Pusta Wall

[Bartley Trowbridge]

Thereconstruction of the mural scenes from thousands of plaster fragments is the subject of this project. Only about 5-20 % of the former wall programme has been preserved. With the aid of the corpus of Minoan and Mycenaean art, including small-scale art and glyptic, the frescoes are being reconstructed.

The wall paintings date to the first half of the reign of Thutmose III. Their unexpected occurrence in Egypt is seen as an expression of a trend in the eastern Mediterranean area to incorporate Minoan themes of rulership as symbolic images for the decoration of palaces. Minoan wall paintings, and imitations of Minoan wall paintings, were found in palaces at Alalakh, Qatna, and Kabri and now in northern Egypt in the most important port city in Egypt. The decoration of the palace complexes of Peru-nefer is accompanied by the appearance of representations of Cretan delegations with prestige goods in elite tombs of the necropolis of the residence in Thebes. At the same time, the influence of Minoan art can be noticed both in terms of the ornaments and in the style of the Theban grave paintings, for instance in the composition and the movement of animals, such as natural trot and flying gallop.

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NEW DELHI: A 30-year-old woman died in Subzi Mandi of a wall collapse while an auto-rickshaw driver died in Rohini after a tree fell on his vehicle following heavy rain in the national capital on Sunday, police said. Five other people were injured in separate incidents, police said, all caused by the record-breaking downpour the city saw during the day.

On Sunday, several areas of the city were flooded and the DFS control room received 13 calls reporting house-collapse incidents, officials said. In Rohini, a large portion of a road caved in in Sector-24.Delhi recorded 153 mm of rain in a 24-hour period ending at 8.30 am on Sunday, the highest in a single day in July since 1982, IMD said. An interaction between Western Disturbance and monsoon winds is leading to an intense rainfall spell over northwest India, including Delhi.

The Himalayan region experiences heavy rains during the monsoon months (July to September). A site lacking appropriate retaining walls and adequate drainage can suffer major damage. Massive loss of ground area by erosion due to flowing water can result in damage to the terrain and soil degradation.

Retaining walls (also locally known as pushta / pusta / puste) can play an important role in preventing soil erosion. Retaining walls can be of many types: concrete retaining wall, gabion wall, cantilever retaining wall, stone retaining wall.

A proactive approach to retaining wall design to achieve land stabilisation and prevent soil erosion can keep costs really low through the use of stone retaining wall. If not done at the appropriate time, costs escalate multi-fold needing concrete retaining wall, gabion wall, cantilever retaining wall, sheet pile retaining wall designs.

This project provides a context in terms of the excavation results from ukurii Hyk. The detailed description of one sequence of vertically superimposed houses (complexes 6 and 12) will be compared with similar stratigraphic profiles in the Northern Levant, Central and Western Anatolia, and Greece.

Excavations at ukurii Hyk near Ephesus have shed new light on the spread of domestic architecture from the Northern Levant to the Aegean Basin. The secular repetition of construction and land-use activities in Trench N6, marked out by the deliberate insertion of a building (complex 6) within the standing walls of an older building, after it fell into disuse (complex 12), has attracted comparison with the late aceramic practice of vertically superimposing houses on the Central Anatolian Plateau and in the Northern Levant. In the most remarkable cases, at Aşıklı and atalhyk East for instance, up to seven generations of mud-built houses were constructed one upon another, thus preserving a standard orientation and layout over hundreds of years. Although this pattern of construction is known from, e.g. Ilıpınar in the Eastern Marmara region, it has never been formally identified in Southwest Anatolia, wherein sites like Hacılar and Ulucak appear to have been characterised by more horizontalisation and imbrication of successive building strata. This observation is at odds with contemporary trends in construction practices in mainland Greece and Crete (e.g. Sesklo, Knossos), which show a marked preference for locational stability and re-use of the same parcels of land over prolonged periods of time. Discrepancy between Neolithic communities on both sides of the Aegean Sea has traditionally attracted speculation that the first European farmers had arrived by sea from the Levant and bypassed much of continental Anatolia.

This project will provide a context in terms of where new results at ukurii Hyk sit relative to the wider picture, through detailed description of one sequence of vertically superimposed houses (complexes 6 and 12) and systematic cross-comparison with similar stratigraphic profiles in the Northern Levant, Central and Western Anatolia, and Greece.

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