Heroic Age Sub Indo

[Sherry Galeazzi]

NationalHero of Indonesia (Indonesian: Pahlawan Nasional Indonesia) is the highest-level title awarded in Indonesia.[1] It is posthumously given by the Government of Indonesia for actions which are deemed to be heroic, defined as "actual deeds which can be remembered and exemplified for all time by other citizens"[a] or "extraordinary service furthering the interests of the state and people".[b][2] The Ministry of Social Affairs gives seven criteria which an individual must fulfill, as follows:[2]

Nominations undergo a four-step process and must be approved at each level. A proposal is made by the general populace in a city or regency to the mayor or regent, who must then make a request to the province's governor. The governor then makes a recommendation to the Ministry of Social Affairs, which forwards it to the president, represented by the Board of Titles (Dewan Gelar);[2] this board consists of two academics, two persons of a military background, and three persons who have previously received an award or title.[1] Those selected by the president, as represented by the Board, are awarded the title at a ceremony in the Indonesian capital of Jakarta.[2] Since 2000, the ceremony has occurred in early November, coinciding with Indonesia's Heroes' Day (Hari Pahlawan).[3]

The legal framework for the title, initially styled National Independence Hero (Pahlawan Kemerdekaan Nasional), was established with the release of Presidential Decree No. 241 of 1958. The title was first awarded on 30 August 1959 to the politician turned writer Abdul Muis, who had died the previous month.[4][5][6] This title was used for the rest of Sukarno's rule. When Suharto rose to power in the mid-1960s, the title was given its current name. Special titles at the level of National Hero have also been awarded. Hero of the Revolution (Pahlawan Revolusi) was given in 1965 to ten victims of the 30 September Movement that resulted in end of Sukarno reign, while Sukarno and former vice-president Mohammad Hatta were given the title Proclamation Heroes (Pahlawan Proklamasi) in 1988 for their role in reading the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence.[3][4][6]

A total of 190 men and 16 women have been deemed national heroes, most recently Abdul Chalim, Ahmad Hanafiah, Bataha Santiago, Ida Dewa Agung Jambe, Mohammad Tabrani, and Ratu Kalinyamat in 2023.[7] These heroes have come from all parts of the Indonesian archipelago, from Aceh in the west to Papua in the east. They represent numerous ethnicities, including native Indonesians, ethnic Chinese, Arabs and Eurasians. They include prime ministers, guerrillas, government ministers, soldiers, royalty, journalists, and a bishop.

The following list is initially presented in alphabetical order; owing to differing cultural naming conventions, not all entries are sorted by last name. The list is further sortable by year of birth, death, and recognition. Names are standardised using the Indonesian Spelling System and thus may not reflect the original spelling.[e]

Veterans of Mahar Regiment located in Pune organised a grand ceremony on Saturday to honour the gallant and heroic action of nine Mahar displayed during Indo-Pakistan War 1965. It was on this day when Lt Col DN Singh (Later Brigadier), the then Commanding Officer of Nine Mahar Regiment , successfully defended the treacherous feature of Troti in Akhnoor Sector, Jammu & Kashmir under operation Riddle.

The 9th Battalion the Mahar Regiment was raised on October 1, 1962 at Saugor as MMG Battalion. One year after raising, the battalion was converted into an Infantry Battalion. This conversion involved changes in weapons, equipment, training, organisation and basic functioning of the Battalion.

In June 1965, Nine Mahar within just three years of raising was deployed in Samba Sector of Jammu & Kashmir. With Commencement of hostilities, the battalion was moved overnight under 41 Mountain Brigade at Jaurian, Akhnoor and was ordered to guard the Troti feature dominating the main Chhamb-Jaurian road. On reaching Troti on mid night of September 1-2, 1965, the battalion barely got four hours to prepare its defences when it faced heavy air attacks from enemy the next morning. On September 3, 1965, starting from 0700 hours, Pakistan used all its might to capture Troti including bombardment by Air, Artillery and later in the night attacking the valiant NINE MAHAR troops with overwhelming numbers of Infantry supported by a Regiment of Patton tanks.

