Due to its importance to life, blood is associated with a large number of beliefs. One of the most basic is the use of blood as a symbol for family relationships through birth/parentage; to be "related by blood" is to be related by ancestry or descendence, rather than marriage. This bears closely to bloodlines, and sayings such as "blood is thicker than water" and "bad blood", as well as "Blood brother".
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Blood is thicker than water is a proverb in English meaning that familial bonds will always be stronger than other relationships. The oldest record of this saying can be traced back to the 12th century in German.[1]
In eighteenth- and nineteenth-century uses of the proverb, "blood" could be a metaphor for national or clan affiliations rather than biological kinship. For instance, in Clan-Albin, the characters are debating whether the small and soft Flora has pure enough clan ties to marry into the Craig-gillian family, who prefer "Amazonian daughters."[13] The notion of a "national" affiliation could also be interpreted quite broadly as in the Tattnall example above, in which an American commodore came to the aid of the British Navy. A nineteenth-century British contributor to Notes and Queries determined that Americans were still bound to Britain by "education and descent": "The thrill of grief and indignation with which the news of President Garfield's assassination was received in England, and the sympathy which his long agony called forth, could have been awakened by no alien. 'Blood is thicker than water,' and the frequently heard remark, 'He is not a foreigner, he is an American,' shows that this is generally acknowledged."[14]
More recently, Aldous Huxley's Ninth Philosopher's Song (1920) approached the proverb differently, stating, "Blood, as all men know, than water's thicker / But water's wider, thank the Lord, than blood."[16]
Two modern commentators, author Albert Jack[17] and Messianic Rabbi Richard Pustelniak,[18] claim that the original meaning of the expression was that the ties between people who have made a blood covenant (or have shed blood together in battle) were stronger than ties formed by "the water of the womb", thus "The blood of the covenant is thicker than the water of the womb". Neither of the authors cite any sources to support their claim.[17][18]
The blood of some species of ascidians and tunicates, also known as sea squirts, contains proteins called vanadins. These proteins are based on vanadium, and give the creatures a concentration of vanadium in their bodies 100 times higher than the surrounding seawater. Unlike hemocyanin and hemoglobin, hemovanadin is not an oxygen carrier. When exposed to oxygen, however, vanadins turn a mustard yellow.
Name is everything in Japan. Blood is really thicker than water here, but blood lines only extend so far. Have you ever wondered how some of the most established names in Japan can/could continue for so long (in some instances hundreds of years)?
I know the old saying, but sometimes blood is definitely not thicker than water. I've learned that this old saying is not always true. Family isn't just a person that shares blood or a last name. Family is people that come into your life and stay. Family is people that take time out of their days to be there for you when you need them. Family is people that care for you and love you unconditionally. I am so blessed and grateful that you walked into my life.
Blood is thicker than water. Friends are for life, but family is forever. When magic affinity is passed down through bloodlines, those who inherit the power of their mother and father might still have to contend with the overwhelming power that still rests within that very same mother and that very same father, and perhaps even further back into the bloodline. Sorcerers that intermarry and produce off-spring even more powerful than their ancestors must stick together against the tide of misunderstanding and hatred that could follow them throughout the known world.
Introduction
Causes of dark colour
Can dark colour beavoided?
Does colour matter?
