Julius Caesar Story In Tamil Pdf
Renzo Hayami
The worst traitor was another man: Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus. Decimus was a distant cousin of Marcus Brutus. Because Shakespeare all but leaves him out of the story, Decimus is the forgotten assassin. In fact, he was essential.
Yet, the early history of cesarean section remains shrouded in myth and is of dubious accuracy. Even the origin of "cesarean" has apparently been distorted over time. It is commonly believed to be derived from the surgical birth of Julius Caesar, however this seems unlikely since his mother Aurelia is reputed to have lived to hear of her son's invasion of Britain. At that time the procedure was performed only when the mother was dead or dying, as an attempt to save the child for a state wishing to increase its population. Roman law under Caesar decreed that all women who were so fated by childbirth must be cut open; hence, cesarean. Other possible Latin origins include the verb "caedare," meaning to cut, and the term "caesones" that was applied to infants born by postmortem operations. Ultimately, though, we cannot be sure of where or when the term cesarean was derived. Until the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the procedure was known as cesarean operation. This began to change following the publication in 1598 of Jacques Guillimeau's book on midwifery in which he introduced the term "section." Increasingly thereafter "section" replaced "operation."
There were, though, sporadic early reports of heroic efforts to save women's lives. While the Middle Ages have been largely viewed as a period of stagnation in science and medicine, some of the stories of cesarean section actually helped to develop and sustain hopes that the operation could ultimately be accomplished. Perhaps the first written record we have of a mother and baby surviving a cesarean section comes from Switzerland in 1500 when a sow gelder, Jacob Nufer, performed the operation on his wife. After several days in labor and help from thirteen midwives, the woman was unable to deliver her baby. Her desperate husband eventually gained permission from the local authorities to attempt a cesarean. The mother lived and subsequently gave birth normally to five children, including twins. The cesarean baby lived to be 77 years old. Since this story was not recorded until 82 years later historians question its accuracy. Similar skepticism might be applied to other early reports of abdominal delivery þ those performed by women on themselves and births resulting from attacks by horned livestock, during which the peritoneal cavity was ripped open.
The history of cesarean section can be understood best in the broader context of the history of childbirth and general medicine þ histories that also have been characterized by dramatic changes. Many of the earliest successful cesarean sections took place in remote rural areas lacking in medical staff and facilities. In the absence of strong medical communities, operations could be carried out without professional consultation. This meant that cesareans could be undertaken at an earlier stage in failing labor when the mother was not near death and the fetus was less distressed. Under these circumstances the chances of one or both surviving were greater. These operations were performed on kitchen tables and beds, without access to hospital facilities, and this was probably an advantage until the late nineteenth century. Surgery in hospitals was bedeviled by infections passed between patients, often by the unclean hands of medical attendants. These factors may help to explain such successes as Jacob Nufer's.
The story picks up with Caesar returning fresh from his success on the battlefield. His dictatorship causes concern from senators, including Cassius and Brutus, and they realize that his undemocratic power grab must be stopped. The country soon plunges into war and chaos.
Before we go any further, let's pause for a brief Roman history lesson. Pompey (a.k.a. "Pompey the Great") was a member of the "first triumvirate," and he and Caesar used to share power over Rome. Then Caesar and Pompey got into a big fight. Pompey lost. When he tried to run away to Egypt in 48 B.C., he was assassinated. But Caesar still had a problem: Pompey's sons were determined to avenge their father's death and overthrow Caesar. So Caesar tracked down Pompey's sons in Spain and stomped them out at the Battle of Munda in 45 B.C. Now back to the play.
According to the 1st century C.E. Roman historian Suetonius, Julius Caesar spoke mainly Greek and not Latin, as was the case with most patricians at the time. In his history about the life of Julius Caesar, Suetonius writes that as the assassins plunged their daggers into the dictator, Caesar saw Brutus and spoke the Greek phrase kai su, teknon, meaning "you too, my child."
Most historians, both ancient and modern, have viewed the Late Republic of Rome through the eyes of its rich nobility. In The Assassination of Julius Caesar, Michael Parenti presents us with a story of popular resistance against entrenched power and wealth. As he carefully weighs the evidence concerning the murder of Caesar, Parenti sketches in the background to the crime with fascinating detail about wider Roman society. In these pages we find reflections on the democratic struggle waged by Roman commoners, religious augury as an instrument of social control, the patriarchal oppression of women, and the political use of homophobic attacks. The Assassination of Julius Caesar offers a whole new perspective on an era we thought we knew well.
Director Danielle Roos, currently in her final year as an MFA student, directs William Shakespeare's "Julius Caesar," one of the most enduring political assassination stories in history. Roos says that "this story reflects things that we've been seeing since the beginning of history," and that for her, "the most important aspect of this play and something that I keep returning to is that one generation in this story makes decisions that the next generation has to pay for."
Roos is excited to tell this story with a diverse cast from various races, ethnicities and gender identities who bring new voices to these classic roles. She encourages those who don't think of themselves as a "Shakespeare person" to give this one a chance, since it "feels more like a courtroom drama for the first half of the show and the second half is this epic civil war."
When this American musical transferred the Romeo and Juliet story to teen gangs on the West Side of Manhattan in 1957, I was in fact a teenager who lived on the West Side of Manhattan. At first I was blown over by the fact that my (then) obscure neighborhood had been singled out for such attention on the Broadway stage. But then I got to thinking.
When he was in Spain, Caesar took time to read what he could about the history of Alexander the Great. Caesar wept as he did so. When Caesar "was at leisure and was reading from the history of Alexander, he was lost in thought for a long time, and then burst into tears," Plutarch wrote. When Caesar's friends asked why, Caesar replied: "While Alexander, at my age, was already king of so many peoples, I have as yet achieved no brilliant success?" Plutarch wrote.
The new calendar "was a far more significant outcome of his visit to Egypt than any dalliance with Cleopatra," wrote Mary Beard, a professor of classics at the University of Cambridge, in her book "SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome" (Profile Books, 2015).
58 BCE: Caesar leftRome for Gaul; he would not return for 9 years, in the course of which he wouldconquer most of what is now central Europe, opening up these lands toMediterranean civilizationa decisive act in world history. However, muchof the conquest was an act of aggression prompted by personal ambition (notunlike the conquests of Alexander the Great). Fighting in the summers, he wouldreturn to Cisalpine Gaul (northern Italy) in the winters and manipulate Romanpolitics through his supporters (see thismap of Caesar's Galliccampaigns).
51 BCE: Theconquest of Gaul effectively completed, Caesar set up an efficient provincialadministration to govern the vast territories; he published his history TheGallic Wars. The Optimates in Rome attempted to cut short Caesar's term asgovernor of Gaul and made it clear that he would be immediately prosecuted ifhe returned to Rome as a private citizen (Caesar wanted to run for theconsulship in absentia so that he could not be prosecuted). Pompey andCaesar were maneuvered into a public split; neither could yield to the otherwithout a loss of honor, dignity, and power.
In a history written in 1858 John Brownlow, the Secretary of the Hospital and himself a foundling, gave an account of this remarkable practice. In the early days names were taken from those who had in some way supported the establishment, but as time went on they were drawn from deeper wells. Ridley and Latimer, Chaucer and Shakespeare, Drake and Cromwell and many, many other great figures of the past, and indeed of the present, gave dignity and self-esteem to these abandoned creatures. A boy might be a Tom Jones or a Baltic Nelson, a girl a Jane Hogarth or an Emma Hamilton.
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