Autism Conference Reports Advances In Early Diagnosis, Role of Immune System And More

[schafer]

SCHAFER AUTISM REPORT "Healing Autism:
No Finer a Cause on the Planet"
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Thursday, May 5, 2005 Vol. 9 No. 72


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OUR CHILDREN GET BETTER - HOPE IS REAL. RECOVERY IS REAL.

Autism One 2005 Conference May 26-29 Chicago, Illinois

David Kirby author Evidence of Harm: Keynote Address
http://www.autismone.org/
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community service announcement - SAR


RESEARCH
* Autism Conference Reports Advances In Early Diagnosis, Role of
Immune System And More
* Major Finding: Children with Autism Have Distinctly Different
Immune System Reactions Compared to Typical Children
* The Age of Autism: Mercury In The Air
* Aluminum in Vaccines Produce Nodules

CARE
* Move Over Refrigerator & Munchausen Moms, Now its Hysterical Moms
* PA Teacher Pleads No Contest To Mistreatment of Autistic Students

LETTERS
* Reaching the Anti-Mercury MN Legislator


RESEARCH

Autism Conference Reports Advances In Early Diagnosis, Role Of Immune System
And More
Autism conference reports advances in early diagnosis, role of immune
system, genes and environmental influences
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2005-05/asfb-acr050405.php

Some 700 scientists from around the world who gathered in Boston this
week shared exciting advances in understanding the causes of and treatments
for autism disorders, which affect up to one of every 166 people. Autism is
a brain disorder that can severely impair a child's communication and social
skills, leaving them in apparent isolation from their families and
communities.
"A critical mass of scientists and the new tools of molecular biology
are deepening our understanding of autism at a breathtaking pace," said
Helen Tager-Flusberg, chair of the conference and a professor at the Boston
University School of Medicine. "The immune system, behavior, genetics, and
the environment all factor in to this complex and devastating disease. We
are putting the pieces together."
Among the advances reported by scientists were: Early Detection:
Identification of both potential biological markers in the blood
(biomarkers) and behaviors that will allow scientists and physicians to
identify autism in infants, and thus initiate early treatment.

Immune System:
Strong evidence that autism may be a disorder involving the immune
system as well as a disorder of the brain.

Genetics:
Studies homed in on chromosomal regions implicated in autism. Exciting
results came from looking at autistic-like traits.

Environment:
Scientists documented overlap between environmentally responsive genes
and genes associated with autism, and found evidence into the potential role
of environmental toxins such as PCBs.
Scientists reported their findings at the 4th International Meeting
for Autism Research (IMFAR). The UC Davis M.I.N.D. Institute, Cure Autism
Now, and the National Alliance for Autism Research initiated the annual
conference, which is the most extensive exploration of research advances in
autism.

Early Detection
Scientists reported progress in being able to diagnose the youngest
children through both biomarkers and behavioral observations.
"Whereas today most autistic children are not diagnosed until they are
two to three years old, detection in infants would allow early treatment,
which can profoundly benefit some children with autism," said David G.
Amaral, research director at the UC Davis M.I.N.D. Institute. "And,
ultimately, finding biological markers in infants may also yield the fastest
route to a cure."
Reports on scientific advances in early detection included:
Biomarkers: Amaral reported on a comparison of blood samples from 70
autistic children and 35 same age normally developing children revealed
differences in proteins, metabolites and the immune system. These included
elevated levels of immune system B cells and natural killer cells in the
autistic group, and more than 100 proteins that the two groups expressed
differently.

Behavior:
Researchers identified a variety of behaviors, some identifiable in
the first year of life, that are predictive of autism. Lonnie Zwaigenbaum at
McMaster University in Hamilton, Canada, reported that vocal differences at
12 months were predictive of autism in high-risk infants (those with older
siblings who have autism, and Sally Rogers of the UC Davis M.I.N.D.
Institute and Marian Sigman of UCLA found that at 12 months, high-risk
infants are less likely to respond to their own name than low-risk infants.
Other predictive behaviors in very young children included abnormalities in
gesture, eye contact, body or limb posturing, and atypical sounds and words.
In addition, two studies showed that clinical diagnoses can be made
reliably at 14 to 18 months of age. This is a major advance over current
clinical practice, which diagnoses children between ages three and four.

