All Blood Test List Pdf
Margit Szermer
The complete blood count (CBC) is test, used to diagnose and monitor numerous diseases. It can reflect problems with fluid volume (such as dehydration) or loss of blood. It can show abnormalities in the production, life span, and destruction of blood cells. It can reflect acute or chronic infection, allergies, and problems with clotting. The CBC test identifies and counts the 7 types of cells found in the blood, red blood cell, neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, and platelet.
Sickle cell anemia is an inherited blood disease in which the red blood cells produce abnormal pigment (hemoglobin). The abnormal hemoglobin causes deformity of the red blood cells into crescent or sickle-shapes, as seen in this photomicrograph.
Spherocytosis is a hereditary disorder of the red blood cells (RBCs), which may be associated with a mild anemia. Typically, the affected RBCs are small, spherically shaped, and lack the light centers seen in normal, round RBCs.
Sickle cell anemia is an inherited disorder in which abnormal hemoglobin (the red pigment inside red blood cells) is produced. The abnormal hemoglobin causes red blood cells to assume a sickle shape, like the ones seen in this photomicrograph.
Basophils are a specific type of white blood cell. These cells are readily stained with basic dyes (this is where the name comes from). Note the dark grains inside the cellular fluid (cytoplasm) of this basophil. Basophils make up only a small portion of the number of white blood cells but are important parts of the body's immune response. They release histamine and other chemicals that act on the blood vessels when the immune response is triggered.
Malaria is a disease caused by parasites. This picture shows dark orange-stained malaria parasites inside red blood cells (a) and outside the cells (b). Note the large cells that look like targets; it is unknown how these target cells are related to this disease.
These crescent or sickle-shaped red blood cells (RBCs) are present with Sickle cell anemia, and stand out clearly against the normal round RBCs. These abnormally shaped cells may become entangled and block blood flow in the small blood vessels (capillaries).
Blood transports oxygen and nutrients to body tissues and returns waste and carbon dioxide. Blood distributes nearly everything that is carried from one area in the body to another place within the body. For example, blood transports hormones from endocrine organs to their target organs and tissues. Blood helps maintain body temperature and normal pH levels in body tissues. The protective functions of blood include clot formation and the prevention of infection.
The examples above are common measurements for results of these tests. Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Some labs use different measurements or test different samples. Talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results.
There is very little risk involved with having your blood taken. Veins and arteries vary in size from one person to another, and from one side of the body to the other. Taking blood from some people may be more difficult than from others.
Vajpayee N, Graham SS, Bem S. Basic examination of blood and bone marrow. In: McPherson RA, Pincus MR, eds. Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. 24th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 31.
Reviewed by: Mark Levin, MD, Hematologist and Oncologist, Monsey, NY. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
A tumor marker is anything present in or produced by cancer cells or other cells of the body in response to cancer or certain benign (noncancerous) conditions that provides information about a cancer, such as how aggressive it is, whether it can be treated with a targeted therapy, or whether it is responding to treatment. See the Tumor Markers page for more information.
Listed below are tumor marker tests that are in common use, mainly to determine treatment or to help make a diagnosis of cancer. This list is not comprehensive; in particular, new tumor markers frequently become available and may not be included.
Some tumor markers listed below are targets for targeted therapy in multiple cancers but serve as tumor markers for only a subset of cancers. For each test, the main cancer types that it is used for are listed. Some markers may be used for other cancer types that are not listed.
Jenneh Rishe is a registered nurse, having worked in many different specialty areas, such as internal medicine, trauma, kidney transplant, oncology, and leukemia/bone marrow transplant. She is the founder of The Endometriosis Coalition, a nonprofit organization focused on spreading awareness and promoting reliable education for endometriosis.
Blood tests can help your doctor determine how different organs in your body are working. Examples of organs whose malfunctions can be visible in a blood test include your heart, thyroid, liver, or kidneys.
Sex is determined by chromosomes, and gender is a social construct that can vary between time periods and cultures. Both of these aspects are acknowledged to exist on a spectrum both historically and by modern scientific consensus.
The Lifeforce Diagnostic is an at-home blood test designed to gather data on 40+ biomarkers that impact your health and longevity, including your metabolic condition, hormone health, and key risk factors for disease. Your diagnostic includes an at-home blood draw from an experienced phlebotomist, a telehealth consultation with a Lifeforce clinician, and a personalized plan that consists of expert insights, lifestyle improvements, nutraceuticals, and hormone and peptide therapies.
Clotting is a crucial process that helps you stop bleeding after a cut or wound. However, a clot in a vein or artery can be deadly since it can block blood flow to your brain, heart, or lungs. This can cause a heart attack or stroke.
In men, DHEA helps develop traits like body hair growth, so low levels are considered abnormal. In females, high levels can cause typically male traits, like excess body hair, to develop, so low levels are normal.
Timing can depend on the specific lab where you get tested and how many tests you get done at once. If you order multiple tests, you may not get the complete results until all of the tests are completed.
The blood can give many clues about heart health. For one, high levels of "bad" cholesterol in the blood can be a sign of higher risk of having a heart attack. And other substances in the blood can point to heart failure or the risk of getting fatty deposits, called plaques, in the arteries. This is called atherosclerosis.
It's important to remember that one blood test alone doesn't decide the risk of heart disease. The highest risk factors for heart disease are smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes.
A cholesterol test, also called a lipid panel or lipid profile, measures the fats in the blood. The results can show the risk of having a heart attack or other heart disease. The test most often measures:
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. This is sometimes called the "bad" cholesterol. Too much LDL cholesterol in the blood causes plaque to build up in the arteries. The buildup cuts blood flow and leads to heart and blood vessel conditions.
This is especially true for people with diabetes or a history of heart attack, a heart stent, heart bypass surgery, or other heart or vascular condition. In people with the highest risk of heart attacks, the LDL level to aim for is below 70 mg/dL (1.8 mmol/L).
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. This is sometimes called the "good" cholesterol because it helps carry away LDL ("bad") cholesterol from the arteries. This keeps the arteries open and blood flowing more freely.
Inflammation plays a major role in the buildup of plaques in the arteries, called atherosclerosis. High-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) tests help show the risk of heart disease before there are symptoms. Higher hs-CRP levels are linked to a higher risk of heart attack, stroke and heart disease.
Many things such as having a cold or going for a long run can cause CRP levels to rise briefly. So the test should be done twice, two weeks apart. An hs-CRP level above 2.0 milligrams per liter (mg/L) shows a higher risk of heart disease.
High levels of Lp(a) may show a higher risk of heart disease. But it's not clear how much risk. Your health care professional might order an Lp(a) test if you have atherosclerosis or heart disease but seem to have healthy cholesterol levels. Or you might have the test if you have a family history of early-onset heart disease, sudden death or stroke.
Three ceramides have been linked to plaque buildup in the arteries and insulin resistance, which can lead to type 2 diabetes. High levels of these ceramides in the blood are a sign of a higher risk of getting heart disease in 1 to 5 years.
Brain natriuretic peptide is a protein the heart and blood vessels make. It's also called B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP). BNP helps the body get rid of fluids, relaxes blood vessels and moves sodium into the urine.
With heart damage, the body puts high levels of BNP into the blood to try to ease the strain on the heart. One important use of BNP is to try to learn whether shortness of breath is due to heart failure.
Troponin T is a protein found in heart muscle. A high-sensitivity troponin T test helps health care professionals diagnose a heart attack. The test also shows the risk of heart disease. An increased level of troponin T has been linked with a higher risk of heart disease in people who have no symptoms.
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