Index Of Oldboy 2003

[Nickie Koskinen]

Bodymass index (BMI) is a calculation that uses height and weight to estimate how much body fat someone has. You can use the KidsHealth BMI calculator below to find your child's BMI. But it's also important to talk to your child's doctor to help understand the results.

Starting when your child is 2 years old, the doctor will determine BMI at all routine checkups. Because BMI changes with age, doctors plot children's BMI measurements on standard gender-specific growth charts. Over several visits, the doctor is able to track your child's growth pattern.

BMI percentiles show how a child's measurements compare with others the same gender and age. For example, if a child has a BMI in the 60th percentile, 60% of the kids of the same gender and age who were measured had a lower BMI.

BMI is not a direct measure of body fat. Kids can have a high BMI if they have a large frame or a lot of muscle, not excess fat. And a kid with a small frame may have a normal BMI but still can have too much body fat.

While BMI is an important indicator of healthy growth and development, BMI is not a perfect measure of body fat. If you're concerned that your child may be gaining or losing weight too fast, talk to your doctor.

Note: All information on Nemours KidsHealth is for educational purposes only. For specific medical advice, diagnoses, and treatment, consult your doctor. 1995-2024. The Nemours Foundation. Nemours Children's Health, KidsHealth, and Well Beyond Medicine are registered trademarks of The Nemours Foundation. All rights reserved. Images sourced by The Nemours Foundation and Getty Images.

This calculator measures body mass index (BMI), which is a measure of body fat. It is only an approximate measure of the best weight for your health. The calculator can be used for anyone from two to 20 years of age.

The adult criteria usually used around the world for the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea do not apply to children. In fact, the finding of 10-15 obstructive apneic events per hour of sleep, which represents mild obstructive sleep apnea in an adult patient in whom treatment may not even be contemplated, represents a sleep-related respiratory disturbance corresponding to a severely affected child definitely in need of therapeutic intervention. Thus, an apnea hypopnea index (AHI) of more than 5 events per hour clearly represents an indication for treatment in children. An AHI of fewer than 3 events per hour does not require any intervention, and, in children with an AHI of more than 3 but fewer than 5 events per hour, the benefit of treatment remains to be determined.

Other diagnostic studies may be warranted to evaluate for complications of obstructive sleep apnea or to better assess the contribution of an underlying condition. In patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea, electrocardiography and echocardiography are particularly important to assess for pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale.

Currently, the only available tool for definitive diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea is an overnight polysomnographic evaluation in the sleep laboratory. An overnight polysomnographic study usually includes multiple channels that aim to monitor sleep state, as well as cardiac and respiratory parameters (see the images below).

Polysomnography remains the criterion standard for establishing the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in infants, children, and adults. Ideally, polysomnography should be performed overnight and during the patient's usual bedtime.

Multiple physiologic parameters are monitored during polysomnography, although the specific montage may vary slightly between sleep laboratories. Generally, electrooculography, chin and leg surface electromyography (EMG), and at least 2 EEG channels are included to confirm sleep and assess sleep architecture. Breathing is assessed using nasal/oral airflow sensors, pulse oximetry, and end-tidal (ET) CO2 measurements monitoring and by placing piezo crystal belts across the chest and abdomen to detect respiratory efforts. At least one ECG channel is necessary to determine heart rate and rhythm. Occasionally, other channels are incorporated into the study as needed. These might include additional EEG leads to better detect seizure activity, esophageal pH measurements, or transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring.

Polysomnographic normal standards differ between children and adults. In the pediatric age range, abnormalities include oxygen desaturation under 92%, more than one obstructive apnea per hour, and elevations of ET CO2 measurements of more than 50 mm Hg for more than 9% of sleep time or a peak level of greater than 53 mm Hg.

Polysomnography is necessary to document obstructive sleep apnea and gauge its severity. A history of snoring alone is not adequate for making a diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea or for determining its seriousness.

