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Islam FAQ (Part 9/15): Islam: Prophethood, Jesus & Trinity

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Asim Mughal

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Mar 20, 2006, 12:31:39 AM3/20/06

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Frequently Asked Questions: Part 9
__________________________________

This message is automatically posted to 'soc.religion.islam'
every month and when updated. This lists answers to most
commonly asked questions on the forum. Contributions & changes
are requested and should be directed to: mug...@caltech.edu

OVERVIEW: The Frequently Asked Questions document for
Islam has been divided in parts. Below is the index.

Part 1 - Welcome & Index
Part 2 - Info on Islamic News Groups
Part 3 - Introduction to Islam
Part 4 - God & Worship
Part 5 - Islam, Quran & Muhammad (PBUH)
Part 6 - Marriage Laws in Islam
Part 7 - Women In Islam
Part 8 - Life after Death, Moral System & Human rights in Islam
Part 9 - Islam: Prophethood, Jesus & Trinity
Part 10 - Islam: Farrakhism & Malcom X
Part 11 - Islamic Internet Guide: Islamic Resources on Internet
Part 12 - Other Islamic Resource Guides on Internet
Part 13 - Islamic Literature: Books & Video
Part 14 - Islamic Calendar & Prayer Time Table for 1994
Part 15 - Misc: List of Halal Foods

________________________________________________________

PART 9: Islam: Prophethood, Jesus & Trinity

Contents

--Articles--
1. Prophethood In Islam ........................................... from III&E
2. Is Jesus Really God? ........................................... from III&E
3. God is All Knowing... Jesus was not ............................ from III&E
4. God is All-Powerful... Jesus was not ........................... from III&E
5. God does not have a God ........................................ from III&E
6. God is Invisible ............................................... from III&E
7. No one is Greater than GOD ..................................... from III&E
8. Conclusion on Jesus ............................................ from III&E
9. Word of God about Jesus ........................................ from III&E
10. Who Invented Trinity? .......................................... from III&E
11. Trinity in the Bible ........................................... from III&E
12. Doctrine Takes Shape ........................................... from III&E
13. Formal Doctrine is Drawnup ..................................... from III&E
14. Church Puts its Foot down ...................................... from III&E
15. Debate Continues ............................................... from III&E
16. Islam and the Matter of The Trinity ............................ from III&E
--Announcements--
17. Archive Info ..............................................................
18. Credits ...................................................................

Articles .....................................................................

1. Prophethood In Islam ........................................... from III&E

Prophethood is not unknown to heavenly revealed religions, such as
Judaism and Christianity. In Islam, however, it has a special status and
significance.

According to Islam, Allah created man for a noble purpose: to worship
Him and lead a virtuous life based on His teachings and guidance. How
would man know his role and purpose of his existence unless he received
clear and practical instructions of what Allah wants him to do? Here
comes the need for prophethood. Thus Allah had chosen from every nation
a prophet or more to covey His Message to people.

One might ask: How were the prophets chosen and who were entitled to
this great honor?

Prophethood is Allah's blessing and favor that He may bestow on whom He
wills. However, from surveying the various messengers throughout
history, three features of a prophet may be recognized:

1. He is the best in his community morally and intellectually. This is
necessary because a prophet's life serves as a model for his followers.
His personality should attract people to accept his message rather than
drive them away by his imperfect character. After receiving the message
he is infallible. That is, he would not commit any sin. He might make
some minor mistakes which are usually corrected by revelation.

2. He is supported by miracles to prove that he is not an impostor.
Those miracles are granted by the power and permission of God and are
usually in the field in which his people excel and are recognized as
superiors. We might illustrate this by quoting the major miracles of the
three prophets of the major world religions: Judaism, Christianity and
Islam. Moses' contemporaries were excellent in magic. So his major
miracle was to defeat the best magicians of Egypt of his days. Jesus'
contemporaries were recognized as skillful physicians. Therefore, his
miracles were to raise the dead and cure the incurable diseases. The
Arabs, the contemporaries of the Prophet Mohammed, were known for their
eloquence and magnificent poetry. So Prophet Muhammad's major miracle
was the Quran, the equivalent of which the whole legion of the Arab
poets and orators could not produce despite the repeated challenge from
the Quran itself. Again Muhammad's miracle has something special about
it. All previous miracles were limited by time and place, i.e., they
were shown to specific people at a specific time. Not so the miracle of
Muhammad, the Quran. It is a universal and everlasting miracle. Previous
generations witnessed it and future generations will witness its
miraculous nature in terms of its style, content and spiritual
uplifting. These still can be tested and will thereby prove the divine
origin of the Quran.

3. Every prophet states clearly that what he receives is not of his own
but from God for the well-being of mankind. He also confirms what was
revealed before him and what may be revealed after him. A prophet does
this to show that he is simply conveying the message which is entrusted
to him by the One True God of all people in all ages. So the message is
one in essence and for the same purpose. Therefore, it should not
deviate from what was revealed before him or what might come after him.

Prophets are necessary for conveying God's instructions and guidance to
mankind. We have no way of knowing why we were created. What will happen
to us after death? Is there any life after death? Are we accountable for
our actions? In other words, is there any reward or punishment for our
deeds in this life? These and so many other questions about God, angels,
paradise, hell, etc. can not be answered without revelation from the
Creator and Knower of the unseen. Those answers must be authentic and
must be brought by individuals whom we trust and respect. That is why,
messengers are the select of their societies in terms of moral conduct
and intellectual ability.

Hence, the slanderous Biblical stories about some of the great prophets
are not accepted by Muslims. For example, Lot is reported to have
committed fornication while drunk, with his daughters; or David sent one
his leaders to death to marry his wife. Prophets to Muslims are greater
than what these stories indicate. These stories can not be true from the
Islamic point of view.

The prophets are also miraculously supported by God and instructed by
Him to affirm the continuity of the message.

The content of the prophets' message to mankind can be summarized as
follows:

a) Clear concept about God: His attributes, His creation, what should
and should not be ascribed to Him.

b) Clear idea about the unseen world, the angels, jinn (spirits),
Paradise and Hell.

c) Why has God created us? What does He want from us and what is the
reward or punishment for obeying or disobeying Him?

d) How to run our societies according to His will? That is, clear
instructions and laws that, when applied correctly and honestly, will
result in a happy and ideal society.

It is clear from the above discussion that there is no substitute for
prophets. Even today with the advancement of science, the only authentic
source of information about the supernatural world is revelation.
Guidance can be obtained neither from science nor from mystic
experience. The first is too materialistic and too limited; the second
is too subjective and frequently too misleading.

Now one might ask:

How many prophets has God sent to humanity? We do not know for sure.
Some Muslim scholars have suggested 240 thousand prophets. We are only
sure of what is clearly mentioned in the Quran, that is, God has sent a
messenger (or more) to every nation. That is because it is one of God's
principles that He will never call a people to account unless He has
made clear to them what to do and what not to do. The Quran mentions the
names of 25 prophets and indicates that there have been others who were
not mentioned to the Prophet Mohammed. These 25 include Noah, the man of
the Ark, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad. These five are the
greatest among God's messengers. They are called 'the resolute'
prophets.

An outstanding aspect of the Islamic belief in prophethood is that
Muslims believe in and respect all the messengers of God with no
exceptions. Since all the prophets came from the same One God, for the
same purpose - to lead mankind to God - belief in them all is essential
and logical; accepting some and rejecting others has to be based on
misconceptions of the prophets' role or racial bias. The Muslims are the
only people in the world who consider the belief in all the prophets of
God an article of faith. Thus the Jews reject Jesus Christ and Muhammad;
the Christians reject Muhammad and in reality reject Moses because they
do not abide by his laws. The Muslims accept them all as messengers of
God who brought guidance to mankind. However, the revelation which those
prophets brought from God has been tampered with in one way or the
other. The belief in all the messengers of God is enjoined on the
Muslims by the Quran.

"Say (O Muslims): we believe in Allah and that which is revealed to us
and that which was revealed to Abraham and Ishmael, and Isaac and Jacob,
and their children, and that which Moses and Jesus received and that the
prophets received from their Lord. We make no distinction between any of
them and unto Him we have surrendered." (2:136)

The Quran continues in the following verses to instruct the Muslims that
this is the true and impartial belief. If other nations believe in the
same, they are following their own whims and biases and God will take
care of them. Thus we read:

"And if they believe in what you believe, then they are rightly guided.
But if they turn away, then they are in disunity, and Allah will suffice
you against them. He is the Hearer, the Knower. This is God's religion
and Who is better than God in religion?" (2:137-38)

There are, at least, two important points related to prophethood that
need to be clarified. These points concern the roles of Jesus and
Muhammad as prophets who are usually misunderstood.

The Quranic account of Jesus emphatically rejects the concept of his
'Divinity' and 'Divine Sonship' and presents him as one of the great
prophets of God. The Quran makes it clear that the birth of Jesus
without a father does not make him son of God and mentions in this
respect Adam who was created by God without a father and mother:

"Truly the likeness of Jesus, in God's sight, is as Adam's likeness; He
created him of dust, then said He unto him, 'Be', and he was." (3:59)

Like other prophets Jesus also performed miracles. For example, he
raised the dead and cured the blind and lepers, but while showing these
miracles he always made it clear that it was all from God. Actually the
misconceptions about the personality and mission of Jesus found a way
among his followers because the Divine message that he preached was not
recorded during his presence in the world, rather it was recorded after
a lapse of about hundred years. According to the Quran he was sent to
the children of Israel; he confirmed the validity of the Torah which was
revealed to Moses and he also brought the glad tidings of a final
messenger after him.

"And when Jesus son of Mary said, 'Children of Israel, I am indeed the
Messenger to you, confirming the Torah that is before me, and giving
good tidings of a Messenger who shall come after me, whose name shall be
the PRAISED ONE." (61:6) (The capitalized portion is the translation of
Ahmad which is Prophet Muhammed's name.)

However, the majority of the Jews rejected his ministry. They plotted
against his life and in their opinion crucified him. But the Quran
refutes this opinion and says that they neither killed him nor crucified
him, rather he was raised up to God. There is a verse in the Quran,
which implies that Jesus will come back and all the Christians and Jews
believe in him before he dies. This is also supported by authentic
sayings of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)

The last prophet of God, Muhammad, was born in Arabia in the sixth
century C.E. Up to the age of forty, people of Makkah knew him only as a
man of excellent character and cultured manners and called him AL-AMEEN
(the trustworthy). He also did not know that he was soon to made a
prophet and receiver of revelation from God. He called the idolaters of
Makkah to worship the only one God and accept him as His prophet. The
revelation that he received was preserved in his life-time in the memory
of his companions and was also recorded in pieces of palm leaves,
leather etc...

Thus the Quran that is found today is the same that was revealed to him;
not a syllable of it has been altered as God Himself has guaranteed its
preservation. This Quran claims to be the book of guidance for the whole
humanity for all times, and mentions Muhammad as the last Prophet of
God.

2. Is Jesus Really God? ........................................... from III&E

Without a doubt, you have often heard the claim that Jesus is God, the
second person in the "Holy Trinity." However, the very Bible which is
used as a basis for knowledge about Jesus and as the basis for doctrine
within Christianity clearly believes this claim. We urge you to consult
your own Bible and verify that the following conclusions are not drawn
out of context:

3. God is All Knowing... Jesus was not ............................ from III&E

When speaking of the Day of Judgment, Jesus clearly gave evidence of a
limitation on his knowledge when he said, "But of that day and hour
knoweth no man, no, not the angels which are in Heaven, neither the son,
but the father." (Mark 13:32, and Matt. 24:36) But God knows all. His
knowledge is without any limitations. That Jesus, of his own admission,
did not know when the day of judgment would be, is clear proof that
Jesus is not all-knowing, and that Jesus is therefore not God.

4. God is All-Powerful... Jesus was not ........................... from III&E

While Jesus performed many miracles, he himself admitted that the power
he had was not his own but was derived from God when he said, "Verily,
verily I say unto you, the Son can do nothing of himself, but what he
seeth the father do..." (John 5:19) Again he said, "I can of mine own
self do nothing: As I hear I judge, and my judgment is just because I
seek not mine own will but the will of the Father which has sent me."
(John 5:30) But God is not only All-Powerful, He is also the source of
all power and authority. That Jesus, of his own admission, could do
nothing on his own is clear proof that Jesus is not all-powerful, and
that therefore Jesus is not God.

5. God does not have a God ........................................ from III&E

GOD DOES NOT HAVE A GOD.....BUT JESUS DID HAVE A GOD

God is the ultimate judge and refuge for all, and He does not call upon
nor pray to any others. But Jesus acknowledged that there was One whom
he worshipped and to Whom he prayed when he said, "I ascend unto my
Father and your Father, and to my God and your God." (John 20:17) He is
also reported to have cried out while on the cross, "My God, my God, why
hast thou forsaken me?" (Matt. 27:46) If Jesus were God, then couldn't
this be read, "Myself, myself, why hast thou forsaken me?" Would that
not be pure nonsense? When Jesus prayed the Lord's Prayer (Luke 11:2-4),
was he praying to himself? When in the garden of Gethsemane he prayed,
"O my father, if it be possible, let this cup pass from me:
Nevertheless, not as I will but as thou wilt." (Matt. 26:36-39) Was
Jesus praying to himself? That Jesus, of his own admission and by his
own actions, acknowledged, worshipped, and prayed to another being as
God is clear proof that Jesus himself is not God.

