Re: Juwe Ram Script
Kiera Mcintyde
meiren -i janggin yamun -i bithe
Karafuto Nayoro Documents/No.2/Latin Script
meiren -i janggin yamun -i bithe, too hala, halai da orkobso, gašan -i da tusokurdenggi sede alibuha. ulhibume selgiyere jalin, ilan biyai juwan juwe de,
jiyanggiyūn yamun ci unggihe bithede, sakini sere jalin, boigon fiyenten -i alibuhangge, abkai wehiyehe -i dehici aniya ilan biyai ice de alime gaiha, aliha bithei da hiya kadalara dorgi amban tondo baturu gung sei jasiha bithede, abkai wehiyehe -i dehici aniya juwe biyai ice sunja de
hese wasimbuhangge, yaya gemun hecen de jihe heje fiyaka -i lidaka, mama eršere de nimeme akū oho bime, onggolo inu ere gese bihe, erebe tuwaci ceni beye gemu eshun, ce goro bici alban jafame sargan gaime gemun hecen de jifi mama eršere de nimeme akū oho ohongge umesi jilaka, ese da baci gemun hecen de isinjirengge jugūn umesi goro bime gemun hecen de tuweri dubesilere, niyengniyeri dosire nerginde mama eršerengge labdu, cende labdu tusa akū,hono erin -i šahūrun seruken be bodome erdeken -i jibufi uthai hūdun icihiyafi amasi unggici teni sain, erebe ildun de girin ulai jiyanggiyūn de jasifi, ereci julesi heje fiyaha -i urse gemun hecen de jifi alban jafame sargan gaiki serengge bici, kemuni nenehe songkoi cembe hon sitabufi tuweri erinde jurambufi gemun hecen de unggici ojorakū, urunakū nadan jakūn uyun biyai serguwen ucuri be amcame jibufi, harangga baci uthai kooli sonkoi inde sargan isibume icihiyafi da bade amasi unggikini, uttu ohode, ceni beye umesi tusa sehebe gingguleme dahafi, erei jalin jasiha seme isinjihabi, erebe ningguta, ilan hala meiren -i janggin sei yamun de bithe jabubufi, ulame heje fiyaka, kuye fiyaka -i ursede selgiyefi, ereci julesi jafan alban jafame gemun hecen de sargan gaime generengge bici, urunakū nadan jakūn biyai dorgide serguwen ucuri be amcame icihiyafi unggikini seme bithe jabubuki sembi seme alibuhabi, erei jalin unggihe seme isinjihabi, uttu ofi
hese be dahame, suweni kuye fiyaka -i urse gemun hecen de alban jafame sargan gaiki seme generengge bici erdeken -i jifi nadan jakūn uyun biyai dorgide serguwen -i ucuri gemun hecen de isiname genekini, erei jalin ulhibume selgiyehe.
abkai wehiyehe -i dehici aniya ilan biyai orin.
By the middle of the nineteenth century, there were three styles of writing Manchu in use: standard script (ginggulere hergen), semi-cursive script (gidara hergen), and cursive script (lasihire hergen). Semicursive script had less spacing between the letters, and cursive script had rounded tails.[6]
Today, it is still divided among experts on whether the Manchu script is alphabetic or syllabic. In China, it is considered syllabic, and Manchu is still taught in this manner, while in the West it is treated like an alphabet. The alphabetic approach is used mainly by foreigners who want to learn the language, as studying the Manchu script as a syllabary takes longer.[19][20]
The syllables in Manchu are divided into twelve categories called uju (literally "head") based on their syllabic codas (final phonemes).[21][22][23] Here lists the names of the twelve uju in their traditional order:
The Manchu alphabet has two kinds of punctuation: two dots (), analogous to a period; and one dot (), analogous to a comma. However, with the exception of lists of nouns being reliably punctuated by single dots, punctuation in Manchu is inconsistent, and therefore not of much use as an aid to readability.[24]
The plaque on the Lizheng Gate, the main entrance to the Chengde Summer Resort, carries the name of the gate in five scripts - Manchu, Mongolian, Chinese, Tibetan, and Hui. When the Qing Empire was founded, Manchu, Mongolian, and Chinese were designated the official languages; later, with expansion of the Empire's territory, Tibetan (Tibetan/Tangut scripts) and Uighur were added. This linguistic diversity was a key feature of the Qing multi-ethnic state. In order to facilitate communication, the Qing court compiled a series of multi-lingual glossaries and publications. While the pre-eminence of the Manchu language and script was established in Qing linguistic policy, other ethnic groups were also able to continue to use their own languages and scripts.
Originally, Manchuria did not have a written language. In 1599, Nurhaci, Emperor Taizu of Qing, decreed that Panchen Lama (?-1623) and Gagai (?-1600) borrow Mongolian alphabets to create Manchu alphabets as well as spread the Manchu alphabets. In 1632, Dahai (1595-1632) improved the Manchu alphabets based on reading and writing problems encountered, and added circles and dots next to the alphabets to make it easier to pronounce them. The improved alphabets are referred to as "circled Manchu alphabets" or "new Manchu alphabets," whereas those created during the Nurhaci period are referred to as "uncircled Manchu alphabets" or "old Manchu alphabets."
