances of ... of different kinds of West Bengal folk dances like Chhau
Dance, Tusu Parab, ... an expression to be an important part of West
Bengal culture and history. ...
www.indialine.com/travel/westbengal/dances.html - 17k - Cached -
Similar pages -


Folk Traditions of Bengal
Folklore of Bengal, a rich and vibrant cultural tradition of its rural
people, evolved over a period beginning perhaps even before the
arrival of the Aryans ...
bengalonline.sitemarvel.com/bengali-folklore.asp - 14k - Cached -
Similar pages -
Folk Traditions of Bengal
Bengali Folklore ... with them from village to city the soul of
Bengal, perhaps of India, ... He "changed all that as he did so much
in Bengali society, ...
bengalonline.sitemarvel.com/bengali-folklore.asp?art=baul - 20k -
Cached - Similar pages -
More results from bengalonline.sitemarvel.com »
Indiaclub.com: Folklore of Bengal : Fiction
Folklore of Bengal provides a holistic account of rich and assorted
tradition of folk art, oral literature, mythos and mythology, religion
and magic, ...
www.indiaclub.com/shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=19529 - 26k -
Cached - Similar pages -
Folklore of Bengal
Preface to the First Edition Folklore is a very difficult subject to
write a book on within a given limit, and on a given plain-especially
when it concerns ...
www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/IDK643/ - 48k - Cached - Similar
pages -
The Telegraph - Calcutta (Kolkata) | Jharkhand | Writer pours out ...
Another artiste from Calcutta, Amar Pal lent full support to the
accomplished writer through his rendition of traditional folklore from
Bengal. ...
www.telegraphindia.com/1080421/jsp/jharkhand/story_9163946.jsp - 30k -
Cached - Similar pages -
[PDF]
News and Information Conference of Field Workers and Folklorists
File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat - View as HTML
ized by Folklore and Tribal Cultural Center, Government of West
Bengal. Folklorists, ... The theme of this seminar was - "Folklore of
Bengal: Searching the ...
www.indianfolklore.org/journals/index.php/fofolk/article/viewPDFInterstitial/184/132
- Similar pages -
South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, ... -
Google Books Result
by Peter J. Claus, Sarah Diamond, Margaret Ann Mills - 2003 - Social
Science - 710 pages
However, the English word folklore came into use in Bangladesh and
found its way into the Bengali dictionary after the Bangla Academy had
realized the ...
books.google.co.in/books?isbn=0415939194...
JSTOR: Folklore Research in East Pakistan
II The second phase of the folklore movement was introduced by
Bengali .... This enthusiasm resulted in the formation of the Eastern
Bengal Folklore Col- ...
links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0385-2342(1964)23%3A2%3C1%3AFRIEP%3E2.0.CO
%3B2-%23 - Similar pages -
by A Siddiqui - 1964 - Cited by 1 - Related articles
Bagchee.com: Stalwarts of Bengali Folklore: Books: Barun Kumar ...
Stalwarts of Bengali Folklore' is a unique book of its kind in a sense
that it coalesces the entire works and activities done by the Bengali
folklorists in ...
www.bagchee.com/books.php?id=27487 - 40k - Cached - Similar pages -
Bengali Research | Find Bengali Articles | Encyclopedia.com: FREE ...
19 Apr 2008 ... Magazine article from: Asian Folklore Studies;
4/1/1996; ; 700+ words ; ...the first in a collection of essays on
Bengali folklore entitled ...
www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Bengali.aspx - 80k - Cached - Similar pages
-
You have removed results from this search. Hide them
Loading...

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next




A REPUBLIC OF DYNASTIES
- The feudal system is taking time to disappear from India
Cutting Corners - Ashok Mitra



It is almost like the Unsinkable Molly Brown Hollywood had once made a
celebrity out of; cheerfully or otherwise, the Republic of India takes
all the buffetings it is subjected to.