6. God is Invisible ............................................... from III&E

ACCORDING TO THE BIBLE GOD IS AN INVISIBLE SPIRIT.... BUT JESUS WAS
FLESH AND BLOOD

While thousands saw Jesus and heard his voice, Jesus himself said that
this could not be done with God when he said: "No man hath seen God at
any time." (John 1:18) "Ye have neither heard His voice at any time nor
seen His shape." (John 5:37) He also said in John 4:24: "God is a spirit
and they that worship Him must worship Him in spirit and in truth." That
Jesus would say that no one had seen or heard God at any time, while his
followers both saw and heard him, is clear proof that Jesus was not God.

7. No one is Greater than GOD ..................................... from III&E

NO ONE IS GREATER THAN GOD AND NO ONE CAN DIRECT HIM.... BUT JESUS
ACKNOWLEDGED SOMEONE GREATER THAN HIMSELF WHOSE WILL WAS DISTINCT FROM
HIS OWN

Perhaps the clearest indication we have that Jesus and God are not
equal, and therefore not one and the same, come again from the mouth of
Jesus himself who said in John 14:28: "My Father is greater than I."
When someone referred to him as good master in Luke 18:19, Jesus
responded: "Why callest thou me good? There is none good but one, that
is God..." furthermore, Jesus drew clear distinctions between himself
and God when he said, "I proceeded forth and came from God, neither came
I of myself but He sent me." (John 8:42) Jesus gave clear evidence of
his subordination to God, rather than his equality with God, when he
said in Luke 22:42, "not my will but Thine be done" and in John 5:30, "I
seek not mine own will but the will of the Father which has sent me."
That Jesus would admit that he did not come into the world on his own
initiative but was directed to do so, that he would acknowledge another
being as greater than himself, and that he would negate his own will in
deference to affirming the will of another, give clear proof that Jesus
is not the Supreme One and therefore Jesus is not God.

8. Conclusion on Jesus ............................................ from III&E

The Church recognizes the Bible as the primary source of knowledge about
God and Jesus. But since the Bible makes it clear that Jesus is not the
Supreme Being and the Supreme Being is not Jesus, upon what basis have
you come to believe otherwise?

My brother or sister, the belief that the Supreme Being is a Trinity is
false and completely inconsistent with the words of Jesus as presented
in the Bible. God is one, not three. He is a perfect unity.

If you are interested in the truth about God and your relationship to
Him, we invite you to investigate the religion of Islam.

9. Word of God about Jesus ........................................ from III&E

REGARDING THE SONSHIP OF JESUS:

"That is Jesus, son of Mary, in word of truth, concerning which they are
doubting. It is not for God to take a son unto Him. Glory be to Him!
When He decrees a thing, He but says to it 'Be', and it is." (Qur'an
19:34, 35)

"And they say, 'the All-Merciful has taken unto Himself a son.' You have
indeed advanced something hideous. The heavens are well nigh rent of it
and the earth split asunder, and the mountains well nigh fall down
crashing for that they have attributed to the All-Merciful a son; and it
behooves not the All-Merciful to take a son. None is there in the
heavens and earth but he comes to the All-Merciful as a servant."
(Qur'an 19:88-93)

"Truly the likeness of Jesus, in God's sight, is as Adam's likeness; He
created him of dust, then said He unto him, 'Be', and he was." (Qur'an
3:59)

"People of the Book, go not beyond the bounds in your religion, and say
not as to God but the Truth. The Messiah, Jesus, son of Mary, was only
the Messenger of God, and His Word that He committed to Mary, and a
spirit from Him. So believe in God and His Messengers, and say not,
'Three.' Refrain; better is it for you. God is only One God. Glory be to
Him - that He should have a son! To Him belongs all that is in the
heavens and in the earth; God suffices for a guardian." (Qur'an 4:171)

B. REGARDING JESUS BEING GOD:

"And when God said, 'O Jesus, son of Mary, did you say unto men, "Take
me and my mother as gods, apart from God?"' He said, 'To You be glory!
It is not mine to say what I have no right to. If I indeed said it, You
knew it, knowing what is within my soul, and I do not know what is
within Your soul; You know the things unseen. I only said to them what
You did command me: "Serve God, my Lord and your Lord." And I was a
witness over them, while I remained among them; but when You did take me
to Yourself the Watcher over them; You are the witness of everything.'"
(Qur'an 5:116, 117)

C. REGARDING CRUCIFIXION OF JESUS

"And for their unbelief, and their uttering against Mary a mighty
calumny, and for their saying, 'We slew the Messiah, Jesus, son of Mary,
the Messenger of God'...yet they did not slay him, neither crucified
him, only a likeness of that was shown to them. Those who are at
variance concerning him surely are in doubt regarding him, they have no
knowledge of him, except the following of surmise; and they did not slay
him of certainty...no indeed; God raised him up to Him; God is Almighty,
All-Wise. There is not one of the People of the Book but will assuredly
believe in him before his death, and on the Resurrection Day, he will be
a witness against them." (Qur'an 4:156-159)

10. Who Invented Trinity? .......................................... from III&E

The three monotheistic religions - Judaism, Christianity, and Islam -
all purport to share one fundamental concept: belief in God as the
Supreme Being, the Creator and Sustainer of the Universe. Known as
"tawhid" in Islam, this concept of the Oneness of God was stressed by
Moses in a Biblical passage known as the "Shema," or the Jewish creed of
faith: "Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God is one Lord." (Deuteronomy 6:4)

It was repeated word-for-word approximately 1500 years later by Jesus
when he said: "...The first of all the commandments is, Hear, O Israel;
the Lord our God is one Lord." (Mark 12:29)

Muhammad came along approximately 600 years later, bringing the same
message again: "And your God is One God: There is no God but He, ..."
(The Qur'an 2:163)

Christianity has digressed from the concept of the Oneness of God,
however, into a vague and mysterious doctrine that was formulated during
the fourth century. This doctrine, which continues to be a source of
controversy both within and without the Christian religion, is known as
the Doctrine of the Trinity. Simply put, the Christian doctrine of the
Trinity states that God is the union of three divine persons - the
Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit - in one divine being.

If that concept, put in basic terms, sounds confusing, the flowery
language in the actual text of the doctrine lends even more mystery to
the matter:

"...we worship one God in Trinity, and Trinity in Unity... for there is
one Person of the Father, another of the Son, another of the Holy Ghost
is all one... they are not three gods, but one God... the whole three
persons are co-eternal and co-equal... he therefore that will be save
must thus think of the Trinity..." (excerpts from the Athanasian Creed)

Let's put this together in a different form: one person, God the Father
+ one person, God the Son + one person, God the Holy Ghost = one person,
God the What? Is this English or is this gibberish?

It is said that Athanasius, the bishop who formulated this doctrine,
confessed that the more he wrote on the matter, the less capable he was
of clearly expressing his thoughts regarding it.

How did such a confusing doctrine get its start?

11. Trinity in the Bible ........................................... from III&E

References in the Bible to a Trinity of divine beings are vague, at
best.

In Matthew 28:19, we find Jesus telling his disciples to go out and
preach to all nations. While the "Great Commission" does make mention of
the three persons who later become components of the Trinity, the phrase
"...baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the
Holy Ghost" is quite clearly an addition to Biblical text - that is, not
the actual words of Jesus - as can be seen by two factors:

1) Baptism in the early Church, as discussed by Paul in his letters, was
done only in the name of Jesus; and

2) The "Great Commission" was found in the first gospel written, that of
Mark, bears no mention of Father, Son and/or Holy Ghost - see Mark
16:15.

The only other reference in the Bible to a Trinity can be found in the
Epistle of I John 5:7, Biblical scholars of today, however, have
admitted that the phrase "...there are three that bear record in heaven,
the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost: and these three are one" is
definitely a "later addition" to Biblical test, and it is not found in
any of today's versions of the Bible.

It can, therefore, be seen that the concept of a Trinity of divine
beings was not an idea put forth by Jesus or any other prophet of God.
This doctrine, now subscribed to by Christians all over the world, is
entirely man-made in origin.

12. Doctrine Takes Shape ........................................... from III&E

While Paul of Tarsus, the man who could rightfully be considered the
true founder of Christianity, did formulate many of its doctrines, that
of the Trinity was not among them. He did, however, lay the groundwork
for such when he put forth the idea of Jesus being a "divine Son." After
all, a Son does need a Father, and what about a vehicle for God's
revelations to man? In essence, Paul named the principal players, but it
was the later Church people who put the matter together.

Tertullian, a lawyer and presbyter of the third century Church in
Carthage, was the first to use the word "Trinity" when he put forth the
theory that the Son and the Spirit participate in the being of God, but
all are of one being of substance with the Father.

13. Formal Doctrine is Drawnup ..................................... from III&E

When controversy over the matter of the Trinity blew up in 318 between
two church men from Alexandria - Arius, the deacon, and Alexander, his
bishop - Emperor Constantine stepped into the fray.

Although Christian dogma was a complete mystery to him, he did realize
that a unified church was necessary for a strong kingdom. When
negotiation failed to settle the dispute, Constantine called for the
first ecumenical council in Church history in order to settle the matter
once and for all.

Six weeks after the 300 bishops first gathered at Nicea in 325, the
doctrine of the Trinity was hammered out. The God of the Christians was
now seen as having three essences, or natures, in the form of the
Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.

14. Church Puts its Foot down ...................................... from III&E

The matter was far from settled, however, despite high hopes for such on
the part of Constantine. Arius and the new bishop of Alexandria, a man
named Athanasius, began arguing over the matter even as the Nicene Creed
was being signed; "Arianism" became a catch-word from that time onward
for anyone who did not hold to the doctrine of the Trinity.

It wasn't until 451, at the Council of Chalcedon that, with the approval
of the Pope, the Nicene/Constantinople Creed was set as authoritative.
Debate on the matter was no longer tolerated; to speak out against the
Trinity was now considered blasphemy, and such earned stiff sentences
that ranged from mutilation to death. Christians now turned on
Christians, maiming and slaughtering thousands because of a difference
of opinion.

15. Debate Continues ............................................... from III&E

Brutal punishments and even death did not stop the controversy over the
doctrine of the Trinity, however, and the said controversy continues
even today.

The majority of Christians, when asked to explain this fundamental
doctrine of their faith, can offer nothing more than "I believe it
because I was told to do so." It is explained away as "mystery" - yet
the Bible says in I Corinthians 14:33 that "... God is not the author of
confusion..."

The Unitarian denomination of Christianity has kept alive the teachings
of Arius in saying that God is one; they do not believe in the Trinity.
As a result, mainstream Christians abhor them, and the National Council
of Churches has refused their admittance. In Unitarianism, the hope is
kept alive that Christians will someday return to the preachings of
Jesus: "...Thou shalt worship the Lord thy God, and Him only shalt thou
serve." (Luke 4:8)

16. Islam and the Matter of The Trinity ............................ from III&E

While Christianity may have a problem defining the essence of God, such
is not the case in Islam.

"They do blaspheme who say: Allah is one of three in a Trinity, for
there is no god except One God." (Qur'an 5:73) It is worth noting that
the Arabic language Bible uses the name "Allah" as the name of God.

Suzanne Haneef, in her book WHAT EVERYONE SHOULD KNOW ABOUT ISLAM AND
MUSLIMS (Library of Islam, 1985), puts the matter quite succinctly when
she says, "But God is not like a pie or an apple which can be divided
into three thirds which form one whole; if God is three persons or
possesses three parts, He is assuredly not the Single, Unique,
Indivisible Being which God is and which Christianity professes to
believe in." (pp. 183-184)

Looking at it from another angle, the Trinity designates God as being
three separate entities - the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. If
God is the Father and also the Son, He would then be the Father of
Himself because He is His own Son. This is not exactly logical.

Christianity claims to be a monotheistic religion. Monotheism, however,
has as its fundamental belief that God is One; the Christian doctrine of
the Trinity - God being Three-in-One - is seen by Islam as a form of
polytheism. Christians don't revere just One God, they revere three.

This is a charge not taken lightly by Christians, however. They, in
turn, accuse the Muslims of not even knowing what the Trinity is,
pointing out that the Qur'an sets it up as Allah the Father, Jesus the
Son, and Mary his mother. While veneration of Mary has been a figment of
the Catholic Church since 431 when she was given the title "Mother of
God" by the Council of Ephesus, a closer examination of the verse in the
Qur'an most often cited by Christians in support of their accusation,
shows that the designation of Mary by the Qur'an as a "member" of the
Trinity, is simply not true.

While the Qur'an does condemn both trinitarianism (the Qur'an 4:17) and
the worship of Jesus and his mother Mary (the Qur'an 5:116), nowhere
does it identify the actual three components of the Christian Trinity.
The position of the Qur'an is that WHO or WHAT comprises this doctrine
is not important; what is important is that the very notion of a Trinity
is an affront against the concept of One God.

In conclusion, we see that the doctrine of the Trinity is a concept
conceived entirely by man; there is no sanction whatsoever from God to
be found regarding the matter simply because the whole idea of a Trinity
of divine beings has no place in monotheism. In the Qur'an, God's Final
Revelations to mankind, we find His stand quite clearly stated in a
number of eloquent passages:

"...your God is One God: whoever expects to meet his Lord, let him work
righteousness, and, in the worship of his Lord, admit no one as
partner." (Qur'an 18:110)

"...take not, with God, another object of worship, lest you should be
thrown into Hell, blameworthy and rejected." (Qur'an 17:39)

"...Because, as God tells us over and over again in a Message that is
echoed throughout All His Revealed Scriptures:

"...I am your Lord and Cherisher: therefore, serve Me (and no other)..."
(Qur'an 21:92)

-- Aisha Brown

Announcements ................................................................

