Mind Control - Food Noise - Mimicking Sounds - Autism-Microbiome

[Breedlove, S]

https://www.nytimes.com/2025/11/12/science/brain-implants-technology-disability.html

Let the Mind-Control Games Begin!

By Oliver Whang

Owen Collumb was paralyzed in 1993, when he was 21 years old. A tire on his motorbike blew out and he fell into a ravine, breaking a single bone in his spine. When he recovered, he couldn’t move his legs and could control only the biceps in his arms, meaning that he could lift his hands but, to put them down, he had to twist his shoulders and let gravity unbend his elbows.

He spent years in an assisted living home before petitioning to move to his own place in Dublin, with the help of home aides. Living alone was liberating; he could choose what he ate and when he woke in the morning. He began working multiple jobs for foundations and advocating for people with disabilities. One of his assistants, Sylwia Filipiek, a Polish immigrant to Ireland, had been employed at a printing factory. She had no experience with home care and struggled to help Mr. Collumb into his wheelchair at first. But, over the years, they learned how to work together, and grew close.

In the summer of 2024, Mr. Collumb and Ms. Filipiek flew to Bath, England, to train for the Cybathlon, an international competition run every four years to encourage the development of assistive technologies. The competition, hosted in Switzerland by the university ETH Zurich, consists of eight races for teams and their pilots (which is what the primary competitors, with varying disabilities, are called), each targeting different innovations, such as arm prostheses, leg prostheses and vision assistance.

Each race consists of remote tasks that are supposed to simulate everyday life for the pilots: walking across a room, picking up a grocery bag, throwing a ball. One of Cybathlon’s founders, Roland Sigrist, compared it to Formula 1. Teams are encouraged to develop prototypes toward the ultimate goal of “the independence of people with disabilities,” but the competition is straightforward and real, with all its accompaniments: nerves, heartbreak, glory. The pilots are the ones that put themselves on the line. “They’re the masters of the technology, and not the other way around,” Mr. Sigrist said.

    © 2025 The New York Times Company


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https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/these-birds-learned-to-tweet-like-r2-d2-listen-to-the-uncanny-results/

These Birds Learned to Tweet Like R2-D2. Listen to the Uncanny Results

By Kate Graham-Shaw 

A long time ago in a galaxy far, far away, R2-D2 beeped and booped—and now birds that copy the Star Wars character are giving scientists fresh insight into how different species imitate complex sounds. A study, published recently in Scientific Reports, analyzed the sounds of nine species of parrots, including Budgies, as well as European Starlings to see how accurately each bird mimicked R2-D2’s robotic whirring.

Researchers did acoustic analyses on samples of birds imitating the plucky droid that were already available online to compare how statistically similar each bird’s noises were to a model of R2-D2’s sounds. The starlings, a type of songbird, emerged as star vocalists: their ability to produce “multiphonic” noises—in their case, two different notes or tones expressed simultaneously—allowed them to replicate R2-D2’s complex chirps more accurately. Parrots and budgies, which only produce “monophonic” (or single-tone) noises, imitated the droid’s sounds with less accuracy and musicality.

The differing abilities stem from physical variations in the birds’ “syrinx”—a unique vocal organ that sits at the base of the avian windpipe. “Starlings can produce two sounds at once because they control both sides of the syrinx independently,” says study co-author Nick Dam, an evolutionary biologist at Leiden University in the Netherlands. “Parrots are physically incapable of producing two tones simultaneously.”

It isn’t exactly known why different species developed differing control over their syrinx. “Likely, some ancestor of songbirds happened to evolve the ability to control the muscles on both sides of the syrinx, and this helped them in some way,” says University of Northern Colorado biologist Lauryn Benedict, who wasn’t involved in the study but sometimes works with its authors. One of the leading explanations involves mating; the better at singing a male songbird is, the more females he attracts.

© 2025 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN,
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https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-025-03766-2

How obesity drugs quiet ‘food noise’ in the brain

   Mariana Lenharo 

The obesity drug tirzepatide, sold as Mounjaro or Zepbound, can suppress patterns of brain activity associated with food cravings, a study suggests. Researchers measured the changing electrical signals in the brain of a person with severe obesity who had experienced persistent ‘food noise’ — intrusive, compulsive thoughts about eating — shortly after the individual began taking the medication.

