J2 haplogroup ( M172)
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Anthony Moniz
Nov 9, 2008, 11:30:48 AM11/9/08
to Azores Genealogy
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J2 Haplogroup (M172)
Haplogroup J2 (Y-DNA)
Time of origin 18,500 +/- 3,500 thousand years ago[1].
Place of origin Mesopotamia or Anatolia or Levant[2],[1][3][4]
Ancestor J
Defining mutations M172
Typical members Iraqis 29.7% (Sanchez et al. 2005), Lebanese 29.5%
(wells et al. 2001), Syrians 29%, Sephardic Jews 29%, Kurds 28.4% ,
Turks 27.9%,Georgians 26.7% , Iranians 23.3%, Ashkenazi Jews 23.2%,
Greeks 22.8%Tajiks 18.4%, Italians 19.3% (Onofri et al. 2008)
In human genetics, Haplogroup J2 (M172) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup
which is a subdivision of haplogroup J. It is further divided into two
complementary clades, J2a-M410 and J2b-M12[5].
Contents
1 Origins
2 Distribution
3 Subdivisions
4 References
5 Bibliography
6 External links
Origins
Haplogroup J2 is widely believed to be associated with the spread of
agriculture from Mesopotamia, the Levant, and Anatolia [2],[1]. The
age of J2 has been estimated as 18,500 +/- 3,500 thousand years
ago[1]. Its distribution, centered in West Asia and Southeastern
Europe, its association with the presence of Neolithic archaeological
artifacts, such as figurines and painted pottery [6], and its
association with annual precipitation have been interpreted as
evidence that J2, and in particular its J2a-M410 subclade belonged to
the agricultural innovators who followed the rainfall[7].
Distribution
subclades of J2 HaplogroupHaplogroup J2 is found mainly in the Fertile
Crescent, the Mediterranean (including Southern Europe and North
Africa), the Iranian plateau and Central Asia[1]. More specifically it
is found in Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Israel, Greece, Italy and
the eastern coasts of the Iberian Peninsula[8], and more frequently in
Iraqis 29.7% (Sanchez et al. 2005), Lebanese 29.7% (wells et al.
2001), Syrians 29%, Sephardic Jews 29%, Kurds 28.4% , Province of
Kurdistan (28.4% of the population)[1], Saudi Arabia (18.9% of the
northern and central-north region)[citation needed], in South Arabia
(Oman, Yemen, UAE) 9.7%[9], in Jordan, in Israel[1], in Turkey [2],
and in the southern Caucasus region [10]. According to Semino et al
and the National Geographic Genographic Project, the frequency of
haplogroup J2 generally declines as one moves away from the Northern
fertile crescent. Haplogroup J2 is carried by 6% of Europeans and its
frequency drops dramatically as one moves northward away from the
Mediterranean.
Another important fact about the distribution of Haplogroup J2 is that
it appears to have dispersed from a Middle Eastern homeland to the
west through a primarily maritime or littoral route, as it is found in
high concentrations among the populations of the coasts of the
Mediterranean Sea in both Eurasia and Africa, and particularly along
the coasts of the eastern Mediterranean in Europe. This distribution
may be more consonant with a Neolithic or post-Neolithic maritime
dispersal from the Middle East, such as through Greek colonization[11]
or even Phoenician[citation needed] commercial and colonial
activities.
In Italy, J2 is found in about 19.3% of Italians [12]. Turkey is one
of the countries with major J2 population. 24% of Turkish men are J2
according to a recent study[2], with regional frequencies ranging
between 10% and 31%. Combined with J1, one third of the total
population of Turkish people belongs to Haplogroup J. Haplogroup J2 is
also common in neighboring Greece, with regional frequencies ranging
between 11% and 46%.
It has been proposed that haplogroup J2a-M410 was linked to
populations on ancient Crete by examining the relationship between
Anatolian, Cretan, and Greek populations from around early Neolithic
sites[13]. Haplogroup J2b-M12 was associated with Neolithic Greece
(ca. 8500 - 4300 BCE) and was reported to be found in modern Crete
(3.1%) and mainland Greece (Macedonia 7.0%, Thessaly 8.8%, Argolis
1.8%) [14].
Sephardic Jews have about 29% of haplogroup J2[1] and Ashkenazi Jews
have 23%[1], or 19%[15]. It has been reported that a sample of Italian
Cohens belong to Network 1.2, a group of Y chromosomes characterized
by a value of the DYS413 marker less or equal to 18. This deletion has
been placed in the J2a-M410 clade[5][14]. However, other Jewish Cohens
belong to haplogroup J1 (see Cohen modal haplotype).
J2 subclades are also found in the South Caucasus (Georgia, Armenia,
Azerbaijan), Iran, Central Asia, and South Asia.