17. Archive Info ..............................................................

This FAQ is archived at several sites and is available for public
retrieval thru anonymous FTP, E-MAIL, Gopher & World Wide Web.

-- Anonymous FTP --

Site: rtfm.mit.edu
Dir: /pub/usenet/news.answers/islam-faq/

Site: ftp.uu.net
Dir: /pub/usenet/news.answers/islam-faq/

Site: ftp.cco.caltech.edu
Dir: /pub/calmsa/islam-faq/

-- E-MAIL --

Send E-mail to: mail-...@rtfm.mit.edu

Text of E-mail Message:

send usenet/news.answers/islam-faq/part9
quit

-- GOPHER --

Site: gopher.caltech.edu 70
Path: Computing Information/
CCO anonymous ftp archive/
pub/
calmsa/
islam-faq/

Site: latif.com 70
Path: Resources relating to Islam/
Soc.Religion.Islam

-- World-Wide-Web (WWW) --

One recommended interface is 'mosaic,' below are mosaic 'home pages.'

URL at USENET Archive site:
http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/islam-faq/faq.html

URL at Caltech MSA site:
http://www.cco.caltech.edu/~calmsa/links.html

18. Credits ...................................................................

The author wishes to thank all those who contributed in any capacity for
the original one part FAQ or this multi-part FAQ.

-- SOURCES --

The basic introduction and literature presented in the FAQ is from
brochures on Islam distributed by Institute of Islamic Information &
Education (III&E). These brochures were typed in electronic form by
Ms.M.Ahmed.

The information on soc.religion.islam forum (in Part 2) has been
compiled from USENET archives and administrative logs of
Soc.Religion.Islam moderator panel.

What is III&E?

III&E is an acronym for the Institute of Islamic Information & Education
which was established in Chicago, Illinois in 1985. The III&E is
registered in the State of Illinois and recognized by the Internal
Revenue Service (IRS) as a not-for-profit religious organization.

More information can be obtained by contacting Dr. M. Amir, III&E, P.O.
Box 41129, Chicago, IL 60641-0129, U.S.A.; Tel: (312) 777-7443 Fax:
(312) 777-7199.

-- FORMAT --

The format of the FAQ series has been done by utilizing resources of
Islamic Information & News Network (IINN). A custom program, Nebula,
written by editors of IINN for generating newsletters has been used.

What is IINN?

Islamic Information & News Network is a forum dedicated to educate the
network community on issues relating to Islam and Muslims in an academic
& non-political environment. Weekly digest is available on internet by
subscribing to MUS...@ASUACAD.BITnet (A Bitnet listserv list) and on
USENET: bit.listserv.muslims.

-- Permissions --

Permission to post this multi-part FAQ has been obtained by the
following:

o Institute of Islamic Information & Education (III&E)
o Islamic Information & News Network (Mus...@PSUVM.bitnet)
o Moderator(s) of News.Answers (Thomas Khoenig & P.Huang)

# End of Islam FAQ Part 9 #

Asim Mughal

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Mar 20, 2006, 12:31:39 AM3/20/06

Archive-name: islam-faq/part10

Posting-Frequency: monthly
Last-modified: 1995/3/27
Version: 3.3
Organization: Alumni Association, Caltech, Pasadena, California

Redistribution for profit, or in altered content/format
prohibited without explicit written permission of the author.
Any other redistribution must include this copyright notice and
attribution.

Frequently Asked Questions: Part 10
___________________________________

OVERVIEW: The Frequently Asked Questions document for
Islam has been divided in parts. Below is the index.

________________________________________________________

PART 10: Islam: Farrakhism & Malcom X

Contents

--Articles--
1. COMPARISON: Islam & Farrakhanism ............................... from III&E
2. - God/Allah Alone .............................................. from III&E
3. - Prophet/Messenger ............................................ from III&E
4. - Last Day/Life Hereafter ...................................... from III&E
5. - The Qur'an ................................................... from III&E
6. - The Bible .................................................... from III&E
7. - Shahadah ..................................................... from III&E
8. - Salah ........................................................ from III&E
9. - Zakah ........................................................ from III&E
10. - Sawm ......................................................... from III&E
11. - Hajj ......................................................... from III&E
12. - Lawful (halal); Unlawful (haram) ............................. from III&E
13. - Authentic Hadith ............................................. from III&E
14. Knowing the True Islam ......................................... from III&E
15. AL-HAJJ MALIK EL-SHABAZZ: MALCOM X ............................. from III&E
16. His Pilgrimage to Makkah ....................................... from III&E
17. Islamic Brotherhood ............................................ from III&E
18. Legacy of Malcolm X ............................................ from III&E
--Announcements--
19. Archive Info ..............................................................
20. Credits ...................................................................

Articles .....................................................................

1. COMPARISON: Islam & Farrakhanism ............................... from III&E

ISLAM, and so-called "NATION OF ISLAM," are two different religions. The
only thing common between them is the jargon, the language used by the
both. "The Nation of Islam" is a misnomer; this religion should be
called Farrakhanism, after the name of its propagator. The religion of
Elijah Muhammad and W.D. Fard died with their death because their
officially and popularly elected successor, W.D. Muhammad, integrated
the community with the Muslim community at-large, following the Qur'an
and Hadith of Prophet Muhammad, sallallahu alaihi wa sallam. Louis
Farrakhan joined W.D. Muhammad and gave his pledge of allegiance to him
after Elijah Muhammad's death; he later rebelled and broke his oath with
impunity, or without paying any expiation, and restarted "The Nation of
Islam."

Examine the following comparisons between Islam and Farrakhanism with
regard to the belief or practice in each:

Belief/Practice

2. - God/Allah Alone .............................................. from III&E

ISLAM: One Unique, never appeared in any physical form; hence, no
physical representation is possible. He is recognized through his 99
names.

FARRAKHANISM: "...Allah (God) appeared in the Person of Master W. Fard
Muhammad, July 1930; the long awaited 'Messiah' of the Christians and
the 'Mahdi' of the Muslims."

3. - Prophet/Messenger ............................................ from III&E

ISLAM: Muhammad (S) is the last Prophet and the last Messenger. No
messenger or prophet will come after Muhammad (S).

FARRAKHANISM: Elijah Muhammad was a "Messenger of Allah." Are there any
more messengers or prophets to come? Not clear.

4. - Last Day/Life Hereafter ...................................... from III&E

ISLAM: The life on earth as we know it will come to an end; it will be
followed by the life hereafter which includes physical resurrection of
the entire humankind, judgement and the life of paradise or hell.

FARRAKHANISM: "...BELIEVE in the resurrection of the dead - not in
physical resurrection, but in mental resurrection." "No already
physically dead person will be in the Hereafter; that is slavery belief,
taught to slaves to keep them under control." "When you are dead, you
are DEAD."

5. - The Qur'an ................................................... from III&E

ISLAM: It was revealed to Prophet Muhammad (S) between 610 and 632 C.E.
It is the last revelation of Allah to mankind.

FARRAKHANISM: Contradictory beliefs. On one side, "...BELIEVE in the
Holy Qur'an and in the scriptures of all the Prophets of God," and on
the other side, "We, the original nation of the earth ... are the
writers of the Bible and Qur'an. We make such history once every 25,000
years ... it is done by twenty-four of our scientists." "Both the
present Bible and the Holy Qur'an must soon give way to the Holy
Book..."

6. - The Bible .................................................... from III&E

ISLAM: It was revealed to prophets and messengers from Moses (alaihis
salam) to Jesus (A) but was corrupted. Authenticity of statements in the
Bible are judged by the Qur'an.

FARRAKHANISM: (See their beliefs above regarding the Qur'an)

7. - Shahadah ..................................................... from III&E

ISLAM: It means what it says, that is, Allah is Unseen, He is the
Creator, the Sustainer. Mankind is accountable to Him Alone, and Prophet
Muhammad (S) of Arabia is the final and ultimate ROLE MODEL; no one can
substitute for him.

FARRAKHANISM: A cover up to deceive gullible Muslims. "Allah (God)
appeared in the person of Master W. Fard Muhammad," and Muhammad of
Arabia (S) was one of the prophets, not a role model for our times. The
real role model and lawgiver for our times is Elijah Muhammad.

8. - Salah ........................................................ from III&E

ISLAM: Five times a day is required; SALAH (prayer) includes QIYAM
(standing), RUKU' (bowing), SAJDA (prostration), JALSA (sitting on the
floor) and recitations.

FARRAKHANISM: No five times daily SALAH (prayer); prayer, when done has
no RUKU' or SAJDA. Friday is a major congregational prayer day, not for
SALAH, but to say DU'A and to listen to a Minister.

9. - Zakah ........................................................ from III&E

ISLAM: Required on accumulated wealth after having in possession for one
year above the NISAB (certain limits), as defined in SHARI'A (Islamic
law).

FARRAKHANISM: It is a tax as "poor due" on income, similar to income
tax. Who benefits?

10. - Sawm ......................................................... from III&E

ISLAM: Fasting is required in the month of Ramadan, ninth month of
Islamic calendar.

FARRAKHANISM: Fasting is required in December only. Fasting in the month
of Ramadan is optional.

11. - Hajj ......................................................... from III&E

ISLAM: Required once in a lifetime if conditions of finances, health,
and safety of travel are met.

FARRAKHANISM: No Hajj requirement. Farrakhan and his cronies take trips
to Saudi Arabia, and by the way, to Makkah for the main purpose of image
building and to raise funds from gullible rich Arabs.

12. - Lawful (halal); Unlawful (haram) ............................. from III&E

ISLAM: Determined by Allah, the God Alone, announced in the Qur'an or by
the Prophet Muhammad (S), recorded in the authentic Hadith sources.

FARRAKHANISM: Determined by W.D. Fard and announced by Elijah Muhammad.
The Qur'an and Prophet Muhammad (S) have no relevance nor authority with
regard to lawful and unlawful.

13. - Authentic Hadith ............................................. from III&E

ISLAM: An indispensable source of Islamic beliefs and practices, the
only source after the Qur'an. Indispensable for the understanding of the
Qur'an itself.

FARRAKHANISM: Ignored, if not totally rejected by Farrakhanis. However,
the leadership, including Farrakhan himself, may invoke Hadith if it
suits their purpose to fool gullible Muslims.

[ -- M. Amir Ali, Ph.D. References for Farrakhanism quotes are given in
the author's article: ISLAM OR FARRAKHANISM. ]

14. Knowing the True Islam ......................................... from III&E

There are many groups in America who claim to represent Islam and call
their adherents Muslims. Any serious student of Islam has a duty to
investigate and find the true Islam. The only two authentic sources
which bind every Muslim are, (1) the Qur'an and (2) authentic or sound
Hadith. Sometimes, Fiqh is quoted as a source. However, only that part
of fiqh is a true source and binding which quotes directly Qur'an and
authentic Hadith. All other parts of fiqh are opinions of learned
scholars. Since scholars are not prophets or messengers of Allah, they
are fallible people. Hence their opinions may be correct or may not be
correct; they do not become binding.

Any teachings under the label of "Islam" which contradict or are at
variance with the direct understanding of fundamental beliefs and
practices of Islam from the Qur'an and authentic Hadith should be
rejected, and such a religion should be considered a PSEUDO-ISLAMIC
CULT. In America there are many pseudo-Islamic cults, Farrakhanism being
one of them. An honest attitude on the part of such cults should be not
to call themselves Muslims and their religion Islam. Such an example of
honesty is Bahaism which is an off-shoot of Islam, but Bahais do not
call themselves Muslims nor their religion, Islam. In fact, Bahaism is
not Islam just as Farrakhanism is not Islam.

The foundation of Islam consists of TAWHEED, RISALAH, and AAKHIRAH. And
"five pillars" of Islam are SHAHADAH, SALAH, ZAKAH, SAWM and HAJJ. The
rest of the building of Islam consists of SHARI'A which includes HARAM
and HALAL, RIGHTS and DUTIES, MORAL CODE, CONVEYING THE MESSAGE,
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE RULE OF ALLAH and EXCELLENCE in everything Muslims
do. Any claims of Islam should be judged on the criteria given in this
paragraph. If the foundation and pillars of a building are demolished
there is no building left. Such is the case with pseudo-Islamic cults,
including Farrakhanism. For details request the booklet, HOW TO PRESENT
ISLAM, A RATIONAL APPROACH by the author of this brochure.

15. AL-HAJJ MALIK EL-SHABAZZ: MALCOM X ............................. from III&E

Twenty-five years after his death, Malcolm X, Al-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz,
still towers above the statue of liberty. He refuses to die. Wherever
injustice and oppression takes place, his smiling face and
uncompromising message fill the atmosphere.

Yes, they killed the body but not the spirit. When he was alive, Brother
Shabazz was the most feared man in America. And, the most loved. The
situation hasn't changed.

For the deprived and the oppressed African-Americans, Brother Shabazz
continues to be the hero, the inspiration that makes it possible for
them to maintain their sanity and dignity in a vile society which can't
stop despising them.

We, as Muslims, are often angered to see Br. Shabazz identified as a
Black Nationalist rather than a Muslim. While the anger is justified, we
must understand that people generally emphasize the aspect of a leader's
life which is in harmony with their own aspirations. While some
African-Americans will continue to invoke the nationalist side of Br.
Shabazz, it is for us to see that his Islamic personality is projected
to the world!

