Atlas Caas

[Sheila Cast]

Purpose of the tool
The Climate Adaptation Atlas (CAA) discloses and visualises scientific information on climate change in the form of maps. These maps support spatial planning and decision making. The Dutch Climate Adaptation Atlas consists of a large number of maps disclosed via an online Geoportal (in Dutch). The same technology was used in Bangladesh.

Target group
This approach can be an important tool in bridging science, policy and private sector around the world. The tool can be further developed by a consortium consisting of knowledge institutes (Alterra, Wageningen UR, Deltares, KNMI) and consultants (DHV Group, Geodan Next) in close collaboration with regional stakeholders and governments.

Tool description
Maps are important for the development of adaptation strategies because they show where problems occur and how they are related to other functions in the landscape. The Climate Adaptation Atlas contains a wealth of information on climate change impacts, e.g. flood modelling, urban heat island effect, crop drought sensitivity and sensitivity of nature types to droughts. This helps users to identify key adaptation challenges in their areas of interest. The impact and adaptation maps are used in several interactive and multidisciplinary workshops between scientist, policy makers and spatial planners. Together the participants design adaptation options based in the local impacts of climate change. The adaption options are evaluated on their effectiveness and social costs and benefits. These workshops proved to be very helpful in investigating robust adaptation strategies, leading to an increased political support for action.

Result description
The Atlas combines the different effects of climate change with landscape characteristics like land use and population density. It then visualizes the main conclusions in an adaptation map, highlighting areas where adaptation is more urgent. Furthermore it extrapolates this to different climate scenarios. Below is an example showing the increase in tropical days in the Netherlands in 2050 and 2100 for two different climate scenarios. Such maps highlight areas that may face future damage or opportunities due to climate change.

The tool in practice
The CAA methodology has proven to be effective in supporting local and regional governments to develop adaptation strategies. The methodology can easily be applied elsewhere in the world. The consortium has the knowledge and expertise as well as the experience with facilitating adaptation planning processes. The atlas has been developed and used for the Bangladesh region: read more in this pdf file.

Spatial scale and time scale
The Climate Adaptation Atlas has proven to be an effective discussion/ decision support tool for climate adaptation at the regional level. The time scale depends on the climate scenarios used which is often a range of dates between 1990 and 2100.

Updated annually, The AAA Road Atlas offers comprehensive coverage of the United States, Canada and Mexico. The super-sized road guide contains more indexed cities and towns than any other road atlas available. Specialty maps help navigate the back roads of some of the most popular national parks and tourist areas. Showcasing AAA's considerable experience and history in travel planning, the AAA Road Atlas is a user-friendly travel tool well worth having in your vehicle.

Without a receipt, eligible product will be refunded based on the lowest price offered on that item within the preceding 90 days. Refunds will be offered in the form a CAA gift card, which can be used at any CAA Store in Manitoba. You will be required to provide your name, telephone number and postal code for the transaction.

Returns in Store
Purchases made in store or online can be returned to any CAA store within 90 days of purchase for Members and within 30 days of purchase for non-Members when accompanied by the original receipt or invoice. Find your closest CAA store here.

Returns by Mail
Online purchases can be returned (excluding shipping charges) or exchanged by mail to the CAA warehouse when accompanied by original invoice and received within 90 days of date or purchase for Members and within 30 days of date of purchase for non-Members. Purchases made in store cannot be returned by mail.

Shipping charges associated with refunds are at the purchaser's expense and will not be refunded. Items returned by mail are the responsibility of the shipper until received by CAA Manitoba, so we strongly encourage customers to use a trackable shipping option to ship your return back to us. We are not responsible for shipping delays or for any damage to goods caused by the carrier. Please ensure your customer and billing address information is included in order for us to properly process your return.

Returns by mail will have the refunds processed in the same form of payment and card as the original purchase. You will be required to provide your name, telephone number and postal code for all return or exchange transactions. Please allow 4-6 business days for refund processing.

Airline Damage
Luggage damages caused by airline carriers are not covered under most manufacturers' warranty. It is recommended that damages be reported to a carrier representative prior to leaving the airport. Request a copy of the report to be attached to the warranty claim. The purchase of baggage insurance prior to your travel is also recommended.