Immune System
Although autism is considered a disorder of the brain, emerging
evidence indicates that it may be a disorder of the immune system as well.
For instance, a study by Judy Van de Water at the UC Davis Center for
Children's Environmental Health and UC Davis M.I.N.D. Institute reported
differences in protein molecules called cytokines. The study compared immune
cell responses between autistic and typically developing same-age children
aged two to five. One difference appeared in response to bacteria, with
cells from the autistic group having lower levels of cytokines, which help
mediate the body's overall immune response and can also affect mood and
behavior. Scientists say the potential connection of cytokines to autism is
an intriguing area of research that warrants further investigation. [More
on the in the following article -ed.]

Genetics Autism
has a strong genetic component, and estimates are that five to 20
genes are likely involved in the condition. Some of these genes may be
responsible for inherited traits that by themselves do not cause autism, but
may be associated with it. These traits, called endophenotypes, can be
behavioral or biological. Scientists are identifying such traits in the
family members of autistic children.
"As we identify endophenotypes and their related genes, such as for
language delay, we will be homing in on genes for autism," said Daniel
Geschwind of the University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine.
"This is one of the most exciting developments in the field of autism
genetics today."
Scientists at the conference reported on endophenotypic traits such as
large head size in family members, parents' abnormal brain processing of
faces, and the degree to which relatives of autistic children can read
another person's mental state. One recent study by Geschwind and his
colleagues validated the importance of endophenotypes in teasing out the
genetics of autism. The study identified autism-related regions of the
genome in children who are part of the AGRE consortium (the largest publicly
available collection of autism families). Using the Social Responsiveness
Scale (SRS), an instrument that rates 65 behaviors to measure the severity
of a child's symptoms and social impairments, the scientists found that the
SRS is a powerful tool to detect genetic loci for autism-related social
impairment. Specifically they found evidence supporting the location of
genes for autism on chromosomes 11 and 17, as well as in a number of other
regions of the genome.

Environment
The number of children diagnosed with autism has increased
significantly in recent years, leading many scientists to think that
non-genetic factors in the environment may be at least partially
responsible. Studies that investigated this possibility included: PCBs and
Language Development Dr. Tal Kenet, Michael Merzenich, and Isaac Pessah at
the University of California, San Francisco and Davis, found that rats'
exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) showed disturbances in the
development of the brain's auditory cortex, but without affecting hearing.
However, in humans such brain defects would almost certainly disturb
language development in ways typical of autism, the researchers said. The
study suggests that environmental factors may combine with genetic
predispositions to contribute to the increased incidence of autism.

Environmentally Sensitive Genes Overlap with Genes Associated with
Autism

Dr. Martha Herbert at Massachusetts General Hospital found at least 51
overlapping genes when her team compared a scan of the Environmental Genome
Project database with published autism genome scans. In addition, children
with Autism Spectrum Disorder who possessed alterations within one or more
of these 51 genes were likely to exhibit altered susceptibility to
environmental toxicants.

Additional Studies
Other reported studies evaluated the effectiveness of behavioral
treatments; costs of healthcare for children with autism; changes in the
prevalence of autism; mental processes behind special skills in autistic
people; and brain anatomy and development associated with autism.
"All of these studies reflect only a small snapshot of the wealth of
insight and experience being accumulated by today's scientists," Amaral
said. "It is heartening for parents, doctors and scientists to see this
progress, while also knowing the distance we have yet to go to prevent and
treat, and perhaps one day cure, autism."
IMFAR is organized by the International Society for Autism Research, a
new professional society that emerged as a result of the conference.
Financial support comes from the Autism Society of America, Cure Autism Now,
Janssen, the National Alliance for Autism Research and the National
Institute of Mental Health.
The UC Davis M.I.N.D. (Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental
Disorders) Institute is a unique collaborative center for research into the
causes and treatments of autism, bringing together parents, scientists,
clinicians and educators. For further information, go to
http://www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/mindinstitute