16. His Pilgrimage to Makkah ....................................... from III&E

When he was in Makkah, Al-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz wrote a letter to his
loyal assistants in Harlem... from his heart:

"Never have I witnessed such sincere hospitality and overwhelming spirit
of true brotherhood as is practiced by people of all colors and races
here in this ancient Holy Land, the home of Abraham, Muhammad and all
the other Prophets of the Holy Scriptures. For the past week, I have
been utterly speechless and spellbound by the graciousness I see
displayed all around me by people of all colors.

"I have been blessed to visit the Holy City of Mecca, I have made my
seven circuits around the Ka'ba, led by a young Mutawaf named Muhammad,
I drank water from the well of the Zam Zam. I ran seven times back and
forth between the hills of Mt. Al-Safa and Al Marwah. I have prayed in
the ancient city of Mina, and I have prayed on Mt. Arafat.

"There were tens of thousands of pilgrims, from all over the world. They
were of all colors, from blue-eyed blondes to black-skinned Africans.
But we were all participating in the same ritual, displaying a spirit of
unity and brotherhood that my experiences in America had led me to
believe never could exist between the white and non-white.

"America needs to understand Islam, because this is the one religion
that erases from its society the race problem. Throughout my travels in
the Muslim world, I have met, talked to, and even eaten with people who
in America would have been considered white - but the white attitude was
removed from their minds by the religion of Islam. I have never before
seen sincere and true brotherhood practiced by all colors together,
irrespective of their color.

"You may be shocked by these words coming from me. But on this
pilgrimage, what I have seen, and experienced, has forced me to
rearrange much of my thought-patterns previously held, and to toss aside
some of my previous conclusions. This was not too difficult for me.
Despite my firm convictions, I have always been a man who tries to face
facts, and to accept the reality of life as new experience and new
knowledge unfolds it. I have always kept an open mind, which is
necessary to the flexibility that must go hand in hand with every form
of intelligent search for truth.

"During the past eleven days here in the Muslim world, I have eaten from
the same plate, drunk from the same glass, and slept on the same rug -
while praying to the same God - with fellow Muslims, whose eyes were the
bluest of blue, whose hair was the blondest of blond, and whose skin was
the whitest of white. And in the words and in the deeds of the white
Muslims, I felt the same sincerity that I felt among the black African
Muslims of Nigeria, Sudan and Ghana.

"We were truly all the same (brothers) - because their belief in one God
had removed the white from their minds, the white from their behavior,
and the white from their attitude.

"I could see from this, that perhaps if white Americans could accept the
Oneness of God, then perhaps, too, they could accept in reality the
Oneness of Man - and cease to measure, and hinder, and harm others in
terms of their 'differences' in color.

"With racism plaguing America like an incurable cancer, the so-called
'Christian' white American heart should be more receptive to a proven
solution to such a destructive problem. Perhaps it could be in time to
save America from imminent disaster - the same destruction brought upon
Germany by racism that eventually destroyed the Germans themselves.

"Each hour here in the Holy Land enables me to have greater spiritual
insights into what is happening in America between black and white. The
American Negro never can be blamed for his racial animosities - he is
only reacting to four hundred years of the conscious racism of the
American whites. But as racism leads America up the suicide path, I do
believe, from the experiences that I have had with them, that the whites
of the younger generation, in the colleges and universities, will see
the handwriting on the walls and many of them will turn to the spiritual
path of truth - the only way left to America to ward off the disaster
that racism inevitably must lead to.

"Never have I been so highly honored. Never have I been made to feel
more humble and unworthy. Who would believe the blessings that have been
heaped upon an American Negro? A few nights ago, a man who would be
called in America a white man, a United Nations diplomat, an ambassador,
a companion of kings, gave me his hotel suite, his bed. Never would I
have even thought of dreaming that I would ever be a recipient of such
honors - honors that in America would be bestowed upon a King - not a
Negro.

"All praise is due to Allah, the Lord of all the Worlds.

"Sincerely,

"Al-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz" (Malcolm X) (From the AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF
MALCOLM X with assistance from Alex Haley, the author of ROOTS)

Malcolm X saw and experienced many positive things. Generosity and
openheartedness were qualities which were impressed on him by the
welcome which he received in many places. He saw brotherhood and the
brotherhood of different races and this led him to disclaim racism and
to say: "I am not a racist... In the past I permitted myself to be
used... to make sweeping indictments of all white people, the entire
white race, and these generalizations have caused injuries to some
whites who perhaps did not deserve to be hurt. Because of the spiritual
enlightenment which I was blessed to receive as the result of my recent
pilgrimage to the Holy City of Mecca, I no longer subscribe to sweeping
indictments of any one race. I am now striving to live the life of a
true Sunni Muslim. I must repeat that I am not a racist nor do I
subscribe to the tenets of racism. I can state in all sincerity that I
wish nothing but freedom, justice and equality, life, liberty and the
pursuit of happiness for all people."

Malcolm X was vehemently anti-White. That's the way he was taught as a
'Black Muslim.' But his trip for Hajj changed all of that. He came to
see that all men are equal, regardless of their color. True anti-racism
is color blindness. That is what he preached on his return to the United
States. And that is why he was assassinated. While he preached
separatism, keeping people aware of color differences, that was OK.
Blacks vs. Whites is an acceptable dialect. But when Al-Hajj Malik
El-Shabazz started to preach the Oneness of God and the equality of
races, and was prepared to act in any lawful (halal) means necessary, he
had to go: Truth vs. Falsehood is an unacceptable dialect.

Islam believes in the unity of the human race. Islam says that all
mankind are the creatures of One God, they are all equal. Division of
color, class, race or territory are sheer illusions; and ideologies
which are based on such distinctions are the greatest menace on earth.
Humanity is one single family of God, there can be no sanction for these
barriers. Men are one and not White or Black, Aryan of Non-Aryan,
Occidental or Oriental.

Islam is based on the universal brotherhood of man and practices
universal brotherhood of man. But the importance of this concept is of
great value as it is the only solution to national and international
problems. This is said to be the age of freedom and restoring unto every
man his dignity, and despite all the phenomenal changes in the political
stage of the world, our age is still unable to think in terms of human
dignity, and this is the dark specter of social concern of our time.
For, despite man's conquest of space and mastery over the forces of
nature, man has not been able to rid himself of the primeval prejudice
of race and color. The stark reality of our time has brought in its
trail a great desolation and frustration as we find ourselves face to
face with chaos, wars, the miserable conditions of living of the masses
of mankind and the exploitation of one nation by another, and this leads
to selfishness, fear, hatred; class, tribe and race discrimination; and
subsequently the division of man against man is the order of the day,
even in the so-called Socialist countries.

Islam's greatest contribution to mankind was the abolition and
extinction of distinction based on race and color. The Holy Qur'an
declared:

"Mankind were one community, then they differed among themselves, so God
raised Prophets as bearers of good tidings and as warners..." (Al-Qur'an
2:213)

"O mankind! We have created you from a male and a female; and made you
into nations and tribes, that you might get to know one another. The
noblest of you, in the sight of God, is he who is the most righteous.
God is All-Knowing and Wise." (Al-Qur'an 49:13)

>From the above verses, it is clear that the whole of humanity from its
diverse races, was originally one, deriving its existence from One
Creator and that all barriers that separate humanity by race and color
must vanish and the superiority of a person be judged by his conduct
only. A good Muslim considers himself a fusion of all races. Anyone who
enters into the fold of Islam becomes part and parcel of this
fraternity, forgetting all pride and prejudice. On the basis of this
principle, Islam seeks to build an intellectual, moral, ideological and
international society, as against the existing tribal, racial,
linguistic and national societies, which have turned the world into a
racio-color holocaust.

17. Islamic Brotherhood ............................................ from III&E

"No other society has such a record of success in uniting in an equality
of status, of opportunity and endeavour so many and so varied races of
mankind. The great Muslim communities of Africa, India and Indonesia,
perhaps also the small community in Japan, show that Islam has still the
power to reconcile apparently irreconcilable elements of race and
tradition. If ever the opposition of the great societies of the East and
west is to be replaced by cooperation, the mediation of Islam is an
indispensable condition." (H.A.R. Gibb, WHITHER ISLAM, p. 379)

"The extinction of race consciousness as between Muslims is one of the
outstanding achievements of Islam and in the contemporary world there
is, as it happens, a crying need for the propagation of this Islamic
virtue..." (A.J. Toynbee, CIVILIZATION ON TRIAL, New York, p. 205)

"How, for instance, can any other appeal stand against that of the
Moslem who, in approaching the pagan, says to him, however obscure or
degraded he may be 'Embrace the faith, and you are at once equal and a
brother.' Islam knows no color line." (S. S. Leeder, VEILED MYSTERIES OF
EGYPT)

18. Legacy of Malcolm X ............................................ from III&E

Malcolm X was born into Christianity as Malcolm Little and died in Islam
as Malik Shabazz. This is something to think about and is an expression
of his legacy. Malcolm X went through the transition period of the
religion of the "Nation of Islam," a religion of American origin
borrowing some terms from the Muslim culture of the East. For
information about differences between Islam and the so-called "Nation of
Islam" request the brochure "Islam and Farrakhanism Compared" and the
booklet "Islam or Farrakhanism" (for a donation ) from III&E, P.O. Box
41129, Chicago, IL 60641-0129.

It appears that Malik Shabazz went through five stages in his short
life. The first stage was his childhood under the shadows of his
religious parents. The second stage was his adolescence to youth until
his moving out to Harlem, NY. This was a rowdy and irresponsible stage
of his life which eventually landed him in prison. The fourth stage of
his life was in the "Nation of Islam" which was not real Islam. In the
"Nation of Islam," on one side, Malcolm was a very disciplined man; on
the other side he became a black racist, a separatist and a demagogue.
In the fifth and final stage of his youthful life, Malik Shabazz reached
the apex which he could only achieve in real Islam, not in the cultist
"Nation of Islam." Malik Shabazz entered the real Islam as a result of
his journey to Makkah (Mecca is a misspelling). In Islam he became
moderate and conciliatory. He shed his racism.

The legacy of Malcolm X is the real Islam taught to us by the Prophet
Muhammad of Arabia, not the racist cult of the "Nation of Islam,"
presently lead by Louis Farrakhan and others who branched out of the old
following of Elijah Muhammad. However, Elijah's son, Wallace D.
Muhammad, now known as Imam Warith Deen Muhammad, moved away from his
father's religion. He is coming to the real Islam adopted by Malik
Shabazz for which Malcolm was assassinated. Malik Shabazz shall be
remembered by all Muslims as a martyr for the cause of Allah.

If you want to know more about the real Islam followed by Malik Shabazz
in his last days, call or write to III&E. P.O. Box 41129 Chicago, IL
60641-0129 Fax. (312) 777-7199

Announcements ................................................................

19. Archive Info ..............................................................

This FAQ is archived at several sites and is available for public
retrieval thru anonymous FTP, E-MAIL, Gopher & World Wide Web.

-- Anonymous FTP --

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Dir: /pub/usenet/news.answers/islam-faq/

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-- World-Wide-Web (WWW) --

One recommended interface is 'mosaic,' below are mosaic 'home pages.'

URL at USENET Archive site:
http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/islam-faq/faq.html

URL at Caltech MSA site:
http://www.cco.caltech.edu/~calmsa/links.html

20. Credits ...................................................................

-- SOURCES --

What is III&E?

-- FORMAT --

What is IINN?

-- Permissions --

# End of Islam FAQ Part 10 #

Asim Mughal

unread,

Mar 20, 2006, 12:31:59 AM3/20/06

Archive-name: islam-faq/part11

Posting-Frequency: monthly
Last-modified: 1995/3/27
Version: 3.3
Organization: Alumni Association, Caltech, Pasadena, California

Redistribution for profit, or in altered content/format
prohibited without explicit written permission of the author.
Any other redistribution must include this copyright notice and
attribution.

Frequently Asked Questions: Part 11

___________________________________

This message is automatically posted to 'soc.religion.islam'
every month and when updated. This lists answers to most
commonly asked questions on the forum. Contributions & changes
are requested and should be directed to: mug...@caltech.edu

OVERVIEW: The Frequently Asked Questions document for
Islam has been divided in parts. Below is the index.

_____________________________________________________________

PART 11: Islamic Internet Guide: Islamic Resources on Internet

Contents

--Articles--
1. Introduction ..............................................................
2. Retrieving files using FTP ................................................
3. Major FTP Sites for Islamic Material on Internet ..........................
4. FTP Sites for Holy Quran ..................................................
5. FTP Sites for Hadith ......................................................
6. FTP Sites for Islamic Literature ..........................................
7. Using Gopher ..............................................................
8. Gopher Sites with Islamic Literature ......................................
9. Holy Quran & Hadith Available Thru Gopher .................................
10. About World-Wide-Web ......................................................
11. Web Servers with Islamic Material .........................................
12. LISTSERV Lists on Islam ...................................................
13. Islamic Newsgroups on USENET ..............................................
14. Software: Islamic Prayer Timers ...........................................
--Announcements--
15. Archive Info ..............................................................
16. Credits ...................................................................

Articles .....................................................................

1. Introduction ..............................................................

The Islamic resources available on the network have increased many folds
and continue to increase. This document attempts to cover almost all the
know resources.

The listing is sorted by protocols. An information site may be
accessible by several protocols and provide pointers to other sites.
Hence, there may be some duplication.

In addition, all resources listed were verified as of August 25, 1994.
and Jan 10, 1995.

Holy Quran & Hadith: Please use the translations on your own risk. No
claim on authencity of the text is guaranteed. Caltech MSA has
undertaken the task verifying the text of Holy Quran translations
against the published & authenticated translations. This task is
expected to take several months, starting August 1994.