Typically, modern populations of the southern Middle East (especially
Arabic-speaking ones) have a higher frequency of the related
haplogroup J1, whereas the great majority of Haplogroup J
representatives among the populations of the Northern Middle East,
Europe, and India belong to the subclade J2. Haplogroup J2 has been
shown to have a more northerly distribution in the Middle East,
although it exists in significant amounts in the southern middle-east
regions, a lesser amount of it was found when compared to its brother
haplogroup, J1, which has a more southerly distribution. This suggests
that, if the occurrence of Haplogroup J among modern populations of
Europe, Central Asia, and South Asia does reflect Neolithic demic
diffusion from the Middle East, the source population is more likely
to have originated from Anatolia, the Levant or northern Mesopotamia
than from regions further south.
Haplogroup J2a-M410 in India is largely confined to the upper
castes[5] with little occurrence in the middle and lower castes and is
completely absent from south Indian tribes and middle and lower
castes.
Subdivisions
Haplogroup J2 is subdivided into two complementary sub-haplogroups:
J2a, defined by the M410 genetic marker, and J2b, defined by the M12
genetic marker. A subclade of haplogroup J2a, defined by the M92
marker has been implicated in the ancient Greek colonization [11].
The subclades of Haplogroup J2 with their defining mutation, according
to the 2006 ISOGG tree:
J2 (M172)
J2*
J2a (M410)
J2a*
J2a1 (DYS413=18)
J2a1*
J2a1a (M47, M322)
J2a1b (M67 (S51))
J2a1b*
J2a1b1 (M92, M260)
J2a1b1*
J2a1b1a (M327)
J2a1b2 (M163, M166)
J2a1c (M68)
J2a1d (M137)
J2a1e (M158)
J2a1f (M289)
J2a1g (M318)
J2a1h (M319)
J2a1i (M339)
J2a1j (M419)
J2a1k (DYS445=7)
J2a2 (M340)
J2b (M12, M314, M221)
J2b*
J2b1 (M102)
J2b1*
J2b1a (M241)
J2b1a*
J2b1a1 (M99)
J2b1a2 (M280)
J2b1a3 (M321)
J2b1b (M205)
J2 (M-172) is divided into eight sub-Haplogroups defined by mutations
M12/M102, M47, M67/M92, M68, M137, M158, M339, and M340 (see Diagram),
four of which occur at informative frequencies[1]. The less-
heterogeneous J2 (J-M172), which occurs as frequently as J1 (J-M267)
in some Middle Eastern populations, is the more prevalent in Europe.
J-M102 illustrates population expansions from the southern Balkans. J-
M67 is most frequent in the Caucasus (especially Armenia and Georgia),
and J-M92, which indicates affinity between Anatolia and southern
Italy. Whereas J-M67* and J-M92 show higher frequencies and variances
in Europe and in Turkey. Likewise, J-M47 and J-M68 characterize very
few Near Eastern and Asian samples[1].
J2 Haplogroup (M172)
Haplogroup J2 (Y-DNA)
Time of origin 18,500 +/- 3,500 thousand years ago[1].
Place of origin Mesopotamia or Anatolia or Levant[2],[1][3][4]
Ancestor J
Defining mutations M172
Typical members Iraqis 29.7% (Sanchez et al. 2005), Lebanese 29.5%
(wells et al. 2001), Syrians 29%, Sephardic Jews 29%, Kurds 28.4% ,
Turks 27.9%,Georgians 26.7% , Iranians 23.3%, Ashkenazi Jews 23.2%,
Greeks 22.8%Tajiks 18.4%, Italians 19.3% (Onofri et al. 2008)
In human genetics, Haplogroup J2 (M172) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup
which is a subdivision of haplogroup J. It is further divided into two
complementary clades, J2a-M410 and J2b-M12[5].
Contents
1 Origins
2 Distribution
3 Subdivisions
4 References
5 Bibliography
6 External links
Origins
Haplogroup J2 is widely believed to be associated with the spread of
agriculture from Mesopotamia, the Levant, and Anatolia [2],[1]. The
age of J2 has been estimated as 18,500 +/- 3,500 thousand years
ago[1]. Its distribution, centered in West Asia and Southeastern
Europe, its association with the presence of Neolithic archaeological
artifacts, such as figurines and painted pottery [6], and its
association with annual precipitation have been interpreted as
evidence that J2, and in particular its J2a-M410 subclade belonged to
the agricultural innovators who followed the rainfall[7].
Distribution
subclades of J2 HaplogroupHaplogroup J2 is found mainly in the Fertile
Crescent, the Mediterranean (including Southern Europe and North
Africa), the Iranian plateau and Central Asia[1]. More specifically it
is found in Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Israel, Greece, Italy and
the eastern coasts of the Iberian Peninsula[8], and more frequently in
Iraqis 29.7% (Sanchez et al. 2005), Lebanese 29.7% (wells et al.
2001), Syrians 29%, Sephardic Jews 29%, Kurds 28.4% , Province of
Kurdistan (28.4% of the population)[1], Saudi Arabia (18.9% of the
northern and central-north region)[citation needed], in South Arabia
(Oman, Yemen, UAE) 9.7%[9], in Jordan, in Israel[1], in Turkey [2],
and in the southern Caucasus region [10]. According to Semino et al
and the National Geographic Genographic Project, the frequency of
haplogroup J2 generally declines as one moves away from the Northern
fertile crescent. Haplogroup J2 is carried by 6% of Europeans and its
frequency drops dramatically as one moves northward away from the
Mediterranean.