IntroductionPeople are accustomed to foods having their own characteristiccolours, and sometimes find an unconventional colour unattractive or evenrepulsive; roast meat is brown, eggs are yellow and salmon is pink. The flesh ofwhite fish such as cod and haddock is expected to be white, and even when it isonly slightly darkened or coloured it may be rejected.Processors know that fillets of white fish can sometimes bedark coloured and therefore less suitable for use in certain products. This noteexplains some of the causes of dark flesh, tells the catcher and processor whatto look out for, and points out that where dark colour is unavoidable, there isnevertheless the possibility of changing consumer attitudes provided quality isconsistently good. Causes of dark colour Intrinsic dark colour The entire flesh of some species of white fish isintrinsically darker than others; saithe in particular is noticeably darkerthan cod or haddock, and some farmed flatfish have slightly darker coloration ofthe flesh than their counterparts in the wild state. Some kinds of debonedmaterial recovered from fresh white fish in the form of a mince also are dark incolour.SpoilageWhen newly caught white fish are gutted and stowed in ice theyremain good to eat for several days, but eventually they acquire an undesirabletaste and smell, and in advanced spoilage a red colour develops in the fleshalong the backbone. This form of discoloration is not discussed further in thisnote, since it is a well known feature of spoilage, and the fish are at thisstage generally unsuitable for food.Insufficient bleedingWhen white fish are gutted at sea, washed and iced, they havewhite flesh on landing because they have had time to bleed. If they are filletedimmediately after capture, however, the flesh oozes with blood and is quite red;if fillets from such unbled fish are frozen and thawed, they will be brown. Whennewly gutted whole fish are frozen, the blood similarly does not have time todrain completely, with the result that the thawed fish yields fillets that arenoticeably brown in colour. Brown discoloration of the flesh from inadequatelybled fish is thus not necessarily a sign of poor quality; provided the fish havebeen properly cold stored, their flavour should be excellent. When a fish isleft ungutted, however, for some hours in the holding pounds of a freezertrawler, it is impossible to bleed it, because the blood clots in the bloodvessels and will not run out after gutting; again the flesh after freezing andthawing can acquire a brown colour, and in this instance the fish might be ofinferior quality.Thus residual blood in fish flesh can result in darkening andbrowning, but this is not necessarily an indication of inferior eatingquality.BruisingIf whole fish soon after capture are knocked against a hardsurface, bruising of the flesh can occur in the form of a dark coloured patch inthe fillet; this is caused by rupture of fine blood vessels in the flesh withconsequent release of blood which does not drain away during gutting andicing.ProcessingThe flesh of white fish can become dark as the result ofeither heat processing, for example canning, or storage in the frozen stateunder poor conditions. Neither instance comes within the scope of thisnote.Brown muscleAlong each side of many species of fish, just under the skin,is a strip of dark brown muscle, figure 1, the colour of which remainsunaffected by washing or draining in ice. It contains more fat than the whitemuscle and, because it is richer in certain chemical substances, is more tasty.When the fish is cold stored, the brown muscle goes rancid or acquires a coldstore flavour before the white muscle and, if the flavour permeates the wholefish, it is strongest in the brown muscle. Variation in the amount of colour ofbrown muscle affects the appearance of the skinned flesh, and hence itsvalue. FIGURE 1. Cod with skin removed toshow dark muscle.The amount of dark muscle varies between species, depending ongenetic factors which determine their habitual activity. Flatfish are not strongswimmers and do not regularly travel over long distances; they have little brownmuscle and invariably yield a white fillet when properly bled. Cod, haddock andwhiting are sluggish and have some brown muscle, but saithe, probably the mostactive fish of the cod family, has considerably more. Fish that never stopswimming, herring and mackerel for example, are richest in brown muscle, to theextent that there is no really white flesh at all. The depth of brown muscle inseveral species of fish is shown in figure 2 as ranging from almost nothing toabout a third of the fish.In a fish like cod the thickness of the brown strip does notvary much from head to tail but, because the whole fish tapers towards