Any additions/changes to the resources cited are welcome.

2. Retrieving files using FTP ................................................

Anonymous File Transfer Protocol:

This is a standard setup on internet. It allows a user to use 'ftp'
command to connect to a site and download files. The following may be
help to the new users.

How to down load files using FTP:
________________________________

% ftp _name_of_the_site

File Extensions: .Z or .zip or .tar
____________________________________

The files may be in different formats. A file maybe an executable
program or just a text file. Most files are compressed to save the disk
storage space. Here is a list to identify the files.

.zip DOS compression
.Z UNIX compression
.tar UNIX file bundle
.gz GNU zip

File Transfer Mode:
__________________

it is a good idea to use 'binary' transfer, especially for .tar files.
To set the 'binary' mode at 'ftp' prompt type: "binary"

ftp> binary

To Retrieve a File: ftp> get _file_name_
To Change Directory: ftp> cd _directory_path_

3. Major FTP Sites for Islamic Material on Internet ..........................

This index is by site name, index by subject follows later.

A- Name: Caltech MSA Site -1-
Site: ftp.cco.caltech.edu
Directory: /pub/calmsa

B- Name: Caltech MSA Site -2-
Site: ftp.ugcs.caltech.edu
Directory: /pub/calmsa

C- Name: Boston University
Site: cs-ftp.bu.edu
Directory: /amass/Islam/Quran/

D- Name: Islam Net (on Rahut.net)
Site: ftp.rahul.net
Direcotry: /pub/islamnet

4. FTP Sites for Holy Quran ..................................................

MAJOR SITES: Hosting Several Translations of Holy Quran.

___________________________________________________________

Boston University FTP Site
___________________________________________________________
SITE:cs-ftp.bu.edu DIRECTORY: /amass/Islam/Quran/

README arabic-by-eyler.hqx trans-pickthal.text.gz
and-translations.text.Z arabic-by-eyler.text trans-yousufali.text.gz

___________________________________________________________

Caltech UGCS FTP Site (Caltech MSA/IINN FTP Site-2-)
___________________________________________________________
SITE:ftp.ugcs.caltech.edu DIRECTORY: /pub/cms/Quran/

Quran-Picthall.Z System-7.01-&-Arabic.sea.#1.hqx
Quran-Shakir.tar.Z System-7.01-&-Arabic.sea.#2.hqx
Quran-and-trans.sea.#1.hqx pickthal.txt.sea.hqx
Quran-and-trans.sea.#2.hqx yusufali.txt.sea.hqx
Quran.sea.hqx

___________________________________________________________

Caltech CCO FTP Site (Caltech MSA/IINN FTP Site-1-)
___________________________________________________________
SITE:ftp.cco.caltech.edu DIRECTORY: /pub/cms/Quran/

Quran-Picthall.Z Quran-Shakir.tar.Z Quran.readme

___________________________________________________________

FILE: Quran.tar.Z

etlport.etl.go.jp /pub/NeXT/Literature/working/Quran.tar.Z
nova.cc.purdue.edu /pub/next/Literature/working/Quran.tar.Z
roxette.mty.itesm.mx /pub/next/Literature/working/Quran.tar.Z
sonata.cc.purdue.edu /pub/next/Literature/working/Quran.tar.Z
ftp.uu.net /doc/literary/obi/Religion/Quran.tar.Z
unix.hensa.ac.uk /pub/uunet/doc/literary/obi/Religion/Quran.tar.Z
ftp.princeton.edu /pub/Quran.tar.Z

OTHER FORMAT:

gatekeeper.dec.com /.8/misc/scripture/quran/
phoenix.oulu.fi /pub/quran/quran.tar
slopoke.mlb.semi.harris.com /pub/doc/quran.tar.Z
ftp.rahul.net /pub/islamnet/quran/trans-pickthal.text.Z

Courtesy: Islamic Information & News Network (IINN) Muslims @
Asuacad.BITnet

5. FTP Sites for Hadith ......................................................

___________________________________________________________

Caltech UGCS FTP Site (Caltech MSA/IINN FTP Site-2-)
___________________________________________________________
SITE:ftp.ugcs.caltech.edu DIRECTORY: /pub/cms/Hadith/

Bukhari.Z hadith.2.Z hadith.qudsi.2.Z
hadith.1.Z hadith.Z hadith.qudsi.Z

___________________________________________________________

Caltech CCO FTP Site (Caltech MSA/IINN FTP Site-1-)
___________________________________________________________
SITE:ftp.cco.caltech.edu DIRECTORY: /pub/cms/Quran/

Bukhari hadith.1.Z hadith.qudsi.2.Z
Hadith.2.cr.Z hadith.2.Z hadith.qudsi.Z

___________________________________________________________

IslamNet FTP Site
___________________________________________________________
SITE: ftp.rahul.net DIRECTORY: /pub/islamnet/hadith

hadith.1.Z hadith.qudsi.2.Z
Bukhari.Z hadith.2.Z hadith.qudsi.Z

Courtesy: Islamic Information & News Network (IINN) Muslims @
Asuacad.BITnet

6. FTP Sites for Islamic Literature ..........................................

___________________________________________________________

Boston University FTP Site
___________________________________________________________
SITE: cs-ftp.bu.edu DIRECTORY: /amass/Islam

Contact Person(s): Mohammad Jamil Sawar (sa...@cbl.leeds.ac.uk)

Images/ crescent-93.text ramadan-boston94.ps
Prayer-scheds/ crescent-sighting.text ramadan-boston94.tex
Praytimer/ fatiha-stack.doc takbyr.dvi
Quran/ fatiha-stack.hqx takbyr.ps
Sounds/ praytimer.tar.Z
crescent-92.text ramadan-boston94.dvi

___________________________________________________________

Caltech CCO FTP Site (Caltech MSA/IINN FTP Site-1-)
___________________________________________________________
SITE: ftp.cco.caltech.edu DIRECTORY: /pub/calmsa

Contact Person(s): Asim Mughal & Asif Khaliq (cal...@cco.caltech.edu)

33windows.creator emaan islamic.centers
DSS_ascii.1QH.txt environment istiqamat
Hadith/ faq.ari kashmir.pns94
ITimer21.README faq.bit.muslims knowledge
ITimer21.exe faq.iinn last.sermon
ITimer21.shar faq.iinn.muslims mercy.ayat
IslamicTimer-2.0.shar faq.sri.2.3 miracles
Muhammad.prophet finality.1 mosque.why
Quran/ finality.2 muhammed.bible
README.FIRST finality.3 perseverance.job
README.OLD finality.4 political.order
README.OLD.2 fundamentals prayer.f
README.calmsa hijab.protect praytime.zip
README.cms humanrights quotron/
README.instruct iiie/ ramadan.meaning
arafat.day iinn.survey94 resurrection
belief.unbelief ijtihad revelation
books index.quran ritual.prayers
booksellers.list index.surah sahaba
bosnia/ info.amana status.women
bosnia.aid.info introtoislam tawhid
cfv.bosnia islam-faq/ treatise.nature
cfv.scm islam-rc.92 treatise.quran
cfv.tri islam-rc.old way.to.quran
christ.islam islam.focus wedding.in.islam
consequences islam.glance worldly.gain
cybermuslim.v2.0 islam.is.future
educators islam.west

___________________________________________________________

Caltech UGCS FTP Site (Caltech MSA/IINN FTP Site-2-)
___________________________________________________________
SITE:ftp.ugcs.caltech.edu DIRECTORY: /pub/cms

Contact Person(s): Asim Mughal (cal...@cco.caltech.edu)

CMS.README README.calmsa emaan.Z
CMS.README.OLD README.cms forums.Z
Hadith/ Shakir-suras/ ijtihad.Z
ITimer21.README bonsia.Z islam-rc.1.1.Z
ITimer21.exe books.Z islam-rc.1.1a.Z
ITimer21.shar books.list.2.Z marriage.Z
Islam.introduction.Z bosnia.Z prayer.f.Z
IslamicTimer-2.0.shar.Z bosnia.video.Z think.Z
Quran/ cms.readme.Z treatise.Z
README.FILES educators.Z

___________________________________________________________

IslamNet FTP site
___________________________________________________________
SITE:ftp.rahul.net DIRECTORY: /pub/islamnet/articles

intro.islam.txt.Z resurrec.txt.Z
christ.islam.Z islamic.centers.txt.Z ritual.prayers.Z
cybermuslim.guide.Z last.sermon.Z sahaba.Z
emaan.Z marriage.Z science.Z
food.halal.Z muhammed.bible.Z status.women.Z
fundamen.txt.Z praytime.zip tawhid.Z
humanrig.txt.Z ramadan.meaning.Z way.to.quran.Z

Courtesy: Islamic Information & News Network (IINN) Muslims @
Asuacad.BITnet

7. Using Gopher ..............................................................

The "Gopher" is a client/server based information delivery setup. Gopher
clients connect to a Gopher Server loaded with information. A Gopher
Server may be connected to hundreds of other Gopher servers. This
connection is transparent to the user.

To use the gopher system, you should have 'Gopher client' on your local
system.

TO Access Gopher with Gopher Client:

Type: % gopher server_name 70

To Access Gopher without Gopher Client: You may wish to use a public
telnet gopher site. You may use any of the following:

Hostname Login Area
------------------------- -------------
consultant.micro.umn.edu gopher North America
ux1.cso.uiuc.edu gopher North America
gopher.msu.edu gopher North America
gopher.ebone.net gopher Europe

8. Gopher Sites with Islamic Literature ......................................

A- GOPHER LATIF.COM 70

As of December 01, '93 Islamic material is available thru
gopher services as well. To access:

% gopher latif.com 70

Contact Name: Br. Yaakob Abdullah (yaa...@latif.com)

B- GOPHER GOPHER.CALTECH.EDU 70

The ftp site maintained by Caltech MSA carrying files archived
by Islamic Information & News Network (mus...@asuacad.bitnet)
is now accessible thru gopher.

The gopher server is: gopher.caltech.edu

\Computing Information
\CCO anonymous FTP site
\pub
\calmsa

For Quick Access: % gopher gopher.caltech.edu 70

gopher.caltech.edu is linked to world-wide network of gophers.

Contact Name: (Asim Mughal) cal...@cco.caltech.edu [MSA Acct]
mug...@alumni.caltech.edu

C- GOPHER WINGS.BUFFALO.EDU 70

The gopher server is: wings.buffalo.edu

and choose #10 from the first menu (Student Life and Services/)
#12 from the second (Undergraduate Student Association/)
#2 from the third (The Muslim Student Association/)

Contact Name: hkh...@ren.hwi.buffalo.edu (Hanif Khalak)

COURTESY: Islamic Information & News Network (MUS...@PSUVM.BITnet)

9. Holy Quran & Hadith Available Thru Gopher .................................

HADITH AVAILABLE THRU GOPHER:

TO ACCESS: % gopher

This will connect to your root gopher. If gopher is NOT setup on your
site, go to the end of the document for 'Public Telnet Sites for
Gopher.'

SITE-1- % gopher cwis.usc.edu

Please select the following in sequence:

--> 4. Campus Life/
--> 5. Student Organizations/
--> 3. Muslim Students Association/

SITE-2- % gopher umicc.umich.edu

--> 2. UMCC FTP archives and user's gopher entries/
--> 6. users/
--> 4. Abdullah Haydar's Stuff/ or --> 7. Omar Haydar, MSA/

SITE-3- % gopher gopher.caltech.edu

--> 4. Computing Information/
--> 1. CCO anonymous ftp archive/
--> 6. pub/
--> 12. calmsa/

SITE-4- % gopher wings.buffalo.edu

--> 10. Student Life and Services/
--> 12. Undergraduate Student Association/
--> 2. The Muslim Student Association/

10. About World-Wide-Web ......................................................

World-Wide-Web (WWW) makes it possible to browse thru resources and
fetch documents using hypertext. Hypertext is a text with pointers to
other text. Selecting hypertext opens up the text listed in the pointer.

With a WWW browser, one may browse thru information in several
protocols, e.g. FTP, gopher, telnet. etc. This is achieved by calling up
information using 'Unified Resource Locators' (URL).

Breakdown of URL:

protocol://machinename:port:/path/filename

e.g. http://info.cern.ch:80/default.html
ftp://wuarchive.wustl.edu/mirrors

WWW provides 'integrated services.' Common WWW interface is 'Mosaic.' A
new WWW interface is 'Netscape.'

11. Web Servers with Islamic Material .........................................

SITE-1: http://latif.com/welcome.html
Maintainer: yak...@latif.com

SITE-2: http://www.cco.caltech.edu/~calmsa
Maintainer: cal...@cco.caltech.edu

SITE-3: http://www.clark.net/pub/murple/home.html

SITE-4: gopher://wings.buffalo.edu/hh/student-life/sa/muslim
Maintainer: MSA Buffalo,NY

12. LISTSERV Lists on Islam ...................................................

LIST-1: MUSLIMS@ASUACAD & MUSLIMS@PSUVM

Name: Islamic Information & News Network (IINN)
Info: Weekly or Bi-weekly Digest containing news, info and articles on
Islam.
Subscription: 800+
OWNER: pako...@asuacad.bitnet (Nauman Mysorewala).

