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Jun 17, 2026, 6:24:40 AM (yesterday) Jun 17

https://www.nytimes.com/2026/06/15/science/brain-language-grammar.html

How Does One Brain Speak Two Languages?

By K. R. Callaway

Speak a language your whole life and its grammatical rules become ingrained. That’s why you might correctly guess that the present participle of the verb “absquatulate” is “absquatulating,” even if you are completely unfamiliar with the word.

But the rules of grammar can vary widely between languages, and neuroscientists long theorized that bilingual speakers must process different languages with separate patterns of brain activity.

In a new study, however, researchers found that these patterns were more alike than had been expected. When deciding how to make a word singular or plural, for instance, bilingual people exhibit strikingly similar brain activity regardless of whether they are speaking in their first or second language.

“It wasn’t obvious that it was going to be so shared,” said Esti Blanco-Elorrieta, a psychologist and neuroscientist at New York University and an author of the study, which was published on Monday in the journal JNeurosci. “I think this is arguably one of the first very fine-grained findings of how truly integrated two languages in the brain are.”

Early research viewed bilingualism as an “add on” or “disruption” to the processing of one’s native language, said Judith Kroll, a psycholinguist at the University of California, Irvine who was not involved in the new study.

Subsequent studies have found that bilingual brains tend to display physical differences, such as more efficient white matter and changes to the gray matter, and to perform better on memory and concentration tasks.

Now scientists are probing further, to understand whether core aspects of the brain’s neural network does double or triple duty to process multiple languages.

https://www.sciencenews.org/article/experimental-blood-test-dementia-types

A blood test for dementia may tell you if you have more than one type

By Michael Howerton

When something goes wrong in the brain of people with dementia, often it’s more than one thing. But it can be hard to tease apart multiple brain diseases, especially in the early stages, or even determine if more than one disease is at play. An experimental new blood test may change that.

The test measures the levels of 15 proteins in the blood to help diagnose four major neurodegenerative diseases — Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, frontotemporal dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies. And it can determine if a person has more than one of those diseases with 92.3 percent accuracy, researchers report in the May Alzheimer’s & Dementia.

Dementia affects more than 6 million people in the United States and is the seventh leading cause of death worldwide. “These diseases are more complex than we initially thought, and there is more overlap than we thought,” says Carlos Cruchaga, a human genomicist at Washington University in St. Louis. “In order to really address and understand the biology of the disease of any of these, we need to study all of these diseases together.”

Different dementias require different kinds of care, he says, even if the symptoms seem similar. Knowing the combination of diseases can help point toward more tailored precision treatment.

Last year the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the first blood test for Alzheimer’s disease. A number of other Alzheimer’s tests that do not have FDA backing are on the market. But those tests can’t detect anything more than Alzheimer’s.

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-026-01863-4

At-home brain implant gives man with motor neuron disease his daily life back

Miryam Naddaf

A brain implant is helping a man with paralysis to communicate with his family and friends and to use his personal computer at home.

The brain–computer interface (BCI) has given 48-year-old study participant Casey Harrell, who was diagnosed with a type of motor neuron disease called amyotrophic lateral sclerosis six years ago, the ability to communicate with an average speed of 56 words per minute. It translates neural activity into text that appears on a computer screen and allows him to operate a computer, send text messages and e-mails and continue his job working in climate advocacy.

It is “nothing short of revolutionary”, says Harrell, who is based in Oakland, California. “This has allowed me to keep working and earn money and insurance for my family. This is reconnecting me with friends and family who are too shy or too afraid to come over and not be able to understand me.”

The study, published in Nature Medicine on 15 June1, analysed Harrell’s home use of the BCI for nearly two years and is “the most extensive data set and the longest-running speech communication of anyone” with such an implant, says co-author Sergey Stavisky, a neuroscientist at the University of California, Davis.

Previous studies of participants testing BCIs at home showed that the devices had limited efficiency, and more-advanced devices have been tested only in the laboratory. “This is actually helping the patient in day-to-day life,” says Christian Herff, a computational neuroscientist at Maastricht University in the Netherlands. BCIs are “really becoming a medical device instead of a research tool”, he adds.
Remarkable quality

In 2023, Harrell had 256 microelectrodes implanted in his brain’s speech motor cortex. The electrodes were connected to electronic recording devices through titanium pedestals attached to his skull. He began to use the BCI device to decode his speech in the lab with the help of Stavisky and his colleagues. The researchers then trained Harrell and his care partners to operate the BCI system at home. After roughly 40 weeks, he began using the device independently; he is still using it today. The device also has a text-to-speech system that can read completed sentences aloud using a synthesized version of Harrell’s voice from before he was diagnosed.