Another important fact about the distribution of Haplogroup J2 is that
it appears to have dispersed from a Middle Eastern homeland to the
west through a primarily maritime or littoral route, as it is found in
high concentrations among the populations of the coasts of the
Mediterranean Sea in both Eurasia and Africa, and particularly along
the coasts of the eastern Mediterranean in Europe. This distribution
may be more consonant with a Neolithic or post-Neolithic maritime
dispersal from the Middle East, such as through Greek colonization[11]
or even Phoenician[citation needed] commercial and colonial
activities.
In Italy, J2 is found in about 19.3% of Italians [12]. Turkey is one
of the countries with major J2 population. 24% of Turkish men are J2
according to a recent study[2], with regional frequencies ranging
between 10% and 31%. Combined with J1, one third of the total
population of Turkish people belongs to Haplogroup J. Haplogroup J2 is
also common in neighboring Greece, with regional frequencies ranging
between 11% and 46%.
It has been proposed that haplogroup J2a-M410 was linked to
populations on ancient Crete by examining the relationship between
Anatolian, Cretan, and Greek populations from around early Neolithic
sites[13]. Haplogroup J2b-M12 was associated with Neolithic Greece
(ca. 8500 - 4300 BCE) and was reported to be found in modern Crete
(3.1%) and mainland Greece (Macedonia 7.0%, Thessaly 8.8%, Argolis
1.8%) [14].
Sephardic Jews have about 29% of haplogroup J2[1] and Ashkenazi Jews
have 23%[1], or 19%[15]. It has been reported that a sample of Italian
Cohens belong to Network 1.2, a group of Y chromosomes characterized
by a value of the DYS413 marker less or equal to 18. This deletion has
been placed in the J2a-M410 clade[5][14]. However, other Jewish Cohens
belong to haplogroup J1 (see Cohen modal haplotype).
J2 subclades are also found in the South Caucasus (Georgia, Armenia,
Azerbaijan), Iran, Central Asia, and South Asia.
Typically, modern populations of the southern Middle East (especially
Arabic-speaking ones) have a higher frequency of the related
haplogroup J1, whereas the great majority of Haplogroup J
representatives among the populations of the Northern Middle East,
Europe, and India belong to the subclade J2. Haplogroup J2 has been
shown to have a more northerly distribution in the Middle East,
although it exists in significant amounts in the southern middle-east
regions, a lesser amount of it was found when compared to its brother
haplogroup, J1, which has a more southerly distribution. This suggests
that, if the occurrence of Haplogroup J among modern populations of
Europe, Central Asia, and South Asia does reflect Neolithic demic
diffusion from the Middle East, the source population is more likely
to have originated from Anatolia, the Levant or northern Mesopotamia
than from regions further south.
Haplogroup J2a-M410 in India is largely confined to the upper
castes[5] with little occurrence in the middle and lower castes and is
completely absent from south Indian tribes and middle and lower
castes.
Subdivisions
Haplogroup J2 is subdivided into two complementary sub-haplogroups:
J2a, defined by the M410 genetic marker, and J2b, defined by the M12
genetic marker. A subclade of haplogroup J2a, defined by the M92
marker has been implicated in the ancient Greek colonization [11].
The subclades of Haplogroup J2 with their defining mutation, according
to the 2006 ISOGG tree:
J2 (M172)
J2*
J2a (M410)
J2a*
J2a1 (DYS413=18)
J2a1*
J2a1a (M47, M322)
J2a1b (M67 (S51))
J2a1b*
J2a1b1 (M92, M260)
J2a1b1*
J2a1b1a (M327)
J2a1b2 (M163, M166)
J2a1c (M68)
J2a1d (M137)
J2a1e (M158)
J2a1f (M289)
J2a1g (M318)
J2a1h (M319)
J2a1i (M339)
J2a1j (M419)
J2a1k (DYS445=7)
J2a2 (M340)
J2b (M12, M314, M221)
J2b*
J2b1 (M102)
J2b1*
J2b1a (M241)
J2b1a*
J2b1a1 (M99)
J2b1a2 (M280)
J2b1a3 (M321)
J2b1b (M205)
J2 (M-172) is divided into eight sub-Haplogroups defined by mutations
M12/M102, M47, M67/M92, M68, M137, M158, M339, and M340 (see Diagram),
four of which occur at informative frequencies[1]. The less-
heterogeneous J2 (J-M172), which occurs as frequently as J1 (J-M267)
in some Middle Eastern populations, is the more prevalent in Europe.
J-M102 illustrates population expansions from the southern Balkans. J-
M67 is most frequent in the Caucasus (especially Armenia and Georgia),
and J-M92, which indicates affinity between Anatolia and southern
Italy. Whereas J-M67* and J-M92 show higher frequencies and variances
in Europe and in Turkey. Likewise, J-M47 and J-M68 characterize very
few Near Eastern and Asian samples[1].
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