LIST-2: ISLAM-L@ULKYVM

Name: History of Islam
Info: A discussion list.
Subscription: 380+
OWNER: jacock01@ulkyvm (Jim Cocks)

LIST-3: ISLAMIAT@SAKAAU03

Name: Islamic Information and Issues Discussion Group.
Info: A discussion list.
Subscription: unknown
OWNERS: ENF3006@SAKAAU03 (Abu baker Essahak & Muhammad Moula)

LIST-4: NAH...@MSU.EDU

Name: North American Historians of Islamic Art
Info: A discussion list.
Subscription: 101
OWNERS: al...@ah2.cal.msu.edu (Alan Fisher)

13. Islamic Newsgroups on USENET ..............................................

NEWSGROUP-1: Soc.Religion.Islam (moderated)

Contact Addresses: religion-is...@ncar.ncar.edu
s...@gnu.ai.mit.edu

NEWGROUP-2: Bit.Listserv.Muslims (moderated)

Islamic Information & News Network gatewayed from MUS...@PSUVM.BITnet
Contact Address: Mus...@Psuvm.Bitnet

NEWSGROUP-3: Alt.Religion.Islam (un-moderated)

-No contact address-

Courtesy: Islamic Information & News Network (MUS...@PSUVM.BITNET)

14. Software: Islamic Prayer Timers ...........................................

A number of software programs have been written by Muslims to make it
easier for others to calculate the prayer timings in their areas. This
is a brief listing of prayer software availale thru Caltech MSA/IINN
anonymous FTP sites:

_____________________________________________

Islamic Timer 2.1 (Released August 1994)
_____________________________________________

Location: ftp.cco.caltech.edu
Dir: /home/pub/calmsa

ITimer21.shar, ITimer21.exe, ITimer.README
Runs on DOS and UNIX Machines.

Provided by: <wmuh...@magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu>

_____________________________________________

Prayer Timer (Released August 1994)
_____________________________________________

Location: ftp.cco.caltech.edu
Dir: /home/pub/calmsa

praytime.zip
Prayer Timer for DOS machines

_____________________________________________

Prayer Time Table (Released 1991)
_____________________________________________

Location: ftp.cco.caltech.edu
Dir: /home/pub/calmsa

prayer.f Runs on UNIX machines

Provided by: t. djamaluddin

_____________________________________________

Prayer Time Table (Released 1991)
_____________________________________________

Location: ftp.ugcs.caltech.edu
Dir: /home/pub/cms

prayer.c Runs on UNIX machines

Provide by: Waqar Malik (Caltech MSA)
cal...@cco.caltech.edu

Courtesy: Islamic Information & News Network (Mus...@Asuacad.BItnet)

Announcements ................................................................

15. Archive Info ..............................................................

This FAQ is archived at several sites and is available for public
retrieval thru anonymous FTP, E-MAIL, Gopher & World Wide Web.

-- Anonymous FTP --

Site: rtfm.mit.edu
Dir: /pub/usenet/news.answers/islam-faq/

Site: ftp.uu.net
Dir: /pub/usenet/news.answers/islam-faq/

Site: ftp.cco.caltech.edu
Dir: /pub/calmsa/islam-faq/

-- E-MAIL --

Send E-mail to: mail-...@rtfm.mit.edu

Text of E-mail Message:

send usenet/news.answers/islam-faq/part11
quit

-- GOPHER --

Site: gopher.caltech.edu 70
Path: Computing Information/
CCO anonymous ftp archive/
pub/
calmsa/
islam-faq/

Site: latif.com 70
Path: Resources relating to Islam/
Soc.Religion.Islam

-- World-Wide-Web (WWW) --

One recommended interface is 'mosaic,' below are mosaic 'home pages.'

URL at USENET Archive site:
http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/islam-faq/faq.html

URL at Caltech MSA site:
http://www.cco.caltech.edu/~calmsa/links.html

16. Credits ...................................................................

The author wishes to thank all those who contributed in any capacity for
the original one part FAQ or this multi-part FAQ.

-- FORMAT --

What is IINN?

-- Permissions --

Permission to post this multi-part FAQ has been obtained by the
following:

o Institute of Islamic Information & Education (III&E)
o Islamic Information & News Network (Mus...@PSUVM.bitnet)
o Moderator(s) of News.Answers (Thomas Khoenig & P.Huang)

# End of Islam FAQ Part 11 #

Asim Mughal

unread,

Mar 20, 2006, 12:31:59 AM3/20/06

Archive-name: islam-faq/part12

Posting-Frequency: monthly
Last-modified: 1995/3/27
Version: 3.3
Organization: Alumni Association, Caltech, Pasadena, California

Redistribution for profit, or in altered content/format
prohibited without explicit written permission of the author.
Any other redistribution must include this copyright notice and
attribution.

Frequently Asked Questions: Part 12

OVERVIEW: The Frequently Asked Questions document for
Islam has been divided in parts. Below is the index.

________________________________________________________

PART 12: Other Islamic Resource Guides on Internet

Contents

--Articles--
1. Introduction ..............................................................
2. Cyber Muslim 2.0 ..........................................................
3. Islamic Resource Guide ....................................................
--Announcements--
4. Archive Info ..............................................................
5. Credits ...................................................................

Articles .....................................................................

1. Introduction ..............................................................

AssalaamOalaikum,

It is a pleasure to note that there are other brothers who have also
done an excellent job of making information pertaining to Islam &
Muslims available on voluntary basis.

Each internet guide compiled has its own unique flavor. Specifically,
CyberMuslim informs us of Muslim forums and organizations on internet
while Islamic Resource guide emphasizes on the quran, hadith, prayer and
miscellaneous software packages available.

In this section of FAQ, both CyberMuslim & Islamic Resource Guide have
been included verbatim with permission from the authors. Both guides are
also available independently on Caltech MSA FTP Site-1-
(ftp.cco.caltech.edu dir:/pub/calmsa).

Jazakallah Khairun.

2. Cyber Muslim 2.0 ..........................................................

#*-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=*
#* (* *
#* Mas'ood Cajee's *
#* CYBERMUSLIM 2.0 *
#* >>>The Guide to Islamic Resources on the Internet<<< *
#* *
#* AS LISTED IN ED KROL'S "WHOLE INTERNET CATALOG" *
#* AND OTHER FINE RESOURCE GUIDES TO THE INTERNET! *
#*-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=*
Compiled by Mas'ood Cajee [mca...@aardvark.ucs.uoknor.edu], 7 April 94.
Additions/comments welcome. Copyleft (c) Mas'ood Cajee 1994. Permission
to reprint & distribute granted only if this heading included, and
maintainer notified. This list is available via:
gopher://latif.com:70/
>ftp://ftp.netcom.com/pub/mcgee/african/islam/cybermuslim.guide
>mail://mca...@aardvark.ucs.uoknor.edu
>http://www.uoknor.edu/www/ou_info/mc_info.html
------------------------------------------------------------------------

PURPOSE: to list resources available on the Internet that contain a
significant amount of information related to Islam & Muslims.
AUDIENCE: this file is useful for educators, scholars, and students
of the Muslim World.
ASSUMPTIONS: to access the information sources listed here you must
have access to and know how to use anonymous ftp,telnet,
e-mail, gopher, usenet, and www.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<TABLE OF CONTENTS>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Section =1= INTERNET/BITNET MAILING LISTS
Listservs, Publications, and Discussion Groups

Section =2= ANONYMOUS FTP SITES
Quran Sites
Sites for Software, Graphics, etc.

Section =3= TELNET/GOPHER/WWW SITES

Section =4= USENET GROUPS

Section =5= ORGANIZATIONS ON-LINE

Section =6= INTERNATIONAL CONNECTIVITY
Internet Links in CyberMuslimLand

Section =7= BIBLIOGRAPHY

------------------------------------------------------------------------
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<Section 1: INTERNET/BITNET MAILING LISTS>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(The Internet has revolutionised the way people can communicate
and discuss Muslim, Arab, and Third World issues. Using e-mail, anyone
can tap into the wealth of information that exists. This section
includes lists or services that require only e-mail.)
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Name of Service: AFRICAN NEWS & INFO SERVICE

Content: Daily News about and from Africa.

Maintainer: Faraz Rabbani (frab...@epas.utoronto.edu)

How to Subscribe:
send this one line message to LIST...@UTORONTO.BITNET
SUBSCRIBE AFRICA-N Your_Full_Name

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Name of Service: ALGERIA-NET

Content: News and discussion of Algeria.

How to Subscribe:
send this one line message to algeria-n...@monte.svec.uh.edu
SUBSCRIBE ALGERIA-N Your_Full_Name

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Name of Service: ALGERIA NEWS LIST

Content: News about Algeria in French and some English.

How to Subscribe:
send this one line message to list...@gwuvm.gwu.edu
SUBSCRIBE ALGNEWS Your_Full_Name

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Name of service: ALJAZIR...@CS.WASHINGTON.EDU

Content: Discuss issues of interest to students from Saudi Arabia, and
Arab Gulf countries in general, studying in the US and Europe. The
issues to be discussed include (but are not limited to) problems
pertaining to one's studies and one's life in a different society,
student and community activities, etc.

Maintainer: ba...@cs.washington.edu

How to Subscribe:
send a message to Aljazirah-l...@cs.washington.edu

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Name of Service: ARABIC LINGUISTICS AND LANGUAGE TEACHING

Content: Discussion and resources for linguists and teachers of Arabic.

How to Subscribe:
send e-mail to MAIL...@vtvm2.cc.vt.edu with the message
subscribe ARABIC-L your_full_name

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Name of Service: AR-RASSED

Content: A news and analysis weekly with biting commentary from a
Muslim perspective.

How to subscribe:
send e-mail to EAB...@UOFT02.UTOLEDO.EDU

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Name of Service: AWAIR Educator's Network

Content: Quarterly on-line newsletter MIDDLE EAST RESOURCES, as
well as other informational mailings for pre-collegiate educators
from AWAIR,
or Arab World and Islamic Resources, Berkeley, California.

How to subscribe:
send e-mail to aw...@igc.apc.org

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Name of Service: AZERBAIJAN NEWS SERVICE

Content: News from Turan News Agency in Baku, Azerbaijan. This list
is run by the Azerbaijan Aydinlig Association, Berkeley, California.

Maintainer: F. H. Miandoab (fa...@mem.odu.edu)

How to Subscribe:
send e-mail to fa...@mem.odu.edu

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Name of Service: BERITA (MALAYSIAN ISLAMIC LISTSERV)

Content: Malay/Islamic issues and topics discussed in Malay & English.

Queries: beri...@vmd.cso.uiuc.edu

How to subscribe:
send e-mail to LIST...@vmd.cso.uiuc.edu with the message:
subscribe berita-l your_full_name
to receive only islamic topics include the following line:
set berita-l topics=IS

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Name of Service: BOSNET (BOSNIA NETWORK)

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Content: A weekly Net Zine in Turkish.

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Name of Service: ISLAM BBS

Content: A bulletin board accessible by modem only in Chicago area.
Archive of Islamic software with mail link to Internet.

Sysop: Mohammad Khan (mk...@nyx.cs.du.edu)
(sys...@islam.chi.il.us)

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Name of Service: ISLAMIC INFORMATION & NEWS NETWORK

Content: A weekly Muslim news service featuring news, essays,
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Nauman Mysorewala

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Name of Service: ISLAM-NEWS

Content: News related to Islam. Ames, Iowa.

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Name of Service: ISLAMIC WORLD NEWS

Content: World News Updates, Analysis, Book Reviews, Essays, and
Readers' Opinions. Issued twice-a-week. A publication of the
International Muslim Students Union, Seattle, Washington, USA.

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Maintainer and queries: Ainul Lotfi (Abu Umayr)
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Content: Discussion and information about all aspects of Mideast
music.

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Name of Service: MSA NET

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Name of Service: MSA-NEWS

Content: News about Islam, Muslims, and the Muslim World. This is
a very good list to be on. You will automatically receive many of the
other services listed plus more.

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Name of Service: MUSLIM BAY NET

Content: A list for Muslims in the San Francisco Bay Area to exchange
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Name of Service: NEW LIBERATION NEWS SERVICE (NLNS)

Content: A grass-roots news service based in Cambridge, Mass. that
collects articles from the radical press, and distributes them to more
than 100 subscribing papers and also individuals who just like to
read the best of the grassroots press every three to four weeks.
Some form of financial contribution is urged.

Maintainer: (nl...@igc.apc.org)

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Name of Service: PAKISTAN NEWS SERVICE

Content: News Updates about Pakistan.

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Name of Service: RFE/RL DAILY REPORT

Content: A digest of the latest developments in Russia, Transcaucasia
and Central Asia, and Central and Eastern Europe. Published Monday
through Friday (except German holidays) by RFE/RL Research
Institute, a
division of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Munich, Germany.

Queries: Brian Reed (RI...@RFERL.ORG)

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e-mail above address or send this one message to
RFE...@UBVM.VM.cc.buffalo.edu
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Content: The arts in Turkey.

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Name of Service: SOMALIA NEWS UPDATE mc

Content: SNU is an entirely independent newsletter devoted to
critical analysis of the political and humanitarian developments in
Somalia and Somaliland. It is published irregularly via electronic mail.

Maintainer: an...@strix.udac.uu.se

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send e-mail to above address; back-issues available via FTP
at ftp.uu.net in doc/politics/umich-poli/SNU

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Name of Service: SOUTH ASIAN WOMENS NET

Content: SOUTH ASIAN WOMENS NET is a discussion group
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women from other parts of the world interested in
the concerns of South Asian women. This forum is
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Content: The Tunisia List was created to make easier the
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and researchers all over the world.

Owners: Maher Hamdi ha...@rsm.enst-bretagne.fr
bou...@biomath.jussieu.fr

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Name of Service: TUNISIAN SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY ACTIVITIES LIST

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Name of Service: TURKISH COMIC MAGAZINE

Content: A Net Zine devoted to Turkish Comics.