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Background: A comprehensive analysis of gene expression profiling across tissues can provide necessary information for an in-depth understanding of their biological functions. We performed a large-scale gene expression analysis and generated a high-resolution atlas of the transcriptome in beef cattle.

Results: Our transcriptome atlas was generated from 135 bovine tissues in adult beef cattle, covering 51 tissue types of major organ systems (e.g., muscular system, digestive system, immune system, reproductive system). Approximately 94.76% of sequencing reads were successfully mapped to the reference genome assembly ARS-UCD1.2. We detected a total of 60,488 transcripts, and 32% of them were not reported before. We identified 2654 housekeeping genes (HKGs) and 477 tissue-specific genes (TSGs) across tissues. Using weighted gene co-expression network analysis, we obtained 24 modules with 237 hub genes (HUBGs). Functional enrichment analysis showed that HKGs mainly maintain the basic biological activities of cells, while TSGs were involved in tissue differentiation and specific physiological processes. HKGs in bovine tissues were more conserved in terms of expression pattern as compared to TSGs and HUBGs among multiple species. Finally, we obtained a subset of tissue-specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between beef and dairy cattle and several functional pathways, which may be involved in production and health traits.

Conclusions: We generated a large-scale gene expression atlas across the major tissues in beef cattle, providing valuable information for enhancing genome assembly and annotation. HKGs, TSGs, and HUBGs further contribute to better understanding the biology and evolution of multiple tissues in cattle. DEGs between beef and dairy cattle also fill in the knowledge gaps about differential transcriptome regulation of bovine tissues underlying economically important traits.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is widely concerning because of high malignancy and poor prognosis. There is increasing evidence that alternative splicing (AS) plays an important role in the development of cancer and the formation of the tumour microenvironment. However, comprehensive analysis of AS signalling in TNBC is still lacking and urgently needed.

We identified 1194 cancer-associated AS events (CAAS) and evaluated the enrichment of 981 parent genes. The top 20 parent genes with significant differences were mostly related to cell adhesion, cell component connection and other pathways. Furthermore, immune-related pathways were also enriched. Unsupervised clustering analysis revealed the heterogeneity of the immune microenvironment in TNBC. The splicing network also suggested an obvious correlation between SFs expression and CAAS events in TNBC patients. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses showed that the survival-related AS events were detected, including some significant participants in the carcinogenic process. A nomogram incorporating risk, AJCC and radiotherapy showed good calibration and moderate discrimination.

Our study revealed AS events related to tumorigenesis and the immune microenvironment, elaborated the potential correlation between SFs and CAAS, established a prognostic model based on survival-related AS events, and created a nomogram to better predict the individual survival rate of TNBC patients, which improved our understanding of the relationship between AS events and TNBC.

In recent years, research on cancer genomics has gradually opened a new chapter benefiting from the tremendous development of bioinformatics and high-throughput technologies. A growing body of evidence shows that alternative splicing (AS) events play a pivotal role in the development of cancer and the formation of the tumour microenvironment [11, 12]. AS events have great influence in the process of mRNA precursor maturation, bringing about the splicing of different mRNA isomers and the translation of protein variants, which is one of the key regulatory mechanisms for the diversity of the transcriptome and proteome [13, 14]. In normal physiological processes, more than 95% of human genes undergo AS and encode splicing mutations [15]. AS not only exerts an important influence in normal physiological processes such as haematopoiesis and muscle [16, 17] but also plays a crucial role in carcinogenic pathological processes such as tumour proliferation, apoptosis, hypoxia, angiogenesis, immune escape and metastasis [18, 19]. Moreover, protein diversity leads to functional diversity, and quantitative change causes qualitative change. The production and accumulation of irregular AS events change the expression of some key splicing factors and promote the changes in the targeted AS parent genes, which together provide an advantage for the growth or survival of cancer cells [20]. Therefore, increasing amounts of attention have been paid to research on the effect of AS events on the cancer prognosis. The comprehensive analysis of AS events is expected to provide new potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer.

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