Rocs Minerals
Catherine Rubeo
Is a source of bioavailable compounds of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium, which strengthen the enamel.
The unique gel** is a source of easy-to-absorb compounds of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. Thanks to the special components, a thin invisible film formed by the gel remains on the teeth for a lengthy perios of time, which ensures a steady penetration of the active ingredients into the dental tissues.
Safe to swallow and can be used by persons of all ages. The gel is highly effective at preventing caries**, is used to eliminate aesthetic defects caused by fluorosis, erosion and wedge-shaped defects. Alleviates dental hypersensitivity quickly and for a long period of time**. Gives the teeth a notable shine and brightens the enamel** by 4.8 tones on average without using peroxides and other aggressive whitening methods. The effect is obtained due to the enamel being saturated with minerals. Can be recommended to people undergoing radiation and chemotherapy.
- Intended for caries prevention*
- Effective at treating caries in the chalky spot stage*
- Significantly improves the outward appearance of teeth affected by fluorosis*
- Alleviates dental hypersensitivity*
- Restores the appearance of teeth after brace treatment*
- Brightens the teeth (by 4.8 tones on average)*
- Restores the teeth's shine
- Normalizes the oral microflora makeup
Does not contain fluoride and therefore:
- Safe when swallowed
- Suitable for babies who are being breatsfed
- Indispensable when treating caries in areas where fluorine content in the water is above the norm
- Necessary for people who should avoid using products with fluoride (for example, people suffering from thyroid disorders, osteoporosis, kidney deficiency and kidney stone disease, imbalances in mineral metabolism, etc.)
*The effectiveness of the gel was confirmed during trials.
** The uniqueness of the formula is confirmed by various patents and patent applications.
Calcium, phosphorus and magnesium - source of structural elements for the enamel, strengthening it.
Xylitol increases the remineralizing potential of the complex, suppresses the activity of cariogenic and pathogenic bacteria.
Thoroughly clean your teeth with a toothbrush and either a R.O.C.S. Adult or a R.O.C.S. Kids toothpaste without fluoride prior to applying the gel.
Apply the gel onto the toothbrush and distribute evenly over the dentitions. Do not rinse the mouth and refrain from food or drink for the next 40-50 minutes. It is recommended to apply the gel twice a day: after breakfast and before bed.
Prolonged regular use is permissible.
Active ions are formed from calcium glycerophosphate by saliva and penetrate into the dental tissues with ease.
Bioavailable compounds of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium strengthen the enamel. A thin invisible layer of the gel remains of the teeth for a long time, ensuring the steady and eventual permeation of active ingredients into the dental tissues.
Xylitol increases the remineralizing potential of the complex, as well as suppresses the activity of bacteria that cause caries and gum disease.
We had previously demonstrated the feasibility of preparing a centimeter-sized bone tissue construct by following a modular approach. In the present study, the objectives were to evaluate osteogenesis and tissue formation of human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells-laden CultiSpher S microcarriers during in vitro perfusion culture and after subcutaneous implantation. Microtissues were prepared in dynamic culture using spinner flasks in 28 days. In comparison with 1-week perfusion culture, microtissues became more obviously fused, demonstrating significantly higher cellularity, metabolic activity, ALP activity and calcium content while maintaining cell viability after 2-week perfusion. After subcutaneous implantation in nude mice for 6 and 12 weeks, all explants showed tight contexture, suggesting profound tissue remodeling in vivo. In addition, 12-week implantation resulted in slightly better tissue properties. However, in vitro perfusion culture time exerted great influence on the properties of corresponding explants. Degradation of microcarriers was more pronounced in the explants of 2-week perfused macrotissues compared to those of 1-week perfusion and directly implanted microtissues. Moreover, more blood vessel infiltration and bone matrix deposition with homogeneous spatial distribution were found in the explants of 2-week perfused macrotissues. Taken together, in vitro perfusion culture time is critical in engineering bone tissue replacements using such a modular approach, which holds great promise for bone regeneration.
Copyright: 2014 Chen et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Different routes have been exploited to address this issue. One is to cultivate constructs in dynamic fluid flow in bioreactors to promote mass transport. Beneficial effects of perfusion on cell survival, proliferation and tissue formation have been reported [6], [7]. Nevertheless, dynamic culture in bioreactors does not change the mechanism of mass transport inside constructs with high cellularity, which is essentially passive diffusion [8], [9]. Another potential strategy is to build in a functional vascular network in in vitro engineered tissues, which is expected to quickly establish anastomosis with hosts once implanted [10].