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* * *

Major Finding: Children with Autism Have Distinctly Different Immune System
Reactions Compared to Typical Children

Immunologists from UC Davis M.I.N.D. Institute find clear biological
component to perplexing childhood neurological disorder

A new study by researchers at the University of California, Davis,
M.I.N.D. Institute and the NIEHS Center for Children's Environmental Health
demonstrate that children with autism have different immune system responses
than children who do not have the disorder. This is important evidence that
autism, currently defined primarily by distinct behaviors, may potentially
be defined by distinct biologic changes as well.
"Understanding the biology of autism is crucial to developing better
ways to diagnose and treat it," said Judy Van de Water, associate professor
of rheumatology, allergy and clinical immunology at the UC Davis School of
Medicine and the UC Davis M.I.N.D. Institute. "While impaired communication
and social skills are the hallmarks of the disorder, there has not yet been
strong scientific evidence that the immune system is implicated as well. We
now need to design carefully controlled studies that tell us even more about
the way in which a dysfunctional immune system may or may not play a role in
the disorder itself."
Van de Water, along with co-investigator of the study Paul Ashwood,
assistant professor of medical microbiology and immunology at the UC Davis
M.I.N.D. Institute, isolated immune cells from blood samples taken from 30
children with autism and 26 typically developing children aged between two
and five years of age. The cells from both groups were then exposed to
bacterial and viral agents that usually provoke T-cells, B cells and
macrophages - primary players in the immune system.
Of the agents tested in the study - tetanus toxoid,
lippopolysaccharide derived from E. coli cell walls, a plant lectin known as
PHA, and a preparation of the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine antigens -
the researchers found clear differences in cellular responses between
patients and controls following exposure to the bacterial agents and PHA.
In response to bacteria, the researchers saw lower levels of protein
molecules called cytokines in the group with autism. Cytokines function as
mediators of the immune response, carrying messages between B, T and other
immune cells. They also are known to be capable of having profound effects
on the central nervous system, including sleep and the fever response.
Immune system responses to PHA, in contrast, produced more varied cytokine
levels: Higher levels of certain cytokines and lower levels of others.
According to Van de Water and Ashwood, these studies illustrate that under
similar circumstances, the cytokine responses elicited by the T-cells,
B-cells, and macrophage cell populations following their activation differs
markedly in children with autism compared to age-matched children in the
general population. Cytokines are known to affect mood and behavior, and
while their specific role in the development of autism remains unclear, the
potential connection is an intriguing area of research that warrants further
investigation.
"This study is part of a larger effort to learn how changes in immune
system response may make some children more susceptible to the harmful
effects of environmental agents," said Kenneth Olden, director of the
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, the federal agency that
provided funding for the study. "A better understanding of the connection
between altered immune response and autism may lead to significant advances
in the early detection, prevention and treatment of this complex
neurological disorder."
"We would like to take these findings and explore whether, for
example, the cytokine differences are specific to certain subsets of
patients with autism, such as those with early onset, or those who exhibit
signs of autism later during development," Ashwood said. He added that the
logical next step is to look directly at specific cell populations that may
be responsible for the diverging responses between patients and controls.
This study was supported by grants from the National Institutes of
Environmental Health Sciences, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the
UC Davis M.I.N.D. Institute, Ted Lindsay Foundation and Visceral. The UC
Davis M.I.N.D. (Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders)
Institute is a unique collaborative center for research into the causes and
treatments of autism, bringing together parents, scientists, clinicians and
educators. For further information, go to
http://www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/mindinstitute