In one constituent state of the republic, the father is the chief
minister and his son has recently been sworn in as deputy chief
minister. Hardly any murmurs have been heard from any quarter, for has
not the country experienced much weirder phenomena in the course of
the past half-a-century? Not so long ago, in another state, a chief
minister, temporarily disabled by the legal process, installed his
wife in the slot; she carried on for months on end with none seemingly
noticing anything less than right anywhere. The practice of keeping
power within the family fold has now turned contagious, with dynasties
emerging at a fast pace all over. You name a state, any state —
Haryana, Karnataka, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu — a dynasty is
either presiding over the administration or waiting in the wings.

As the country’s most ancient political outfit, the Indian National
Congress of course took the lead in the matter, with the father as the
country’s prime minister and the daughter named as party president way
back in 1958. That cosy arrangement set in motion a perpetual sequence
people have tended to accept as a normal happening: three prime
ministers of independent India have hailed from the same family; a
fourth one is currently being groomed for the position. India may yet
emerge over the next couple of decades as one of the technologically
most advanced and, therefore, strategically one of the most important,
countries in the world. But its system of governance might tenaciously
adhere to the feudal doctrine of dynastic succession.

To describe this situation as an Indian oddity is, it would be
immediately pointed out, factually inaccurate. Just take a look at the
topography of South Asia. Whether it is Pakistan or Bangladesh or Sri
Lanka, dynasties are alive and kicking in each of these countries too.
A theory could even be aired that, in view of the specificity of land
relations in South Asia, the feudal curse has endured here longer than
elsewhere. A bolder assertion is in fact conceivable. Even within a
solidly democratic framework, dynasties can still play, it may be
argued, an impressively constructive part if called upon to play a
major role in administration. Have not members of particular families
in the United States of America been dominant in national politics
continuously for a number of generations without hurting a pie? The
Roosevelts and the Kennedys did not at all spoil the ambience of
democratic functioning in America, and that country has survived the
aftershock of the two Bushes as well.

The Doubting Thomases will not suspend their disquiet though. In the
US, members of the same family have of course come to acquire and hold
on to political power for long stretches, but they could do so only
after going through the rough-and-tumble of precinct politics and all
the rest of the routine; it was tough terrain, and they succeeded
because they were able to prove their mettle; their pedigree had
nothing to do with it. In India, on the other hand, the dynasties
themselves decide the issue of succession; the approval of the people
is taken for granted. True, formal democratic consent is sought
subsequently; in most instances, such consent is not refused either.

The uncomfortable feeling may still fail to disappear altogether.
Memory could hark back to that eerie midnight episode in New Delhi a
quarter of a century ago, when the country’s president, rushed back
from a foreign trip to swear in a young man without any constitutional
credentials as the nation’s new prime minister; the set-up was that of
a rushed coup d’êtat. At this point, someone with a mawkish sense of
humour can put in an additional input: even in a supposedly diehard
communist regime as the People’s Republic of Korea, the present ruler
has reportedly made up his mind to nominate one of his sons as his
successor as the all powerful boss of the communist party and,
simultaneously, head of the government.

Dissenters will yet not yield. Opportunities, including opportunities
to lead the nation, must, in their judgment, be equally available to
all citizens, dynasties cannot be allowed to appropriate the
prerogative. It is indeed theoretically possible for a dynasty to
produce generation after generation of worthy offspring who prove
themselves to be natural leaders. It could even happen that, while
initially a bit of a dullard, someone from the dynasty, once named to
a key position, picks up enough competence to shape into a successful
administrator. The objection against a closed shop will nonetheless
not be withdrawn. The simultaneous existence of a democratic system
and delegating, on a permanent basis, the privilege to a single family
to preside over it, appears to suffer from an internal contradiction.

The contradiction persists because free, democratic, one-man-one-vote
polls have not frowned upon the concept of dynastic succession. The
vast majority of the electorate remains steeped in illiteracy, which
coalesces with a frightening lack of social awareness. Those
conditioned for ages to depend on the king and his emissaries are
unable to shed their old reflexes even under the domain of a
Constitution that provides them with equal rights with each and
everybody else. The issue of class hardly breaks in either; it has
been, in large parts of the country, shoved off the arena by the
consanguinity of caste. But the allure of a monarchical order,
fortified by dynastic succession, continues to overwhelm.