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https://www.theguardian.com/society/2026/jun/14/other-medications-opioids-alternatives-study

Antidepressants and antipsychotics could serve as alternatives to opioids

Hannah Harris Green

A range of other medications could serve as alternatives to powerful opioids for pain relief in emergency departments, according to a new study.

The review paper examined non-opioid medications available in the emergency department at San Francisco general hospital and examined existing medical literature to figure out which ones might provide pain relief.

Opioids have a strong track record of reducing pain effectively, but loose prescriptions with insufficient care towards their addictive properties led to the first wave of the US opioid crisis, which began in the 90s.

Akash Shanmugam, a medical student at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) and first author on the study, said the goal of the study was to “create a very targeted list for specific pain conditions”, to help add to the “toolboxes” physicians use to treat patients.

The study provides recommendations for the most common types of pain that patients experience in emergency departments; abdominal pain, back pain, chest pain, fracture pain and headache.

Shanmugam and Dr Kathy LeSaint, an associate professor of emergency medicine at UCSF and another of the paper’s authors, agree that opioids still have a place in medicine. “The desire to reduce opioids shouldn’t come at the expense of under-treating pain,” Shanmugam said.

However, alternatives can also have an important role as physicians have become increasingly aware of possible long-term consequences. LeSaint also pointed out that beyond concerns about opioid addiction and overdose, it’s important to have a variety of medications for pain available because what will work best varies from person to person. This variation is often genetic; for example “the enzymes that are responsible for metabolizing opioids can have different strengths in people”, LeSaint explained.

https://www.npr.org/2026/06/16/nx-s1-5859393/ai-science-brain-humans-fruit-fly-danionella

Is a transparent fish the future of brain science? This center is betting on it

Jon Hamilton

One of the world's top centers for brain science is taking a huge gamble on a tiny, transparent fish.

The Howard Hughes Medical Institute's Janelia Research Campus near Washington, D.C., has announced an effort to use artificial intelligence and an unusual fish called Danionella to understand how the brain controls complex behaviors like social interaction.

"It's a big, risky bet," says Gerry Rubin, Janelia's founding executive director and head of biology. "But that's what makes it interesting."

Janelia plans to triple the space dedicated to fish to 6,000 square feet, which will make room for thousands of new tanks. Leaders expect that the number of scientists working on Danionella is likely to rise from about 10 to 100 or more.

The payoff, they say, will be worth it — because by watching an entire fish brain function in real time, researchers at Janelia hope to learn about exactly how the brain drives behavior in other species, including humans.

"We all evolved from fish, and our brains share many features of the brains of fish," says Nelson Spruston, Janelia's executive director.
The brain as a black box

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https://www.nytimes.com/2026/06/15/us/politics/kratom-trump-administration.html

How an Addictive Gas Station Drug Found Allies in Trump’s Cabinet

By Kenneth P. Vogel and Christina Jewett

For years, federal health officials have warned about the risks associated with a supplement derived from the leaves of kratom trees that adherents say can kill pain or boost energy. Sold in gas stations across America, kratom has been linked to liver toxicity, seizures and thousands of deaths.

Powerful figures close to President Trump, including Homeland Security Secretary Markwayne Mullin, pushed to downplay those concerns.

Mr. Mullin, until recently a Republican senator from Oklahoma, played a key role in a sprawling influence campaign spearheaded by the kratom industry that courted Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. and Vice President JD Vance, among others in the Trump administration, an investigation by The New York Times found.

Only when he was nominated by Mr. Trump in March to lead the Homeland Security Department did it become clear that Mr. Mullin had a financial connection to the supplement. In a disclosure statement, he listed an investment worth as much as $1 million in a kratom company, Botanic Tonics, that could benefit from the changes he has sought.

The company’s founder, Jerry W. Ross — who had been an energy executive in Mr. Mullin’s home state before pleading guilty to a financial crime — is a leading player in the influence campaign that was devised to benefit kratom at the expense of its rivals in the marketplace.

The kratom campaign underscores how corporations in the growing wellness industry can gain traction in Mr. Trump’s government by casting risky products as aligned with the administration’s Make America Healthy Again, or MAHA, agenda championed by Mr. Kennedy, who has sometimes prioritized unproven remedies over science.

In July, while still a senator, Mr. Mullin showed up at a Food and Drug Administration news conference and endorsed proposed federal restrictions on more powerful synthetic supplements that compete with kratom for shelf space. In explaining his position, Mr. Mullin pointed to a history of addiction in his family, though health experts say kratom products have also been shown to be addictive.

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