[This report supplied by Rick Rollens.]
* * *

The Age of Autism: Mercury In The Air

By Dan Olmsted for UPI. From ScienceDaily.com
http://tinyurl.com/9dcgu

UPI - A new study has found a possible link between higher mercury
emissions and higher rates of autism.
The study, accepted for publication in the peer-reviewed journal
Health and Place, looked for an association in Texas between rates of
autism, special education services and levels of mercury released into the
environment.
"There was a significant increase," according to the study. "On
average, for each 1,000 pounds of environmentally released mercury, there
was a 43 percent increase in the rate of special education services and a 61
percent increase in the rate of autism."
The Bush administration is announcing a new proposal to control
mercury emissions that has already stirred controversy.
The study's lead author, Raymond F. Palmer, an associate professor at
the University of Texas Health Science Center in San Antonio, cautioned the
findings are limited, but added they should prompt more research. The
following is a transcript of an interview United Press International
conducted with last March:
Q. Will you describe the study in layman's terms?
A. I think it's the first study to look at total legal amounts of
released mercury from different sources of industry, and it's a relationship
between that and developmental disorders and special education rates at the
general population level.
Q. Also, autism has really not been looked at as part of this picture
of mercury in the environment.
A. Right, it's the first one to look at autism in relationship with
it. Now this is only an associational study, and there are some limits to
this study, but it's a good starting point to look at this issue -- a first
jumping-off point where you could say there's an association here.
There's a hypothesis that mercury is associated with autism. This just
supports that general hypothesis, but it in no way confirms it -- the
findings that higher emissions of mercury are related to higher rates of
autism.
Q. When you say there's a hypothesis, are you referring to thimerosal
(the ethyl mercury preservative that was used in childhood vaccines through
the 1990s)? A. Right. And that's mercury. That's just another form of
mercury.
Q. Now what critics would say is that there is no evidence that ethyl
mercury in vaccines can do that kind of damage. Whereas environmental
mercury is a different kind entirely and has known toxic effects on humans.
A. That gap is starting to close because there are some studies
starting to show that ethyl (mercury in thimerosal) is as toxic.
I think what the critics would say is this (study) is an ecological
association, it's cross-sectional, meaning it's at a point in time. And then
being ecological, you cannot infer anything at the individual level. So
anybody who really wants to rip into this can.
But if you have a hunch about a relationship as serious as this and
you go investigating it and (find an association) at this level, it gives
you confidence to move on to the next level.
Q. What would the next level be?
A. You'd want maybe to look at the association over time. We have some
data on that, too, and that's our next step. We're working on that paper
right now -- levels of mercury related with a change in autism over time,
not just the prevalence rate at one specific point.
Q. I understand you've also looked for an association between mercury
emissions and autism at the national level?
A. That's an unpublished manuscript. But the data that I have at the
states level, the 50 states, is consistent with the same idea. States that
are reporting the highest levels of mercury emissions also have the highest
rates of developmental disorders including autism. I'm still trying to get
that one published.
Q. New mercury-emissions standards are being announced by the Bush
administration. Some people say they don't go far enough. Does your study
have implications for this issue?
A. I would say that it does suggest that further study has to be done.
Nobody really knows the long-term effects of low-dose mercury exposure. I
would think this is a serious enough issue that we would want politicians to
look at it, given that the substance is such a toxic element.
Q. I understand that in doing your study you came across a possible
correlation between autism rates and an old mercury mine?
A. We were also mapping this relationship in counties of Texas, and we
identified the counties with the highest levels of autism and the highest
mercury rates.
One county that stood out, Brewster County, didn't have very much
mercury reported to the TRI (Toxic Release Inventory Program of the
Environmental Protection Agency). But it did have high autism rates.
So we were wondering about that and found that they had historically
been one of the top mercury mines in the nation.
Q. How could an old mercury mine have any effect on autism rates?
A. (Perhaps because) it just stays in the environment forever. We
don't know.
The other thing about the study, the criticism, is that we're just
inferring exposure because of the release (of mercury emissions). So again
it's hard to say that there's individual-level exposure. We're talking about
potential for exposure.
I think it's an important study to lend support to further
investigation. Why not? Why not investigate it more? What do we have to
lose? Q. Does that apply to the mercury in vaccines as well? The Institute
of Medicine has rejected that idea and said research money should be spent
in more promising areas.
A. I think if you look at everything in (terms of) total toxic load,
thimerosal could just be another source. If you have it in your environment,
and you're also getting it in, say, you're mother's diet, and fish, and also
through your immunization schedule, that's just one source. And the
environmentally released mercury is also just one source.
Q. Could other heavy metals be playing a role here?
A. There are some studies showing that other pollutants could
potentiate the action of mercury. Like aluminum, like PCBs, pesticides. The
point is, we're at this stage of investigation where nobody really knows.
This article is the fifth of seven in a series UPI published earlier
this year.
The Age of Autism aims to be interactive with readers and will take
heed of comment, criticism and suggestions. E-mail: dolm...@upi.com
* * *