For the present, there is little that can be done about it. Protesters
may line up any number of arguments to establish how ill-suited the
dynastic system is to the needs of the times. What, though, if the
electorate decides otherwise? To express astonishment at the fact that
a nation which sticks to the medieval principle of dynastic succession
in its choice of rulers can yet have a stockpile of intellectual
capability that could place it in the fore amongst nations is equally
beside the point. The mandarins who have, over the centuries, guided
the destiny of nations in the different continents have always been a
narrow minority. They have managed to survive — and prosper — despite
their vulnerability to forces unleashed in nether quarters.

One particular worry may still linger: what if a dynasty, once
ensconced in power, wants to put an end to what it considers the farce
of democracy — and the mandarins are unable to dissuade them? Even in
such a contingency, all need not be lost; the chances are that the
other dynasties would then come together and seek to put a restraint
on the vaulting ambition of one of their breed.

However bitter the truth, it cannot be said that India is hopelessly
out of alignment with history; the dynasties will take a while to fade
away. Meanwhile, why not wring the last bit of wry humour out of the
folklore around A.K. Fazlul Huq, premier of pre-Partition Bengal
during 1937-42? His near relations came to occupy prize posts in
government soon after his accession to the provincial administration.
When charged with nepotism, his scornful response was, “What can I do
if all my nephews happen to be brilliant?”


http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090213/jsp/opinion/story_10518528.jsp

List of people from Kolkata - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Among the styles and traditions of vocal music in vogue in Kolkata are
Nidhu Babur Toppa, Mujraah, Kheyaal, Kavi Gaan, Jatra Gaan, Rabindra
Sangeet, ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_notable_Calcuttans - 71k - Cached -
Similar pages -
mukto-mona : Message: Lokkavi vijay Sarkar,Kavi Gaan and Jaari Gaan
Lokkavi vijay Sarkar,Kavi Gaan and Jaari Gaan. On 19 th february Mr
Subhash Chakrabarti, the sports and transport minister of West Bengal
Govt inaugruated ...
groups.yahoo.com/group/mukto-mona/message/31070 - 53k - Cached -
Similar pages -
[ZESTCaste] Lokkavi vijay Sarkar,Kavi Gaan and Jaari Gaan
[ZESTCaste] Lokkavi vijay Sarkar,Kavi Gaan and Jaari Gaan.
palashcbiswas. Sat, 25 Feb 2006 03:39:29 -0800. On 19 th february Mr
Subhash Chakrabarti, ...
www.mail-archive.com/zest...@yahoogroups.com/msg02686.html - 22k -
Cached - Similar pages -