the tail,the brown muscle forms an increasing proportion of the total from head to tail;the front half of the fillet therefore contains the most white muscle.The proportion of brown muscle varies little within onespecies, but the pigmentation can change; this is why some batches of cod, forexample, may be judged to be too dark. There are two reasons for this. First,some stocks of a species swim more than others; cod at Bear Island andSpitzbergen, for example, which swim to the Norwegian coast to spawn and backagain, have much darker brown muscle than North Sea, Faroe or Iceland cod.Secondly, there is a pronounced seasonal variation in the dark colour of brownmuscle; in North Sea cod, for example, it is darkest in July and August,possible because the fish are then most active in their search forfood. FIGURE 2. Section through the body ofseveral species showing the depth of dark muscle: A herring; B mackerel; Chaddock; D cod; E whiting. Can dark colour beavoided?Intrinsically dark flesh cannot be made white, but goodhandling and stowage practice helps to ensure that the degree of coloration iskept to a minimum. The colour of saithe flesh, for example, although neverwhite, can be controlled or modified to some extent; advice on handling saitheis given in Advisory Note 47. Minces of fish flesh that are too dark cansometimes be whitened by washing, by better control of the raw material, or bymasking the colour; experimental work on control of colour is continuing in thisgrowing area offish processing. Red or brown discoloration resulting fromspoilage can be avoided simply by excluding stale fish from the processing line.Careful handling can help to reduce the incidence of bruising.Brown discoloration of thawed frozen flesh results principallyfrom inadequate bleeding of the whole fish before freezing, and occurs almostentirely in sea-frozen whole fish and fillets; it can be avoided by ensuringthat the fish are gutted soon after capture, that they arc given plenty of timeto bleed after gutting, and that they are kept chilled to prevent the bloodclotting before it drains from the system. Excessive amounts of brown muscle incod can be avoided to some extent by excluding fish from Arctic grounds, butsince cod landings in the UK from Bear Island, Barents Sea and the Norwegiancoast are likely to decline, the problem of brownbacks or redbacks, as they aresometimes called, may in any event diminish. Where brown muscle is totallyunacceptable in a particular product, it can be trimmed from the fillet with aknife, or a skinning machine can be set to take off a thicker slice and soremove brown muscle from the fillet with the skin. Does colour matter?Colour is important to the processor who wants to present theconsumer with a product of standard appearance. White has been, and still is toa large extent, the accepted colour for the flesh of white fish but, providedthe product is not stale or spoiled in any way, there is no reason why darkerflesh should not become acceptable; consumer resistance to change can beovercome if a colour is consistently linked with good quality, as happened forexample with scampi meats when they changed from pink to white as a result ofimproved quality. Dark coloured flesh has been used successfully for example insome frozen coated products such as fish fingers, where the batter givesimproved protection against rancidity in cold storage. If you have any queries, write, phone or call at either of theaddresses given below:The Director
The Officer in Charge
Torry Research Station
Humber Laboratory
PO Box 31
Wassand Street
135 Abbey Road
Hull
Aberdeen
HU3 4AR
AB98DG
Tel: 0224 877071
Tel: 0482 27879
Other recent Notes in this series, which are available free ofcharge in the UK from the above addresses are:61 Gaping of fillets, by R. M. LOVE.
62 The freezing time of fish, by F. J. NICHOLSON.
63 Fishing ports in the UK, by J. J. WATERMAN.
64 Fish silage, by I. TATTERSON and M. L. WINDSOR.
65 Fishworking machinery, by S. MAIR.
66 Handling and processing mackerel, by J. N. KEAY.
67 The haddock, by J. J. WATERMAN.
68 Icemaking plant, by J. GRAHAM.
69 Cook-freeze fish products, by J. N. KEAY.
70 Advice for the fish industry; who does what, by J. J.WATERMAN.
71 Processing cod; the influence of season and fishing ground,by R. M. LOVE.
72 Reducing odour in fish meal production.
73 Stowage of fish in chilled sea water, by J. H.KELMAN.
74 Handling and processing rainbow trout, by A.MILLS.
75 Freezing small pelagic fish, by I. MCDONALD.Earlier notes in the series, most of which are stillavailable, are summarized in 60. Key to Advisory Notes 1-59, by J. J.WATERMAN.Crown Copyright ReservedPrinted in Scotland by Her Majesty's Stationery Office at HMSOPress, Edinburgh
Dd 349592 10 M 2/78 (15020)