Evidence of Harm Discussion List Starts Up

An Evidence of Harm email discussion list has been created in response
to the growing interest in the book and the issues it chronicles. Now over
400 new
subscribers in just over two weeks. Here is how to subscribe (no cost):
EOHarm-s...@yahoogroups.com



* * *

Aluminum in Vaccines Produce Nodules
Cutaneous Pseudolymphoma Tied to Vaccinations Containing Aluminum Hydroxide
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/503821

Reuters Health - Vaccinations containing aluminum hydroxide may induce
cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia (CLH), also called cutaneous pseudolymphoma,
according to a report in the April Journal of the American Academy of
Dermatology.
"Long lasting cutaneous lesions occurring at the site of vaccination
containing aluminum should lead to biopsy and the search for aluminum in the
lymphocytic reaction," Dr. Herve Bachelez from Hopital Saint-Louis, Paris,
France told Reuters Health.
Dr. Bachelez and colleagues investigated 9 patients presenting with
late-onset, persistent CLH at the site of hepatitis B (8 patients) or
hepatitis A (1 patient) vaccination. The vaccines were all aluminum
hydroxide-adsorbed and the lesions appeared a median 3 months after a recall
injection of the vaccine.
Histologic evaluation of skin biopsies showed a pandermal dense
lymphocytic infiltrate without evidence of cytonuclear atypia, consistent
with the diagnosis of CLH.
Muscle biopsies years after the appearance of the skin lesions in 2
patients revealed focal lymphocytic microvasculitis in the muscle tissue in
one case and lymphoid hyperplasia in perimuscular fat tissue in the second
case.
Electron microscopy and immunohistochemical studies identified
aluminum hydroxide within the skin infiltrates in all cases, the researchers
note.
Four patients had their lesions excised surgically, and two patients
were treated successfully with intralesional steroid injection.
These findings, the researchers conclude, warrant "further prospective
studies to evaluate the incidence and the clinical course of CLH in the
population receiving aluminum hydroxide-containing vaccinations."

Referenced study:
Report Vaccination-Induced Cutaneous Pseudolymphoma
J Am Acad Dermatol April 2005 . Volume 52 . Number 4
* * *

CARE

Move Over Refrigerator and Munchausen Moms, Now its Hysterical Moms
Mothers' blamed for daughters' pains.

Toward Solving the Puzzle of Pediatric Pain Disclosures

By Lonnie Zeltzer, MD
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/503844?src=mp

The development and promotion of chronic pain and pain-related
disability were major topics in posters and presentations at the 24th Annual
Meeting of the American Pain Society. The pediatric pain forum included a
seminar on the relationship between anxiety, catastrophizing, and pain in
children, and participants discussed both laboratory studies and clinical
populations.[1] Anxiety and Catastrophizing Jennie Tsao reported a study of
responses to anxiety-related questionnaires and laboratory pain tasks in 206
healthy children, ages 8-18 years, and 206 parents.[2]
She found that children's anticipatory anxiety (rated just before the
pain tasks) and distal anxiety (measured with the Child Anxiety Sensitivity
Index [CASI] and the Multidimentional Anxiety Scale for Children [MASC])
were related to laboratory pain-intensity ratings but not to pain tolerance.
The CASI is a measure of fear of arousal symptoms (eg, tachycardia,
tachypnea, and sweating), whereas the MASC measures different types of
anxiety (eg, separation anxiety, social anxiety, physical symptoms, and harm
avoidance).
Dr. Tsao tested models that examined the MASC and CASI as predictors
of child pain intensity either directly or through the impact on child
anticipatory anxiety. She found that for cold and thermal pain tasks, the
MASC score was directly related to pain intensity. The CASI predicted pain
intensity for all 3 laboratory tasks (cold, heat, and pressure), but only
through the impact of the stimuli on anticipatory anxiety and only in girls,
not in boys. When Dr. Tsao examined the influence of parents' anxiety
sensitivity or fear of their own arousal symptoms (Anxiety Sensitivity Index
[ASI]) on their children's laboratory pain-intensity ratings, she found that
parents' anxiety sensitivity predicted their child's anxiety sensitivity,
which in turn predicted their laboratory pain intensity -- but again, only
in girls. Because more than 85% of the parents were mothers, the findings
indicate that the mother-daughter anxiety/sensitivity link indirectly
influences girls' pain responses.
This research implies that targeting mothers' own fears of bodily
symptoms of anxiety may be a pathway to reducing pain in their daughters. It
is possible that girls are more sensitive to their mothers' concerns about
symptoms than are boys. If so, then this transgenerational, sex-related fear
of symptoms may contribute to the higher prevalence of chronic pain
conditions in girls vs boys, beginning during adolescence. Dr. Tsao noted
that there are little data on the pain relationship between fathers and sons
or fathers and daughters, and that such studies need to be carried out
before definitive conclusions can be made about mothers as a primary target
for intervention to prevent pain in children.
+ Full report and references here:
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/503844?src=mp
* * *