Culture of Bengal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Bengal has a long tradition in folk literature, evidenced by the
Charyapada, Mangalkavya, Shreekrishna Kirtana, Maimansingha Gitika,
Thakurmar Jhuli, ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Bengal - 36k - Cached - Similar pages
-
Folk Traditions of Bengal
Bengali loric traditions - the cornerstone of Bengali Heritage.
bengalonline.sitemarvel.com/bengali-folklore.asp - 14k - Cached -
Similar pages -
Folk Traditions of Bengal
Customs and traditions they leave behind on the wayside. The Bouls are
the folk heroes of Bengal. "The popular romantic imagination
everywhere seeks ...
bengalonline.sitemarvel.com/bengali-folklore.asp?art=baul - 20k -
Cached - Similar pages -
More results from bengalonline.sitemarvel.com »
Express logo Google Expressindia Financial Express Indian Express ...
Historian of Bengal's Folk Tradition. With laughter in his veins,
scholar Bireshwar Bandopadhyay is writing his tenth book, undeterred
by age and the ...
cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=184840 - 41k - Cached -
Similar pages -
JSTOR: Bengali Literature.
While the contribution of the folk tradition to Bengali literature
cannot be underestimated, the contribution of Sanskrit literature is
certainly of equal ...
links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-9118(197802)37%3A2%3C382%3ABL%3E2.0.CO
%3B2-L - Similar pages -
by C Salomon - 1978
South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, ... -
Google Books Result
by Peter J. Claus, Sarah Diamond, Margaret Ann Mills - 2003 - Social
Science - 710 pages
Ghazal (or gajal) is also a fairly widespread genre in Hindi folk and
popular ... Muslim See also mosques qawwdli performance at Sufi folk
poetry ghazffl.
books.google.co.in/books?isbn=0415939194...
JSTOR: Punjabi Folk Poetry
Punjabi Folk Poetry By BALWANT GARGI The Punjab, Land of Five Rivers,
(Panj is five, and ab means water) now lies divided between Pakistan
and India. ...
links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0385-2342(1967)26%3A1%3C53%3APFP%3E2.0.CO
%3B2-L - Similar pages -
by B Gargi - 1967
Traditional Folk Songs - Music India OnLine
[ ALL ], Carnatic Vocal, Carnatic Special, Carnatic Instrumental,
Hindustani Vocal, Hindustani Instrumental, Jugalbandhi, Devotional,
Folk Music, Ghazals ...
www.musicindiaonline.com/music/rajasthani/s/album.1671/ - 44k - Cached
- Similar pages -
Artistes - Folk Music of India, Punjabi, Rajasthani, Bhojpuri ...
Some of them are professionals who do this for a living, Others who
sing for the joy of participation.Beat of India has a mix of both. ...
www.beatofindia.com/mainpages/artists.htm - 79k - Cached - Similar
pages -
Graying of the Raven: Cultural and Sociopolitical Significance of ...
... Significance of Algerian Folk Poetry Books with free shipping in
India, Graying of the Raven: Cultural and Sociopolitical Significance
of Algerian Folk ...
www.infibeam.com/Books/info/Aida-Adib-Bamia/Graying-of-the-Raven-Cultural-and-Sociopolitical/9774246675.html
- 27k - Cached - Similar pages -
moravian folk poetry in songs torrents search
moravian-folk-poetry-in-songs torrent search results. ... rajasthani
langa and mangniyaar folk songs of india, 194 MB, 1, 0, Other. Torrent
health ...
www.torrentreactor.net/find/moravian-folk-poetry-in-songs - 59k -
Cached - Similar pages -
Book Details
It is conceived as a readable, yet scholarly introduction to Prakrit
poetry-folk poetry of old India-meant for the average interested
reader, yet useful to ...
www.mazdapublisher.com/Homely-Touch.htm - 58k - Cached - Similar pages
-
Homely Touch: Folk Poetry of Old India - Unlimited Marketplace
for ...
Find Homely Touch: Folk Poetry of Old India and anything else at
Flippid. Post what you want and sell to people today!
www.flippid.com/item/1000014380/Homely_Touch_Folk_Poetry_of_Old_India
- 65k - Cached - Similar pages -
The Homely Touch: Folk Poetry of Old India : Selections from the ...
The Homely Touch: Folk Poetry of Old India : Selections from the 10th
Century Sattasai : A Prakrit Anthology Indo-Aryan Languages and
Literature Series, ...
www.amazon.co.uk/Homely-Touch-Selections-Indo-Aryan-Literature/dp/0939214326
- 168k - Cached - Similar pages -
The Homely Touch: Folk Poetry of Old India : Selections from the ...
eCampus.com: The Homely Touch: Folk Poetry of Old India : Selections
from the 10th Century Sattasai : A Prakrit Anthology: Hala; Roberts,
John T.; Roberts, ...
https://www.ecampus.com/book/9780939214327 - 44k - Cached - Similar
pages -
You have removed results from this search. Hide them
Loading...