Some children with obstructive sleep apnea have primarily obstructive hypoventilation in which repetitive partial obstructions occur with some degree of relative oxygen desaturation and hypercapnia. Because of this, pediatric polysomnographic testing should include some means of determining CO2 levels, such as end-tidal (ET) CO2 monitoring or transcutaneous CO2 monitoring.

PSG, continuously monitored by appropriately trained technical personnel, may be difficult to arrange due to relative unavailability, with long waiting periods between referral and testing times. For these reasons, attempts have recently been made to evaluate the role of outpatient overnight studies to provide more accessible and practical approaches to the diagnosis of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. However, these outpatient studies are not well validated yet or covered by third party payers and, thus, remain largely available only as research tools.

Individuals with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome have pathologic degrees of obstructive apnea, obstructive hypopnea, or both. Severity is quantified using a polysomnographic-derived index known as the apnea hypopnea index (AHI). The AHI is the total number of apneas and hypopneas that occur divided by the total duration of sleep in hours. An AHI of 1 or less is considered to be normal by pediatric standards. An AHI of 1-5 is very mildly increased, 5-10 is mildly increased, 10-20 is moderately increased, and greater than 20 is severely abnormal.

Obstructive hypopnea (OH) in children is a sleep-related breathing disorder that is considered a variation of obstructive sleep apnea. Children with OH may have an AHI in the normal range, but they have episodic periods of hypercapnia, as identified on the basis of end-tidal (ET) CO2 monitors. Peak ET CO2 measurements of greater than 53 mm Hg are considered abnormal. The percentage of sleep time spent with ET CO2 measurements greater than 50 mm Hg should not be more than 9%.

Most physicians who treat children with sleep apnea generally recommend specific interventions when the AHI is greater than 5 or respiratory events are associated with oxygen desaturations of less than 85%. When the AHI falls to between 1 and 5, other clinical factors must be taken into account to determine whether to pursue adenotonsillectomy or other therapy.

Daytime nap studies are specific, but not sensitive, in detecting sleep apnea. This is because obstructive events are more likely to occur during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep than during other sleep stages, and very little (if any) REM sleep occurs during daytime naps in noninfants. Therefore, children with symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea who have normal nap study findings must undergo nocturnal polysomnography to exclude the diagnosis. Sleep studies should be performed without sedation.

Unattended home overnight oximetry has been proposed as a screening study. However, it may miss the child with significant obstructive sleep apnea who does not have marked episodes of oxygen desaturation.

Overnight pulse oximetry by itself is not adequate for establishing the diagnosis or excluding obstructive sleep apnea in children because it provides no information concerning sleep staging/sleep fragmentation or carbon dioxide.

The results of initial studies indicate that, although home audio tape recordings appear relatively insensitive, oximetry trend analysis with or without additional measures may provide a useful alternative in establishing the definitive cases that require intervention. However, despite high specificity, home oximetry has low sensitivity, and children with negative findings on studies still require complete nocturnal polysomnography.

Assessment of tonsillar size usually does not require any type of imaging; however, lateral neck radiographs can be used to determine adenoid size. Although MRI can provide very detailed images of soft tissues and bony structures underlying the nasopharynx, such images are not usually required, except in cases of suspected aberrant anatomy.

Cine MRI during sleep may be helpful in identifying specific sites of airway obstruction in the complicated patient being evaluated for surgical interventions. This technique is currently only available at a handful of specialized tertiary care facilities.

These studies are not necessary in all children with suspected sleep apnea. However if very severe long-standing obstruction is suspected, an ECG and echocardiography are helpful in assessing ventricular thickness and function and to check for evidence of pulmonary hypertension.

A history of severe snoring, headaches, neck pain, urinary frequency, or swallowing problems raises the suspicion of Chiari malformation. Chiari malformations may occur in otherwise normal children and in association with congenital myelomeningocele. If brainstem dysfunction is suspected, MRI is necessary. Cranial CT imaging is not adequate to assess for brainstem and upper cervical cord lesions.

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