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Name of Service: TURKISH ISSUES LIST

Content: Discussion about Turkey in Turkish and English.

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Name of Service: TURKIIYE INTERNET TARTISMA LISTESI

Content: A starting point and reference list for Internet resources
and lists in Turkey.

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------------------------------------------------------------------------
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<SECTION 2: ANONYMOUS FTP SITES>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[The Holy QUR'AAN can be downloaded from numerous sites via FTP. Be
aware, however, of the translation you are getting. While a majority
of sites carry the M.H. Shakir translation, the more accepted Yusuf Ali
and M.M. Pickthall translations can be had at <ftp.mcs.kent.edu> and
at <cs.bu.edu>. Islamic and Arabic SOFTWARE, along with sounds,
graphics, and documents, are also available via FTP. The above-mentioned
sites for the Qur'aan are also the best sites for software. An excellent
for Islamic and Arab GIFS is <liasun3.epfl.ch>. Resources are listed by
Uniform Resource Locater: (protocol://site_name:port/directory/file).

THE QUR'AN: UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATERS (URLs)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
ftp://ariel.unm.edu/pub/misc
ftp://cs.bu.edu/amass/quran
ftp://cs.ubc.ca/mirror1/next/Literature/working/
ftp://etlport.etl.go.jp/pub/NeXT/Literature/working/
ftp://ftp.mcs.kent.edu/pub/islam/
ftp://ftp.uu.net/doc/literary/obi/Religion
ftp://gatekeeper.dec.com/.8/misc/scripture/quran
ftp://nova.cc.purdue.edu/pub/next/Literature/working/
ftp://ocf.berkeley.edu/pub/religion/quran
ftp://phoenix.oulu.fi/pub/quran
ftp://pinus.slu.se/pub/etext/misc/
ftp://princeton.edu/pub/quran.tar.Z
ftp://roxette.mty.itesm.mx/pub/next/Literature/working/
ftp://slopoke.mlb.semi.harris.com/pub/doc/quran
ftp://sonata.cc.purdue.edu/pub/next/Literature/working/
ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/docs/books/religious/
ftp://unix.hensa.ac.uk/pub/uunet/doc/literary/obi/Religion/
ftp://uxc.cso.uiuc.edu/pub/quran.tar.Z

ISLAMIC & ARABIC SOFTWARE URLs
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

ftp://cs.arizona.edu/pub/icon/
QuranRef

ftp://cs.bu.edu/amass/
Mac software, sounds, Amer-Arab Scientific Society newsletter

ftp://cs.dal.ca/comp.archives/
USENET docs:

ftp://cs.ubc.ca/pub/local/arabtex
ArabTeX 2.07:

ftp://csd4.csd.uwm.edu/pub/bashar/
Arabic&Islamic software,GIFs:

ftp://ftp.cse.psu.edu/pub/jamoussi/TSS
Tunisian Scientific Society info and documents

ftp://ftp.mcs.kent.edu
ArabTeX,Kateb,music,GIFs,poetry,software

3. Islamic Resource Guide ....................................................

************************************************************************
The Islamic Computing

Resource Guide

Release 2.0
December 1992

A Software and Network Resources Directory
************************************************************************
by
Basil Hashem
<has...@netcom.com>

R E L E A S E N O T E S

2.0 12/10/92 Developed the new format, updated Internet
information, added QuranBase Mac, Al-Munad, Alim 1.5,
IslamicTimer and re-ordered the sections.

1.1c 7/16/92 Fixed some information regarding the Islamic School.

1.1b 7/12/92 Spell-checked, corrected some miscellaneous
information, found a home.

1.1a 6/24/92 Made a couple of corrections on network services, no
new entries.

1.1 6/2/92 Added several new software packages and some Internet
resources.

1.0a 5/22/92 Fixed a few typographical mistakes.

1.0 5/15/92 Initial release.

P R E F A C E

After attending the Second International Conference on Computer
Technology in Service of Islam in San Jose, CA (April 1992), I decided
that there was a need to compile a list of various computing resources
available to the Muslim community.

This resource guide will serve as a listing for software and major
network resources such as electronic mailing lists, forums and newsgroups
related to discussion of Islamic topics.

I have limited the scope of the guide to software published in the
English language in order to maintain a focus and keep the guide at a
manageable size. I realize that there are many Arabic language software
packages available. I have consciously omitted them. Perhaps someone else
will pick up the slack in this area.

This guide is provided as a free service to the Muslim community, I did
my best to secure its accuracy but in no way do I guarantee its
authenticity. Please do not hold me liable for anything. I would also
like to thank the many individuals that provided me with much of the
information listed here, may Allah reward their efforts. You may
distribute this guide electronically as you wish, but if you wish to
publish it in any print media, e.g. newsletters or magazines, please
contact me first. I will most certainly grant you permission; I simply
would like to keep track of how and where this guide is used. Please send
any additions, corrections or comments to me via e-mail at
has...@netcom.com.

The latest copy of this guide is available via file transfer (FTP) from
the AMASS Software Library at Boston University. Thanks go to Abdelsalam
Heddaya.

Inshallah, you will find this guide useful.

S O F T W A R E

A. ON-LINE DATABASES - QURAN

Al-Quran Database
-----------------
A program which displays side-by-side text of the Quran in Arabic and
English. Yusuf Ali and M. Pickthall translations. Searchable English text
by keyword and subject with Boolean operators. Includes background
information about the suras. Complements Al-Hadith Database.

Requires: IBM PC or compatible with 512K RAM and 10MB free on a hard disk

Price: $99

Islamic Computing Centre Islamic Book Service
73, St. Thomas's Road 10900 W. Washington Street
London N4 2QJ U.K Indianapolis, IN 46231-2080
A.K. Barkatulla (317)839-8150/7669
<barka...@lampeter.ac.uk>

The Alim 1.5
------------
An Islamic study toolkit which includes: the Quran in Arabic, Yusuf Ali
and M. Pickthall Translations and Concordances, Yusuf Ali Commentary, a
Transliteration, Sahih Bukhari Hadith, Hadith Qudsi database, Islamic
Subjects database, Maududi Sura Information, Chronological History of
Islam, Biographies of the Companions of the Prophet, and Islamic Terms
Dictionary. Every database is searchable via keywords (with Boolean
operators) or by subject, regular expressions, and word series.
Background searching and "save search" features. Multiple window
operations and GUI menus and dialog boxes. Some of the enhancements in
Version 1.5 include support for faster searches and searching in Arabic,
sound support (English only) via speech synthesis (with a sound board), a
new Sahih Bukhari subjects database, and miscellaneous bug fixes.

Requires: IBM PC or compatible with 512K RAM, 1.5MB to 15MB free on a
hard disk and EGA or better display for Arabic

Price: $99 (less for upgrades from Version 1.0)
Speech Synthesis Module - $24.95

ISL Software Corp. IQRA Bookcenter
(800)397-5561/(512)690-5973 (800)521-4272

Holy Quran (English)
--------------------
A program to display the Yusuf Ali translation of the Quran. Keyword
search capability with Boolean operators. Thesaurus and theme index.
Ability to display Arabic script as well. This is one of a series of
programs (mostly Arabic) which run under the Sakhr DOS system. Databases
of the Quran, Al-Bukhary hadith, and Al-Mawarith (inheritance) expert
system also available. The system requires a DOS Arabization package.

Price: Holy Quran (English) - Unknown
DOS Arabization - $40

Requires: IBM PC or compatible with Sakhr DOS Arabization, VGA display
and 20MB free on a hard disk

Available: June 1992

Al Alamiah Electronics Company
Heliopolis, Cairo
P.O. Box: 5189 H. West
Code 11771 EGYPT

IslamicWare: The Holy Koran & Explanation v7.0
----------------------------------------------
"Koran: Contemporary Text" displays searchable text of a new English
translation of the Quran by Ahmad Darwish. Subject index and concordance
(word index) also available. "Explanation Koran: Contemporary Text", a
commentary on the above translation. Also available "Koran: Academic
Text", "Quran: Yusuf Ali text translation", "Koran: Yusuf Ali revised
text", and "Koran: Muhammad Pickthall text revised", each available with
index and concordance. Koran CD and the first electronic Islamic
encyclopedia are due in December 1992.

Requires: IBM PC or compatible, 10MB free on a hard disk (for text), 4MB
free on a hard disk (for concordance)

Price: Suras 1 & 2 available for free
"Koran: Contemporary Text" - $80, with Index - $180, with Concord - $280
"Explanation Koran: Contemporary Text" - $80, with Index - $180,
with Concord-$280. Other programs follow the same pricing structure.

Ahmad Darwish & M. K.
P.O. Box 8279
Fremont, CA 94537-8279
(510)794-9363

QuranBase
---------
A database program of the Yusuf Ali translation of the Quran. Fully
searchable by keyword, chapter, verse and subject.

Requires: IBM PC or compatible with 256K RAM, mono, CGA, EGA or VGA
display and 1.5MB free on a hard disk

Price: $179

Sound Vision
843 W. Van Buren, Suite 411
Chicago, IL 60607
(800)432-4262

QuranBase Mac
-------------
A database program of the Yusuf Ali translation of the Quran. Fully
searchable by keyword, chapter, verse, and subject.

Requires: Macintosh SE or higher (min. 2 MB RAM), 2.5MB free on a hard
disk and Hypercard software

Price: $179

Sound Vision
843 W. Van Buren, Suite 411
Chicago, IL 60607
(800)432-4262

Quranic Text
------------
Text of the M. H. Shakir English translation of the Quran as published by
Tahrike Tarsile Quran, Inc.

Price: Free

Requires: Any text editor or word processor

Access: The filename is "Quran.tar.Z" and is available via file transfer
(FTP) from the following locations on the Internet.

Host Directory

ariel.unm.edu /pub/misc
cs.ubc.ca /mirror1/next/Literature/working
etlport.etl.go.jp /pub/NeXT/Literature/working
ftp.uu.net /doc/literary/obi/Religion
gatekeeper.dec.com /.0/data
hp5.mcs.kent.edu /pub
nova.cc.purdue.edu /pub/next/Literature/working
pinus.slu.se /pub/etext/misc
princeton.edu /pub
roxette.mty.itesm.mx /pub/next/Literature/working
slopoke.mlb.semi.harris.com /pub/doc
snake.mcs.kent.edu /pub and /pub/quran
sonata.cc.purdue.edu /pub/next/Literature/working
sunsite.unc.edu /pub/docs/books/religious
unix.hensa.ac.uk /pub/uunet/doc/literary/obi/Religion

B. ON-LINE DATABASES - HADITH

Al-Hadith Database
------------------
A program to search the Sahih al-Bukhari, Muslim, Abu Dawud, Al-Muwatta,
Tirmidhy and Nasa'i hadith sources in English. Cross-referencing between
the Al-Quran Database & Islamic LawBase.

Requires: IBM PC or compatible with 512K RAM and 20MB free on a hard disk

Price: $199

Islamic Computing Centre Islamic Book Service
73, St. Thomas's Road 10900 W. Washington Street
London N4 2QJ U.K Indianapolis, IN 46231-2080
A.K. Barkatulla (317)839-8150/7669
<barka...@lampeter.ac.uk>

Hadith on CD
------------
Collections of hadith databases on CD ROM. Over 15 languages supported.

Requires: IBM PC or compatible with CD-ROM drive

Price: Unknown

M.M. Al-Azami & Aqil M. Azmi
Center for Hadith Analysis
805 29th Street, #552-N
Boulder, Colorado 80303
(303)938-1211

HadithBase
----------
A database program of Sahih al-Bukhari hadiths. Fully searchable by
keyword and subject with Boolean operators.

Requires: IBM PC or compatible with 512K RAM, mono, CGA, EGA or VGA
display and 3 MB free on a hard disk

Price: $195

Sound Vision
843 W. Van Buren, Suite 411
Chicago, IL 60607
(800)432-4262

C. ON-LINE DATABASES - OTHER

Islamic LawBase
---------------
A program to search the following legal literature: Fiqh al-Sunnah,
Majellah al-ahkam, Hedaya al-Marghinani, Fatawa-e-Qazi Khan, Al Halal Wal
Haram, Muwatta of Imam Malik, al Risala al-Qairawaniya, Criminal Law of
Islam, and Kitab-ul-Kharaj in English.

Requires: IBM PC or compatible with 512K RAM and 20MB free on a hard disk

Price: $199

Islamic Computing Centre Islamic Book Service
73, St. Thomas's Road 10900 W. Washington Street
London N4 2QJ U.K Indianapolis, IN 46231-2080
A.K. Barkatulla (317)839-8150/7669
<barka...@lampeter.ac.uk>

Nahjul Balaagha Version 2.0
---------------------------
A database program of the sayings and letters of Imaam Ali. Provides the
ability to search, display and print sayings by keyword.

Requires: IBM PC or compatible

Price: Unknown

Al-Mahdi Islamic Software Centre (MISC)
P.O. Box 45844
Nairobi, Kenya

D. EDUCATIONAL/GAMES

Al-Qari
-------
A program designed to teach children and adults to recite the Quran in
Arabic. Uses sounds and text in Arabic and English.

Requires: Macintosh

Price: Unknown

Sound Vision
843 W. Van Buren, Suite 411
Chicago, IL 60607
(800)432-4262

Hijrah
------
Small game written in BASIC which quizzes the player regarding the flight
of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) from Mecca to Medina.