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next

Ministry of Rural Development
19 Feb 2009 ... Ministry of Rural Development (Govt of India) ...
Revision of funding pattern of SGSY of the Department of Rural
Development in the ratio of ...
www.rural.nic.in/ - 176k - Cached - Similar pages -
Rural India looks beyond pastures- Indicators-Economy-News-The ...
NEW DELHI: Even as the ongoing global economic slump hogs the media
limelight, there are stirrings of an epochal change in rural India,
home to about ...
economictimes.indiatimes.com/Economy/Rural-India-looks-beyond-pastures/
articleshow/4157997.cms - 17 hours ago - Similar pages -
Rural India Snaps Up Mobile Phones - WSJ.com
9 Feb 2009 ... India's cellphone industry continues its steady growth,
led by demand from rural consumers, and is showing no signs of slowing
down.
online.wsj.com/article/SB123413407376461353.html - 122k - Cached -
Similar pages -
Image results for rural india
- Report imagesReport the following images as offensive. Confirm
CancelThank you for the feedback.

India Rural Development Fund
India Rural Development Fund (India-Rural), a non-profit organization,
finances and supports rural development projects run by non-
governmental ...
www.indiarural.org/ - 20k - Cached - Similar pages -
Women of Rural India
Tribal Rural IndianWomen - Learn about Tribal women in India, their
health, employment and education ... Lady of Rural India - Indian
women Pictures/photos ...
www.indianchild.com/women_of_rural_india.htm - 12k - Cached - Similar
pages -
Teen's efforts help the poor of rural India to see - Local &
State ...
22 Oct 2008 ... A year ago, Sindhu Ravishankar of Cary a 19-year-old
NC State University sophomore, raised the money for and organized two
daylong "eye ...
www.newsobserver.com/news/story/1264027.html - 66k - Cached - Similar
pages -
The Hindu Business Line : Running out of charge in rural India
11 Feb 2009 ... As cellular phone companies turn to rural India to
sustain their breakneck expansion, they have, no doubt, the benefit of
working in ...
www.thehindubusinessline.com/2009/02/11/stories/2009021150030800.htm -
27k - Cached - Similar pages -
With rural India shining, India will shine!
There are about 60 per cent of rural households, which do not have
electricity, and without the basic amenities in rural India the
progress of the country ...
www.projectsmonitor.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=7745 - 32k - Cached -
Similar pages -
Explore Rural India
Durgapur has all the ingredients of the Assamese rural essence;
thatched houses, expert craftsmen and skilled weavers, proximity to
Kaziranga National Park ...
www.exploreruralindia.org/ - 27k - Cached - Similar pages -
Empowering Rural India - The Financial Express
14 Aug 2005 ... As such, I would like to focus “Empowering Rural
India.” This discussion will be in five parts. The first part cites
experiences with ...
www.financialexpress.com/news/empowering-rural-india/137224/ - 58k -
Cached - Similar pages -
Blog posts about rural india
Factbox - Newsline - 19 Jan 2009
Antipsychotic treatment should be extended in rural India - MedWire
News - Psychiatry - 17 Feb 2009
IFC invests $15M in WaterHealth for filtration in rural India -
Cleantech Group - Latest clean technology news - 18 Social
entrepreneurship in India
Economic Times, India -
17 hours ago
But her calling was rural India, partly because of her roots—her
grandfather was a farmer in Uttar Pradesh. “The retail and BPO sectors
were creating job ... 'Barefoot' Health Care Providers in Rural India
OneWorld.net, UK -
21 hours ago
"Rural health care in India faces a crisis unmatched by any other
sector of the economy," wrote economist Arvind Panagariya in the
Indian newspaper The ... All India consumer price index increases to
461 pts
Hindu Business Line, India -
1 hour ago
SHIMLA: The All India consumer price index numbers for Agricultural
labourers and Rural labourers for January rose by a point each to
stand at 461. ... A ray of hope for rural India
Times of India, India -
18 Feb 2009
"All our products are structured to ensure a large part of revenues
getting shared with the local communities in rural India ensuring an
economic vibrancy ... Airtel to add 17000 rural outlets by March
Economic Times, India -
19 Feb 2009
A half of his new customers come from rural India, and now the company
wants to set up a Rural Airtel Service Centre in every Indian
village. ...BOM:532454 MCI regulations relaxed for hospitals in rural
areas
Business Standard, India -
3 hours ago
... Council of India to revise the norms prescribed for opening of new
medical colleges to enable opening of colleges in rural and under
served areas, ...
Proposals for over 60 new med colleges sent to MCI Indopia
all 3 news articles »
Sydney Morning Herald Passage through India is a lifeline to rural
poor
Sydney Morning Herald, Australia -
4 hours ago
Photo: Brendan Esposito A train that brings doctors to their patients
is providing medical assistance to India's disadvantaged and
disfigured, reports Matt ... IFC invests $15M in WaterHealth for
filtration in rural India
Cleantech Group, CA -
18 Feb 2009
"About 70 percent of people in India live in rural communities, and
although many of those communities may have some water scheme that
they use for ...
IFC to lend USD 15 mn for clean drinking water Indopia
WaterHealth International gets $15 million project finance from IFC
Reuters India
WaterHealth secures $15 million, supplies clean water in India OC
Metro
FOXBusiness - Thaindian.com
all 19 news articles »
New! Get the