The study is the first to use electrodes to directly measure how blockbuster obesity drugs that mimic the hormone GLP-1 affect brain activity in people, and to hint at how they curb extreme food cravings.

“It’s a great strategy to try and find a neural signature of food noise, and then try to understand how drugs can manipulate it,” says Amber Alhadeff, a neuroscientist at the Monell Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The findings were published today in Nature Medicine1.

Casey Halpern, a neurosurgeon-scientist at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, and his colleagues did not set out to investigate the effects of obesity drugs on the brain. The team’s goal was to test whether a type of deep brain stimulation — a therapy that involves delivering a weak electrical current directly into the brain — can help to reduce compulsive eating in people with obesity for whom treatments such as bariatric surgery haven’t worked.

The scientists set up a study in which participants had an electrode implanted into their nucleus accumbens, a region of the brain that is involved in feelings of reward. It also expresses the GLP-1 receptor, notes Christian Hölscher, a neuroscientist at the Henan Academy of Innovations in Medical Science in Zhengzhou, China, “so we know that GLP-1 plays a role in modulating reward here”. This type of electrode, which can both record electrical activity and deliver an electrical current when needed, is already used in people to treat some forms of epilepsy.

© 2025 Springer Nature Limited

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https://www.thetransmitter.org/spectrum/going-against-gut-qa-kevin-mitchell-autism-microbiome-theory/

 Going against the gut: Q&A with Kevin Mitchell on the autism-microbiome theory

By Lauren Schenkman

The purported autism-microbiome connection is having a moment. It’s the focus of a new $50-million call for proposals from Wellcome Leap—a research initiative of the Wellcome Trust—and a 2024 Netflix documentary portrays fecal microbiota transplants as a promising treatment for autism-related traits.

“It seems to have captured the public’s imagination,” says Kevin Mitchell, associate professor of genetics and neuroscience at Trinity College in Dublin. But Mitchell says he has long been skeptical.

Eventually, he and some colleagues “collectively got exasperated enough by this that we felt that we had to say something about it,” Mitchell says. Today, they published a comprehensive review in Neuron of more than 30 studies on the autism-microbiome connection, including preclinical experiments in mice, human observational studies and clinical trials.

After accounting for statistical, technical and conceptual flaws, the team reached a clear conclusion: “There’s nothing there,” Mitchell says.

Research projects that include the keywords “autism” and “microbiome” have netted about $20 million to $25 million in U.S. federal funding annually since 2018, Mitchell’s team found using the funding database NIH RePORTER. It’s worrying that funders assume “there’s a solid foundation of work,” Mitchell says. “It’s just this huge amount of scientific effort and funding going into exploring these ideas.”

Mitchell spoke with The Transmitter about the problems he sees with studies that claim to show a microbiome-autism link, and how neuroscientists can read them with an analytical eye.

© 2025 Simons Foundation
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https://www.nytimes.com/2025/11/19/theater/anorexia-play-eating-disorder.html

This Play Recruited Actors With Anorexia. Was That Ethical?

By Alex Marshall

When a Swiss theater invited people with eating disorders to be involved in a play about Joan of Arc this fall, it caused a furor. Some therapists and parents of girls with anorexia criticized the move as “ethnically reprehensible” and said it could jeopardize performers’ health.

So when Janine Rickenbach, who has had anorexia for decades, took the Theater Basel stage last week in the premiere, she knew that some audience members were judging her appearance as much as her performance.

Yet during the two-hour show, Rickenbach, 44, appeared unfazed. At one point, wearing a camisole top that revealed her arms and neck, she stared impassively at the audience while delivering a monologue that seemed to address the outcry.

“What are you thinking right now?” she said: “Are you thinking, ‘Oh my God…’” Was that “because I look the way I look?” she asked, “Or because I’m standing here on this stage? Because my struggle is visible?”

Theater makers have long depicted health struggles onstage, including the realities of living with H.I.V. and cancer, but the debate around this production, titled “Jeanne Dark” and running through May 22, has shown that ethical questions remain about how various conditions are portrayed theatrically — and who gets to shape those depictions.

Ulrike Schmidt, a specialist in eating disorders at King’s College, London, said in an email that anybody depicting mental health onstage needed to consider the potential for stigmatization, perpetuating stereotypes or “inappropriate glamorization”
    © 2025 The New York Times Company
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