Regarding three phase flows with phase change

[Shyam Sunder Yadav]

Dear All

I am trying to investigate solidification of a liquid around a gas bubble. Please go through the attached movie.

The bubble rises in a liquid, it stops at a cold wall where solidification of liquid occurs.

I am using the Allen Cahn equation based ternary phase field method for this work.

The problem I am facing is that the solid phase keeps on deforming in-spite of the velocities put to zero in the solid phase.

I have tried the Brinkman panelization approach, I also have directly  put the cell centered  velocities to zero but nothing seems to change the situation.

If someone has experience with the Phase field method please help me here.

People working with solidification are requested to comment.

Thank you.

Regards   

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Dr. Shyam Sunder Yadav
Associate Professor
Mechanical Engineering
BITS Pilani
09902346342
http://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/pilani/ssyadav/Profile

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[Yannick Peng]

Dear Shyam Sunder,

Thank you for sharing your problem. I have encountered a similar issue in my work with a two-phase ice-water system using the phase-field method.

I have tried both the penalty function approach and the direct force method. While these methods do not completely enforce zero velocity within the solid phase, they can significantly reduce the velocity magnitude relative to the external flow. However, achieving convergence within the solid phase often requires smaller time steps, which can be computationally demanding.

In my experience, the penalty function method, inspired by Favier et al. (2019) [https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.773], seems to be more effective. This approach involves adding a penalty term to the Navier-Stokes equations to enforce near-zero velocity within the solid region. The direct force method involves setting the velocity field within the solid phase to zero (e.g., uf = 0) during the event projection step (i++, last) in the Navier-Stokes solver (centered.h). Both methods have shown some effectiveness, but the penalty function approach seems to be more robust and easier to implement.

If you have any other experience or suggestions, I would be very interested to hear them. I am also eager to learn more effective approaches.

Best regards,
Yannick Peng

[Shyam Sunder Yadav]

Dear Yannick

Thank you very much for the response. Let me explore the suggestions and I will get back to you.

Regards

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Dr. Shyam Sunder Yadav
Associate Professor
Mechanical Engineering
BITS Pilani
09902346342
http://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/pilani/ssyadav/Profile

[Shyam Sunder Yadav]

Dear All

I am able to simulate the solidification around a gas bubble and solidification of a drop under air with a combination of three-phase flow approach (based on three-phase.h) and phase change algorithms by Edoardo Cipriano.

I am not able to attach the simulation movies (I think because of size restrictions).

I want to heartily thank Edoardo for his phase change codes without which this work would not have been possible!

Long live Edoardo Cipriano! 

I will present the work in the November 25 BMM if given a chance.

Regards   

[Edoardo Cipriano]

Hi Shyam,

Thanks a lot! 😃

I am glad you made it and I look forward to your presentation.

Best,

Edoardo