Requires: IBM PC or compatible with BASIC interpreter (such as BASICA)

Price: $5 (Shareware)

Available: AmNet BBS (see entry)

Islamic Scholar I
-----------------
Written in an artificial intelligence language, this menu-driven
educational program covers more than 60 topics in fiqh and aqeedah;
basics of Islam; and "how to"s - the basic duties of Muslims. The English
meaning and transliteration of small chapters from the Quran is also
included.

Requires: IBM PC or compatible

Price: $39

Sound Vision
843 W. Van Buren, Suite 411
Chicago, IL 60607
(800)432-4262

pcIQ
----
A "trivia type" quiz game on topics such as the Qur'an, seerah, the
ummah, events and fiqh. Multiple choice answers. Also includes a facility
to learn to read the last hizb of the Quran in Arabic and display color
Islamic art.

Requires: IBM PC or compatible with 512K RAM, EGA or VGA display

Price: $69

Islamic Computing Centre Islamic Book Service
73, St. Thomas's Road 10900 W. Washington Street
London N4 2QJ U.K Indianapolis, IN 46231-2080
A.K. Barkatulla (317)839-8150/7669
<barka...@lampeter.ac.uk>

E. PRAYER TIME CALCULATION

An-Nida' 2.1
------------
Calculates prayer time schedules for any month of any year (up to 2050);
for any location in the world. Comes preset for more than 550 locations
world wide. Other locations may be used as well. Options include printing
in Arabic or English, calculation using Hijrah or Christian calendars,
Shafi'i or Hanafi prayer times, Qibla direction and more.

Requires: Macintosh and Hypercard software

Price: $39

Sound Vision
843 W. Van Buren, Suite 411
Chicago, IL 60607
(800)432-4262

calendrical.l
-------------
A Common Lisp program to calculate the Hijri, Gregorian and Julian
calendars. Includes definitions of some important events.

Requires: LISP interpreter

Price: Free

Author(s): Nachum Dershowitz and Edward Reingold <rein...@cs.uiuc.edu>

Available: On the Internet, via file transfer (FTP) from the AMASS
Software Library (see entry)

IslamicTimer
------------
A software package for calculating Islamic (Hijri) Calendar, prayer time
schedules and the direction of the Qiblah.

Requires: UNIX C Compiler

Price: Free with suggested donation to a worthy cause

Author: Waleed Muhanna <wmuh...@magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu>

Available: On the Internet.

Minaret 1.3
-----------
A menu-driven program to calculate prayer times for many cities in the
world. New cities can be added by providing location and timing data.
Shows the direction of the Qibla, and various data related to the Hijri
calendar (date conversion). Produces text and TeX output of prayer
schedules.

Requires: Macintosh

Price: $10 (Shareware)

Kamal Abdali <abd...@udel.edu>
P.O. Box 65207
Washington, DC 20035

Available: On the Internet, via file transfer (FTP) from the AMASS
Software Library (see entry) and sumex-aim.stanford.edu

Praytimer
---------
A C language computer program to calculate prayer schedules given
selected parameters. A program based on Minaret 1.3 but can operate in
batch mode.

Requires: C compiler

Price: Free

Kamal Abdali <abd...@udel.edu>
P.O. Box 65207
Washington, DC 20035

Available: On the Internet, via file transfer (FTP) from the AMASS
Software Library (see entry)

Prayer Time Table
-----------------
FORTRAN-language computer routines to calculate prayer times and moon
sighting data given selected parameters.

Requires: FORTRAN compiler

Price: Free

T. Djamaluddin
Department of Astronomy, Kyoto University
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606, Japan

Available: On the Internet

Prayer Time Table (1988)
------------------------
FORTRAN-language computer routines to calculate prayer times and moon
sighting data given selected parameters.

Requires: FORTRAN compiler

Price: Free

Moustafa Baraka

Available: On the Internet

Prayer Timing Ver 1.1
---------------------
FORTRAN-language computer routines to calculate prayer times and moon
sighting data given selected parameters.

Requires: FORTRAN compiler

Price: "Free" with a request for donation to MSA-UMR

MSA-UMR
202 Rolla Building
Rolla, MO 65401

Available: On the Internet

Taqwim 3.0
----------
A program which converts dates from the Gregorian calendar to the Islamic
calendar.

Requires: IBM PC or compatible

Price: $20

Mark Woodworth & John Woods
University of Chicago
Department of Middle Eastern Studies

F. MISCELLANEOUS

Al-Munad
--------
Calculates prayer times for any day of any year (up to 2050); or any
location in the world. Comes preset for more than 800 locations world
wide. Other locations may be used as well. System Extension reminds you
when prayer times are due. Also allows you to tell it to remind you after
some time has passed. Calculation using Shafi'i or Hanafi prayer times,
astronomical times, Qibla direction, and more.

Requires: Macintosh

Price: $39

Sound Vision
843 W. Van Buren, Suite 411
Chicago, IL 60607
(800)432-4262

Clip Art Collection #1: Calligraphic Designs
--------------------------------------------
Thirty calligraphic images in Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) format.

Requires: Macintosh with an application to read EPS formatted files and a
Postscript printer or imagesetter

Price: $54.95

Sakkal Design
1523 175th Place SE
Bothell, WA 98012
(206)484-8830

Daily Ayat
----------
A program to automatically display an ayat of the Quran each time you
start your computer.

Requires: IBM PC or compatible

Price: $19.95

ISL Software Corp.
San Antonio, TX
(800)397-5561/(512)690-5973

Daily Hadith
------------
A program to automatically display a short hadith each time you start
your computer.

Requires: IBM PC or compatible

Price: $19.95

ISL Software Corp.
San Antonio, TX
(800)397-5561/(512)690-5973

Miscellaneous Sounds
--------------------
Macintosh sound samples of the Athan (call to prayer) and the first sura
of the Quran.

Requires: Macintosh and a sound utility (e.g. SoundEdit or SoundMaster)
or System 7

Price: Free

Available: Via file transfer (FTP) from the AMASS Software Library (see
entry)

PrayerMinder
------------
Allows for the creation and saving of prayer time tables. A memory-
resident program with a five-alarm clock which reminds you of the times
to pray.

Requires: IBM PC or compatible

Price: $29.95

ISL Software Corp.
San Antonio, TX
(800)397-5561/(512)690-5973

Quranref
--------
A word/reference/pattern lookup program based on the Icon programming
language (probably only runs on UNIX systems). It uses the Quranic text
of the M. H. Shakir English translation of the Quran (see entry).

Requires: Icon version 8 (A programming language), Icon Program Library,
and a C compiler

Price: Free

Available: On the Internet. Icon available via file transfer (FTP) from
cs.arizona.edu

N E T W O R K R E S O U R C E S

A. NEWSGROUPS AND MAILING LISTS

History of Islam Mailing List
-----------------------------
A mailing list to discuss the history of Islam.

Requires: A connection to the Internet and an e-mail package

Price: Free

Subscriptions: Send a message to LIST...@ULKYVM.BITNET with the line
SUBSCRIBE ISLAM-L

Submissions: ISL...@ULKYVM.BITNET

Malaysian Islamic Study Group Mailing List
------------------------------------------
A mailing list to discuss Islamic research in the Malay language

Requires: A connection to the Internet and an e-mail package

Price: Free

Subscriptions: Send a message to LIST...@PSUVM.BITNET with the line
SUBSCRIBE MISG-L

Submissions: MIS...@PSUVM.BITNET

MSA-NET Mailing List
--------------------
A mailing list to discuss Muslim Student Association (MSA) issues.

Requires: A connection to the Internet and an e-mail package

Price: Free

Subscriptions: msa-r...@eleceng.ee.queensu.ca

Submissions: m...@eleceng.ee.queensu.ca

Muslim News Network Mailing List
--------------------------------
MNN is a moderated forum dedicated to educate the network communities on
issues relating to the Muslims in an academic & non-political
environment. Submissions are compiled in the form of a newsletter and
mailed to the subscribers.

Requires: A connection to the Internet and an e-mail package

Price: Free

Subscriptions: Send a message to LIST...@ASUACAD.BITNET with the
line SUB MUSLIMS

Submissions: MUS...@ASUACAD.BITNET

Muslim Student Association Mailing List
---------------------------------------
A mailing list to discuss Muslim Student Association (MSA) issues.

Requires: A connection to the Internet and an e-mail package

Price: Free

Subscriptions: Send a message to LIST...@PSUVM.BITNET with the line
SUBSCRIBE MSA-L

Submissions: MS...@PSUVM.BITNET

Usenet - soc.religion.islam
---------------------------
A moderated newsgroup discussing Islamic topics.

Price: Free

Requires: A connection to the Internet and a Usenet newsreader such as rn
or nn

Other Usenet news groups which may discuss Islam peripherally are the
following:

soc.culture.afghanistan soc.culture.indian soc.culture.pakistan
soc.culture.arabic soc.culture.iranian soc.culture.turkish
soc.culture.bangladesh soc.culture.malaysia soc.culture.yugoslavia
talk.politics.mideast

B. ARCHIVES AND REMOTE SITES

American Arab Scientific Society (AMASS) Software Library
---------------------------------------------------------
An archive site with a collection of software including this resource
guide, Minaret 1.3, calendrical.l, praytimer, and other items.

Host: cs.bu.edu (128.197.2.1)
Username: ftp
Password: <your e-mail address>

Requires: A connection to the Internet and file transfer (FTP) software

Price: Free

Questions: Abdelsalam Heddaya <hed...@cs.bu.edu>

AMnet Bulletin Board System
---------------------------
A bulletin board system setup by the American Muslim Council (AMC), a
lobby group for American Muslims. News reports, electronic mail, and
miscellaneous files are available.

Access Number: (202)789-2527
Parameters: 2400 Baud, No Parity, 8 Bit, 1 Stop
Location: Bethesda, Maryland

Requires: Macintosh or IBM PC or compatible and terminal emulation
software

Price: Free

Contact: Ammad-Ad-Dean Ahmed
Phone: (301)951-0539 (voice)

CalTech Muslims Group Archive
-----------------------------
The on-line text of the Quran was made available but is temporarily being
corrected. Miscellaneous documents, FORTRAN and C programs for prayer
time calculations and this guide.

Host: ftp.ugcs.caltech.edu (131.215.128.6)
Username: ftp
Password: <your e-mail address>
Directory: /pub/cms

Requires: A connection to the Internet and file transfer (FTP) software

Price: Free
Questions: Waqar Malik <wa...@cco.caltech.edu>
Asim Mughal <mug...@iago.caltech.edu>

CompuServe - Religion forum - Islam subject area
------------------------------------------------
On CompuServe, there is a subject area within the Religion forum which
discusses Islamic topics It has a file archive area as well.

Access: "Islam" Subject Area in the Religion Forum (GO RELIGION).

Requires: A subscription to CompuServe and CompuServe Information Manager
or terminal emulation software

Price: CompuServe on-line charges

The Islamic School
------------------
An Islamic subject area at the Cleveland Free-Net Community Computer
System. Introductory information on Islam, many of the areas are under
development including frequently asked questions and information about
the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh).

Hosts: free-net-a.cwru.edu (29.22.8.82)
free-net-b.cwru.edu (129.22.8.75)
free-net-c.cwru.edu (129.22.8.76)

Requires: A connection to the Internet and virtual terminal software such
as telnet

Price: Free

Questions: Eusat Mercan (Sysop) (aa755)
Sukru Gultop (Co-sysop) (sxg12)
Mesut Sahin (Co-sysop) (mxs44)
All addresses are on Cleveland Free-net.

Access: Upon connecting you will be asked whether you are a registered
user or a visitor. Select 2 to indicate a visitor. Then, select 2 to
"Explore the system". Upon being presented with the main menu, type "go
islam" to access the Islamic School.

<=========================== CUT HERE ==============================>

Announcements ................................................................

4. Archive Info ..............................................................

This FAQ is archived at several sites and is available for public
retrieval thru anonymous FTP, E-MAIL, Gopher & World Wide Web.

-- Anonymous FTP --

Site: rtfm.mit.edu
Dir: /pub/usenet/news.answers/islam-faq/

Site: ftp.uu.net
Dir: /pub/usenet/news.answers/islam-faq/

Site: ftp.cco.caltech.edu
Dir: /pub/calmsa/islam-faq/

-- E-MAIL --

Send E-mail to: mail-...@rtfm.mit.edu

Text of E-mail Message:

send usenet/news.answers/islam-faq/part12
quit

-- GOPHER --

Site: gopher.caltech.edu 70
Path: Computing Information/
CCO anonymous ftp archive/
pub/
calmsa/
islam-faq/

Site: latif.com 70
Path: Resources relating to Islam/
Soc.Religion.Islam

-- World-Wide-Web (WWW) --

One recommended interface is 'mosaic,' below are mosaic 'home pages.'

URL at USENET Archive site:
http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/islam-faq/faq.html

URL at Caltech MSA site:
http://www.cco.caltech.edu/~calmsa/links.html

5. Credits ...................................................................

The author wishes to thank all those who contributed in any capacity for
the original one part FAQ or this multi-part FAQ.

-- FORMAT --

What is IINN?

-- Permissions --

Permission to post this multi-part FAQ has been obtained by the
following:

o Institute of Islamic Information & Education (III&E)
o Islamic Information & News Network (Mus...@PSUVM.bitnet)
o Moderator(s) of News.Answers (Thomas Khoenig & P.Huang)

Permission to include CyberMuslim V2.0 was obtained from its
author Br.Mas'ood Cajee.

Permission to include Islamic Resource Guide was obtained from
its author Br.Basil Hashem.

# End of Islam FAQ Part 12 #

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