latest news on rural india with Google Alerts.





Result Page:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Next

Feb 2009

You have removed results from this search. Hide them
Loading...

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next











Kalyani University :: Folklore Department
Folklore Perspective - Dr. Tushar Chattopadhyay - 1990; Folk Language
- A myth or reality by Dr. D.P. Banerjee, 1995; Folk Deities of Bengal
- 1998 ...
www.klyuniv.ac.in/folklore.html - 50k - Cached - Similar pages -
South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, ... -
Google Books Result
by Peter J. Claus, Sarah Diamond, Margaret Ann Mills - 2003 - Social
Science - 710 pages
In recent years mechanical aids are being added to folk vehicles, ...
Generally ojha or gunin healers and quacks are accepted as folk
medical practioners. ...
books.google.co.in/books?isbn=0415939194...
ISFNR-International Society for Folk Narrative Research
ISFNR-International Society for Folk Narrative Research. ...
Chattopadhyay, Tushar. Meghmallar, Flat No. 6E/1. Gariaghat Rd
Calcutta - 700 019, West Bengal ...
www.hgo.se/isfnr/c.htm - Similar pages -
JSTOR: Communications
Special topics included: Folk Narrative and Classical Mythology, Finno-
Ugric Folk Poetries ... Folklore Collecting Project in India ," Tushar
Chattopadhyay, ...
links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0385-2342(1990)49%3A1%3C135%3AC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-
R - Similar pages -
International Society for Folk Narrative Research
Surname: Chattopadhyay. First name(s): Tushar. University:.
Department: Meghmallar, Flat No. ... 2006–2009 International Society
for Folk Narrative Research.
www.ut.ee/isfnr/page.php?p=7&m=104 - 6k - Cached - Similar pages -
International Society for Folk Narrative Research
Cattermole-Tally, Frances, USA. Chambers, Keith, USA. Chattopadhyay,
Tushar, INDIA ... 2006–2009 International Society for Folk Narrative
Research.
www.ut.ee/isfnr/page.php?p=7&l=C - 8k - Cached - Similar pages -
South Asian Folklore -- Contributors
Tushar Chattopadhyay Department of Folklore, University of Kalyani. A.
Chellaperumal ... Center for Folk Culture Studies, University of
Hyderabad ...
www.routledge-ny.com/ref/folklore/southasian/contributors.html - 42k -
Cached - Similar pages -
KOLKATA BOOK FAIR-2009
Suniti Kumar Chattopadhyay - 1978. Sri Tushar Kanti Ghosh - 1979. Dr.
Bhabatsh Dutta - 1980. Dr. Amartya Sen - 1981. Dr. Pratul Guha -
1982 ...
www.kolkatabookfaironline.com/past_innagurators.php - 92k - Cached -
Similar pages -
Artists-India Gallery: Tushar Bhatt Kathak dancer and choreographer
Tushar Bhatt is a well known Kathak dancer and choreographer disciple
of Guru Sri ... school of dance by imparting training in traditional,
classical and folk technique. ... Anjan Chattopadhyay · Sanjeeb Sircar
· Deepak Kshirsagar ...
www.artists-india.com/resume/tushar_bhatt.php - 23k - Cached - Similar
pages -
The Telegraph - Calcutta : Metro
October 28 at Bharatiyam, IB 201 Salt Lake; 6 pm: Bedaraas folk dances
of Rajasthan and Purulia ... 3 pm - 8 pm: An exhibition of paintings
by Jhuma Chattopadhyay. ... Aleek Kukabya Rangey by Tushar Choudhury;
Shunya Tabu Sonar Thala by ...
www.telegraphindia.com/1041025/asp/calcutta/story_3914575.asp - 31k -
Cached - Similar pages -
You have removed results from this search. Hide them
Loading...