PA Teacher Pleads No Contest To Mistreatment of Autistic Students

"By hitting them, pinching them, and binding them with
duct tape and bungee cords."


By Michael McNarney for the Scranton Times.
http://tinyurl.com/b8ujc

Susan Comerford Wzorek will remain suspended without pay from her
special-education teaching job after she pleaded no contest Monday to
recklessly endangering her autistic students.
Mrs. Wzorek taught for the Northeastern Educational Intermediate Unit
at Clarks Summit Elementary School until she was charged in August with
mistreating her students by hitting them, pinching them, and binding them
with duct tape and bungee cords. Mrs. Wzorek was then suspended without pay.
Fred Rosetti, Ed.D., the unit's executive director, said Mrs. Wzorek's
status will not be changed -- at least by the NEIU -- until her sentencing
date, which has not been set.
Mrs. Wzorek faces up to two years in jail and up to a $5,000 fine, a
sentence at the discretion of Lackawanna County Judge Michael J. Barrasse.
Ms. Wzorek, 54, did not admit she was guilty, but agreed that the
evidence that was to be presented at her trial -- scheduled to begin Monday
-- would have been enough to convict her.
The scene afterward was a celebratory one for the half-dozen families
of the children whom Ms. Wzorek allegedly mistreated.
The families exchanged hugs and handshakes with First Assistant
District Attorney Gene Talerico, Detectives Christopher Kolcharno and Renee
Santarelli, and victim/witness coordinator Deb Bott.
Victims' family members declined comment.
Ms. Wzorek, with her family in the courtroom, gave one-word answers to
Judge Barrasse during the plea. She remains free on her agreement to appear
at sentencing.
As part of the last-minute plea bargain, all the other charges against
Ms. Wzorek, including one felony count, were dropped. Mr. Talerico, the lead
prosecutor, said the plea arrangement was worthwhile because the victims and
their families would not be put through a trial. "They're tired of being
characterized as hysterical parents," he said.
Mr. Talerico said taking her teacher's license is up to the state, but
he didn't think she had any intentions of teaching again. Efforts to reach
state officials were unsuccessful.
Efforts to reach Ms. Wzorek's lawyer, James J. Walker, were
unsuccessful. After her 2004 arrest, Mr. Walker said his client is a victim
of selective prosecution and that the real problems lay not with her but
with the NEIU.
Dr. Rosetti said Monday he was confident that the unit's teachers are
properly trained.
Mrs. Wzorek taught for the NEIU for 30 years.

[Thanks to Tara McHale]
* * *

LETTERS

Reaching the Anti-Mercury MN Legislator

Regarding Laura Brod, the MN legislator speaking out against mercury
in vaccines (see "Err On The Side Of Caution: Get mercury out of vaccines"),
her email address is rep.lau...@house.mn . I think it would be a good
idea to post this so that people can express their support.
- Cory Mermer


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