At first, Panchen Lama (?-1623) and Gagai (?-1600) declined the task of creating Manchu alphabets because the Manchus had been using Mongolian alphabets for a long time, and that the two did not know how to implement the change. However, Emperor Taizu of Qing (reign: 1616-1626) insisted that they make the change and provided them with basic alphabet-making principles, giving to the birth of Manchu alphabets.
The Manchu language enjoys high historical value for historians of China, especially for the Qing dynasty. Manchu-language texts supply information that is unavailable in Chinese, and when both Manchu and Chinese versions of a given text exist they provide controls for understanding the Chinese.[7]
Like most Siberian languages, Manchu is an agglutinative language that demonstrates limited vowel harmony. It has been demonstrated that it is derived mainly from the Jurchen language though there are many loan words from Mongolian and Chinese. Its script is vertically written and taken from the Mongolian script (which in turn derives from Aramaic via Uyghur and Sogdian). Although Manchu does not have the kind of grammatical gender found in most European languages, some gendered words in Manchu are distinguished by different stem vowels (vowel inflection), as in ama, 'father', and eme, 'mother'.
Manchu is southern Tungusic. Whilst Northern Tungus languages such as Evenki retain traditional structure, the Chinese language is a source of major influence upon Manchu, altering its form and vocabulary.[12]
The use of the language for the official documents declined throughout Qing history as well. In particular, at the beginning of the dynasty, some documents on sensitive political and military issues were submitted in Manchu but not in Chinese.[17] Later on, some Imperial records in Manchu continued to be produced until the last years of the dynasty.[14] In 1912 the Qing was overthrown, most Manchus could not speak their language, and the Beijing dialect replaced Manchu.[18]
A large number of Manchu documents remain in the archives, important for the study of Qing-era China. Today written Manchu can still be seen on architecture inside the Forbidden City, whose historical signs are written in both Chinese and Manchu. Another limited use of the language was for voice commands in the Qing army, attested as late as 1878.[14]
A Jiangsu Han Chinese named Shen Qiliang wrote books on Manchu grammar, including Guide to Qing Books (清書指南; Manju bithe jy nan) and Great Qing Encyclopedia (大清全書; Daicing gurun-i yooni bithe). His father was a naval officer for the Qing and his grandfather was an official of the Ming dynasty before rebels murdered him. Shen Qiliang himself fought against the Three Feudatories as part of the Qing army. He then started learning Manchu and writing books on Manchu grammar from Bordered Yellow Manchu Bannermen in 1677 after moving to Beijing. He translated the Hundred Family Names and Thousand Character Classic into Manchu and spent 25 years on the Manchu language. Shen wrote: "I am a Han. But all my life I have made a hobby of Manchu." Shen didn't have to learn Manchu as part of his job because he was never an official so he seems to have studied it voluntarily. Most Han people were not interested in learning non-Han languages so it is not known why Shen was doing it, but he did praise Manchu writing, saying that it was simpler and clearer than Chinese.[21]
A Hangzhou Han Chinese, Chen Mingyuan, helped edit the book Introduction to the Qing language (清文啟蒙; Cing wen ki meng bithe), which was co-written by a Manchu named Uge. Uge gave private Manchu language classes, which were attended by his friend Chen. Chen arranged for its printing.[22]
Han Chinese at the Hanlin Academy studied the Manchu language in the Qing. The Han Chinese Hanlin graduate Qi Yunshi knew the Manchu language and wrote a book in Chinese on the frontier regions of China by translating and using the Manchu-language sources in the Grand Secretariat's archives.[23] Hanlin Academy in 1740 expelled the Han Chinese Yuan Mei for not succeeding in his Manchus studies. Injišan, and Ortai, both Manchus, funded his work.[24] The Han Chinese Yan Changming had the ability to read Tibetan, Oirat, and Mongolian.[25] Han Chinese officials learned languages on the frontier regions and Manchu in order to be able to write and compile their writings on the region.[26]
A Manchu-language course over three years was required for the highest ranking Han degree holders from Hanlin but not all Han literati were required to study Manchu.[27] Towards the end of the Qing it was pointed out that a lot of Bannermen themselves did not know Manchu anymore and that, in retrospect, "the founding emperors of the (Qing) dynasty (had been) unable to coerce the country's ministers and people to learn the national writing and national speech (Manchu)".[28]
Chinese fiction books were translated into Manchu.[29] Bannermen wrote fiction in the Chinese language.[30] Huang Taiji had Chinese books translated into Manchu.[31][32] Han Chinese and Manchus helped Jesuits write and translate books into Manchu and Chinese.[33] Manchu books were published in Beijing.[34]
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