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next

NEWSMAKER-Netanyahu handed reins of a jittery Israel
Reuters - 35 minutes ago
By Dan Williams A decade after being ousted by Israelis entranced by
his then rival's pledges of peace accords and modest governance,
Benjamin Netanyahu has won a new lease on power over a country now
more given to disaffection and fears of war.
Netanyahu to be Israel's next Prime Minister Times Online
Netanyahu picked to form Israel govt AFP
BBC News - guardian.co.uk - Aljazeera.net - Xinhua
all 2,562 news articles »



Voice of America
US will consider Russian missile defense concerns
The Associated Press - 36 minutes ago
KRAKOW, Poland (AP) - US Defense Secretary Robert Gates said Friday
that Russian concerns will be taken into consideration as the Obama
administration decides the fate of planned missile defense bases in
Eastern Europe.
Up to 20 nations offer to boost Afghan commitments: Gates AFP
Gates: US needs time to review missile shield plan in E. Europe Xinhua
CNN International - Reuters India - ABS CBN News - Bloomberg
all 1,831 news articles » हिन्दी में »




ABC News
News Analysis: Obama visit tightens US-Canada ties
Xinhua - 3 hours ago
by Zhao Qing, Yang Shilong OTTAWA, Feb. 19 (Xinhua) -- The US
President Barack Obama on Thursday made a tightly scheduled seven-hour
visit to Canada.
Canada's leader impressed with Obama The Associated Press
News Analysis: Obama visit tightens US-Canada ties (2) People's Daily
Online
New York Times - The Australian - Indopia - CTV.ca
all 4,377 news articles » हिन्दी में »


Show more stories
Show fewer stories


AFP
How will bidders value Satyam?
Business Standard - 1 hour ago
How does one put a value to Satyam Computer Services when its
financial position is not known? AP cancels Rs 1000cr project to
Nagarjuna group This is one question that's uppermost in the minds of
analysts, marketmen and industry experts even as the ...
Satyam suitors to get basic financial information: Karnik Hindu
Satyam up 8 pc in early trade on CLB nod Hindustan Times
Economic Times - Indopia - Reuters India - Moneycontrol.com
all 221 news articles » BOM:500376




Business Standard
Rupee falls by 11 paise to 49.72/74 a dollar
Business Standard - 1 hour ago
PTI / Mumbai February 20, 2009, 18:58 IST Decline in stock markets
weighed against the Indian rupee which lost 11 paise to close within
the vicinity of 50-mark at 49.72/74 today.
Indian rupee sheds 2 pct this week, outlook bearish Reuters India
Rupee continues to trade weaker Economic Times
Myiris.com - Moneycontrol.com - Hindu Business Line - Economic Times
all 177 news articles »




Fresh News
Call writing seizes upside, put writing at 2600 may hold Nifty
Economic Times - 2 hours ago
MUMBAI: Snapping the two-day winning streak, Indian markets fell on
Friday as weak cues from global markets pushed traders to cut their
positions in banking, IT, metal and oil & gas stocks.
Sensex, Nifty close 7-8.5% down this week Moneycontrol.com
Sensex ends at 4-week low at 8843.21 on weak global cues Times of
India
Reuters India - India Infoline.com - Livemint - Wall Street Journal
all 420 news articles » BOM:532174 हिन्दी में »




Show more stories
Show fewer stories