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A few
relevant Mantras/Hymns/Riks in regard to marriage in the Vedas are
mentioned below:
Rig-Veda
says, "Wife is verily a home" (1-66-5, 1-77-3 and 3-54-4). After
marriage the girl can attend and address Vidhata (Assembly
regarding religious and spiritual matters) and Sabha
(Assembly regarding social, economics and political matters) and should
conduct as per Rta (cosmic Laws of necessity) and Dharma
(Rig Veda 10-85-26 to 42 and 47.
Atharav Veda.
14-1-20 , 22. 14-2-64 , 71). She is the mistress and ruler of the
house. Virtuous, noble, educated wife of an unimpeachable character and
conducts devoted to her husband with body mind and soul enjoy the
highest bliss. Atharva Veda 14-1-20 enjoins the wife to go to husband's
place and become the mistress of the house.
However, for
those who do not have faith in the permanent truths and cosmic laws of
necessity (Rta) of the Vedas and prefer to follow non divine vocations
by resorting to bribery, magic, miracles, adulteration of food, the
Vedic metaphysics is silent about the marriage institution for them.
Out of six
kinds of marriages mentioned in Rig Veda like Brhama Vivah, Gandharva
Vivah, Asura Marriages based on use of force and any kind of pressure
are not advised in Rig Veda. Bigamy, polygamy and polyandry is not
advised to Arayans (noble persons).
Rig-Veda 6-64-6 says, at the time of marriage the woman should
preferably choose a man who likes her most and is delighted to see her.
Parents should give freedom to the young girl to choose her life partner
through the institution of Svayamvara, which literally means
self choosing of a husband (R.V 5-47-6 and 1-71-8).
The
path-finders found highly ethical and divine principles in regard to
the institution of marriage. God is present when sex is resorted to for
the purposes of procreation only in socially recognised marriages. A
number of socially recognised marriages have been mentioned. Love
marriage is considered superior to arranged marriage. Parents should
encourage those young men and women who love each other and want to get
married. This kind of Marriage is Brahma Vivah (marriage blessed by
God).
There
is no mention anywhere that marriages should be within the same Varna
. More emphasis is on the same level of intelligence, ability and the
proficiency in Vedic education. Both degree holders should preferably
marry each other but their children could be assigned different Varna
based on merit, aptitude and capacity. There is no mention of 4 Varnas
(Brahamin, Kshatriya, Vaisha and Shudra) by birth in the Vedas.
Marriages arranged by parents are also
contemplated. However, the institution of svayamvara where the
bridegroom has to fulfill certain conditions of expertise, strength,
power, knowledge etc., is to be fulfilled as prescribed by the parents
of the bride, before finally getting married. This clearly shows the
great importance Vedic rsis and munnies
gave to women. No dowry system is mentioned anywhere. Vedas
leave no doubt those male female relationships are more on the principle
of co-equal relationship of the cosmos i.e. between Purusha (the
Supreme Reality) and Prakrti (Supreme Mother) and thus provide divinity
and sanctity to the institution of marriage.