When She had said this Athena went away, and the son of Tydeus again took his place among the foremost fighters, three times more fierce even than he had been before. He was like a lion that some mountain shepherd has wounded, but not killed, as he is springing over the wall of a sheep-yard to attack the sheep.

Then Pallas Athene grasped the lash and the reins, and against Ares first She speedily drave the single-hooved horses. He was stripping of his armour huge Periphas that was far the best of the Aetolians, the glorious son of Ochesius. Him was blood-stained Ares stripping; but Athene put on the cap of Hades, to the end that mighty Ares should not see Her.

Now when Ares, the bane of mortals, was ware of goodly Diomedes, He let be huge Periphas to lie where he was, even where at the first He had slain him and taken away his life but made straight for Diomedes, tamer of horses.

Next Diomedes, good at the war-cry, drave at Ares with his spear of bronze, and Pallas Athene sped it mightily against His nethermost belly, where He was girded with His taslets. There did he thrust and smite him, rending the fair flesh, and forth he drew the spear again.

She darted down from heaven into the air like some falcon sailing on his broad wings and screaming. Meanwhile the Achaeans were arming throughout the host, and when Athena had dropped nectar and ambrosia into Achilles so that no cruel hunger should cause his limbs to fail him, She went back to the house of her mighty father.

Thick as the chill snow-flakes shed from the hand of Zeus and borne on the keen blasts of the north wind, even so thick did the gleaming helmets, the bossed shields, the strongly plated breastplates, and the ashen spears stream from the ships. The sheen pierced the sky, the whole land was radiant with their flashing armor, and the sound of the tramp of their treading rose from under their feet.

In the midst of them all Achilles put on his armor; he gnashed his teeth, his eyes gleamed like fire, for his grief [akhos] was greater than he could bear. Thus, then, full of fury against the Trojans, did he don the gift of the god, the armor that Hephaistos had made him.

First he put on the goodly greaves fitted with ankle-clasps, and next he did on the breastplate about his chest. He slung the silver-studded sword of bronze about his shoulders, and then took up the shield so great and strong that shone afar with a splendor as of the moon.

1 I move before Thee here present in person, and all the Deities follow behind Me.

When, Indra, Thou securest Me My portion, with Me Thou shalt perform heroic actions.

2 The food of meath in foremost place I give Thee, Thy Soma shall be pressed, Thy share appointed.

Thou on my right shalt be My Friend and Comrade: then shall We Two smite dead full many a foeman.

In contrast to the state-centric discourse surrounding pahlawan, the word korban is more frequently associated with the rhetoric of civil society organisations. Notably, the word korban is frequently invoked by NGOs such as the Commission for the Disappeared and Victims of Violence (KontraS) in instances where the state itself is regarded as a perpetrator. It is also significant that the Indonesian words korban (victim) and kurban (sacrifice) are both derived from the same Arabic word qurbān, which refers to the sacrifices offered to Allah as part of the observance of Eid al-Adha. The conflating of victimhood and sacrifice evident here is reflected in Indonesia through the commemoration of individuals like the murdered human rights activist Munir as heroic victims. By advancing an understanding of heroism as self-sacrifice and resistance to the state, the promotion of heroic victims within Indonesian civil society offers a rival interpretation of heroism to that conveyed by the state through the officially recognised national heroes.

The promotion of heroic victims such as Munir as a counter to the national heroes of the state is, of course, only one part of a broader parallel framework for recognising heroism led by elements of Indonesian civil society. Another such example can be found in the bestowing of the Yap Thiam Hien Award to the Indonesian individual or organisation considered to have made the greatest contribution to the advancement of human rights in Indonesia (Yayasan Yap Thiam Hien, 2016). Challenging the statist ideology that underpins the selection of national heroes based on whether the candidate served the interests of the nation and the state to an extraordinary degree, the bestowing of the Yap Thiam Hien award connects heroism with the more universal concept of human rights.

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