In an endeavor to fabricate large sized tissue replacements, we applied the modular approach to engineer a centimeter-sized bone tissue assembled from human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs)-laden microcarriers in perfusion culture in a previous report [21]. Cells were dynamically seeded onto CultiSpher S microcarriers in spinner flasks and allowed to proliferate and differentiate. In a perfusion culture system, these modular bone-like tissues were successfully assembled into a cylindrical construct with a dimension of 2 cm1 cm (diameterheight) within 7 days. In this process, perfusion culture is expected to provide intensified mass transport during assembling initially and exert mechanical stimulation on cells [6], [22]. However, we previously found that culture of human fibroblasts (HFs)-laden Cytopore-2 microcarriers in a perfusion chamber for 15 days led to significant cell death in a cylindrical macrotissue (lengthdiameter: 1.5 cm2.0 cm), suggesting that an optimal in vitro culture time should be considered in order to ensure good quality of tissues [23]. Hence, the objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of in vitro perfusion culture time on the properties of tissue constructs assembled from hAMSCs-laden CultiSpher S microcarriers. In addition, whether the in vitro perfusion culture time would affect the in vivo maturation of these macrotissues was also tested. So far, no studies have concerned the in vivo performance of macrotissues fabricated via a modular approach. Specifically, in the present study, perfusion culture of microtissues for assembling was performed for 1 or 2 weeks and the assembled macrotissues were then implanted in nude mice subcutaneously for 6 or 12 weeks as schematically illustrated in Fig. 1A.
(A) The time table of the experimental process was described. hAMSCs were dynamically seeded onto CultiSpher S microcarriers within 8 h, cultured in growth medium for 8 d and osteogenically differentiated for 20 d in spinner flask. Then, cell-laden microcarriers were loaded into perfusion chamber for assembling into macrotissue for 1 or 2 weeks, followed by implantation into nude mice for 6 or 12 weeks. (B) The assembled macrotissues were sampled from different regions for assays.
Human term placentae were acquired from healthy women with written consent and the protocol of this study had been approved by the ethics committee at East China University of Science and Technology. All animal experiments were performed at Shanghai Laboratory Animal Center and the protocol was approved by the institutional animal care and use committee of Shanghai Laboratory Animal Center. All surgery was performed under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia and all efforts were made to minimize suffering.
The setup of perfusion culture system was illustrated in Fig. S1. It was composed of three functional parts: cylindrical perfusion chamber (2 cm in diameter), peristaltic pump (Masterflex L/S, Cole Parmer, USA) and medium reservoir. For perfusion culture, 120 mL of microtissue suspension directly taken from spinner flasks was loaded into each perfusion chamber and microtissues were let settled freely. Osteogenic medium was continuously perfused at 1 mL/min for 1 or 2 weeks and refreshed every 2 days.
Samples were rinsed with PBS and fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde overnight at 4C. Following PBS wash, samples were treated with 1% osmium tetroxide and 1% tannic acid at 4C. After dehydration in a graded series of ethanol solutions, samples were dried in a critical point drier and sputtered with gold. SEM images were acquired on a SEM (S-3400N, Hitachi) in conjunction with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX, Apollo X, EDAX Inc.) at an accelerating voltage of 15 kV. For microtissues, the elemental composition was analyzed with EDX mode.
BCIP/NBT alkaline phosphatase color development kit (Beyotime, China) was used to stain samples according to manufacturer's instruction. ALP activity was quantified using alkaline phosphatase assay kit (Nanjing Jiancheng Biological Engineering Research Institute, China) according to the manufacturer's instruction. Samples were rinsed with PBS and treated with 0.2% Triton X-100. The supernatants of cell lysates were incubated at 37C for 15 min with 10 mM p-nitrophenylphosphate in 0.35 M 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (pH 10.4) containing 2 mM Mg2+. NaOH solution (0.2 M) was added to stop the reaction. Absorbance at 520 nm was measured on the UV/Visible spectrophotometer. A standard curve was established using a series of phenol solutions. One unit of ALP activity was defined as the production of 1 nmol phenol in 15 min and values were expressed as unit/mg dry weight of respective sample.