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The reason is that there is a physical distance between the antenna reference point (in most cases the bottom of the antenna) and the point at which the signal is captured by the antenna. You will note that the NGS and IGS antenna calibration files include not only a physical offset in terms of N,E and U but also azimuth and elevation dependent values. I am sure that the folks performing the calibrations do not open the antenna to make th physical measurement between the antenna base and each strip antenna. These values are solved from signal tracking data.
Recollect that when you send a file to OPUS it asks for the height to the Antenna Reference Point and the exact antenna model. If you carefully examine the OPUS extended output you will see the offset values used in processing. In addition to the UP offset, there are horizontal offsets though usually not enough to worry surveyors.
Bad news is that most people then using locus with opus could tell that it was not right for some reason and based on messages on the then still active ashtech forum users came to other numbers based on actual experiences. Ashtech forum messages may still be available. I think I have some emails on the topic archived.
The absolute antenna offsets differ from the older relative offsets. You can use either but you must not mix and match. International antennas probably will not get an old style NGS relative test, so if you use any of those antennas then you have to use the absolute for all your future work.
Notice radius is zero, so if you use slant height measurements in the field you may have to do the math yourself. When I query the antenna in GNSS Solutions I get an h value which is needed because the slant height is to a point on the measurement hat which needs to be accounted for.
Ashtech is one of the world's top providers of GPS, GNSS and GPS+GLONASS positioning and navigation equipment. Their innovative and advanced instruments including GPS and GNSS receivers and sensors are used for a broad variety of applications including surveying and construction work. And as an OEM manufacturer Ashtech technology powers some of the top brands in the industry including illustrious names like Spectra Precision, Trimble and Thales Navigation. If you're looking for top-quality surveying and constructiuon positioning solutions that make your work easier then look no further than Ashtech.
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They include CMC Electronics with its line of OEM and enclosure products, Rockwell Collins with a new generation of airborne receivers just entering the market, Thales in Europe continuing to offer ARINC standard and multi-mode packaged receivers, Garmin still leading the panel-mount market for business aviation, Trimble/Ashtech continuing to promote its GPS/GLONASS airborne receiver, and newer entrants including Aspen/Accord with the NexNav GNSS line, and Avidyne with a home-grown embedded receiver in its flight management systems.
A multi-frequency prototype first came together during two years of intense work by a couple of individuals, led by Angelo Joseph, an ex-NovAtel Aviation Group engineer with 15 years of GNSS design experience. When this proof-of-concept receiver demonstrated the required capability, a new GNSS receiver team was put together in Melbourne, Florida, to develop a fully qualified receiver, designed and built to stringent airborne standards.
An additional TSO application is underway to enable anticipated installations on Airbus and Boeing commercial transport aircraft. Work on the Rockwell Collins Next Generation Multi-Mode Receiver, the GLU-2100, is well advanced with an estimated availability at the end of this year.
In Europe, Thales markets the TopStar-C certified GNSS receiver solution for aircraft and helicopter navigation and approach, providing LPV, RNP and ADS-B, with Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS) capability promised in the near future. Compliant with all these latest navigation functions, TopStar-C is available as both standard fit (installed as basic fit on a new aircraft) and for retrofit on aircraft and helicopters alike.
The Thales Multi-Mode Receiver (MMR) is part of the TopFlight Line, which includes comprehensive solutions for communication, navigation and surveillance. The MMR is configured with GNSS landing system (GLS) and navigation capability, Instrument Landing System (ILS) and Microwave Landing System (MLS) receivers in one package.
The CMA-6024 aviation GPS/SBAS/GBAS sensor has an embedded VHF Data Broadcast (VDB) receiver and an integrated GPS navigation sensor, is self-contained, and fully certified Precision Approach and navigation GBAS/GLS solution, certified to Design Assurance Level A.
The CMA-6024 provides a navigation solution that is fully compliant with Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) and Required Navigation Performance (RNP). It comes with SBAS Localizer Performance/Localizer Performance with Vertical Guidance (LP/LPV) and GBAS Global Navigation Satellite System Landing System (GLS) GAST-C/D Precision Approach guidance for all aircraft. And it meets or exceeds the most stringent environmental requirements set out in RTCA/DO-160G, meeting additional requirements for specific aircraft, such as higher vibration levels for helicopters.
An SBAS/WAAS-certified, 15-channel GPS with 5-Hz outputs is embedded in the Garmin GTN-650 Nav/Comm unit, enabling GPS-guided LPV glide-path instrument approaches down to 200 ft. The system also includes VHF navigation capabilities, with a 200-channel VOR (VHF Omnidirectional Range) and ILS receiver for approaches with ILS localizer and glideslope. VOR navigation using the extensive ground VOR beacon system uses radial direction and distance to each VOR beacon within receiver range.
In addition, course deviation and roll steering outputs may be coupled to compatible autopilots so that IFR flight procedures may be flown automatically. And, when coupled with a flight display and compatible autopilot, the aircraft can fly fully coupled missed approaches, including heading legs as well as holds and search and rescue patterns.
The 1203C sensor houses a high-performance 15-channel GPS engine with advanced interference protection and quick update rates, and is designed for business, regional, airline transport and heavy rotary-wing aircraft. The 1203C is certified to TSO-C145c and meets position source requirements for ADS-B and Required Navigation Performance (RNP) and other L-NAV operations. Another 1201 Sensor GNSS is specifically for General Aviation aircraft.
Bendix/King GNSS navigation capability, like other General Aviation avionics suppliers, is often buried within a cockpit display system that serves to tune radios, and display information from weather radar, Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System (EGPWS), XM Datalink Weather, Terrain awareness and warning System (TAWS) and Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS).
There are clearly other companies who supply avionics for GA and Commercial Air Transport aircraft, but this article has attempted to capture a cross-section of GNSS offerings. Other notables include Sagem/Safran in France, Universal Avionics in Tucson, and quite possibly several others that we will no doubt hear about shortly!
As aviation agencies move towards adding the use of other constellations beyond GPS into approved, international navigation standards, there surely has to be significant change across the board for aviation as a whole as improved integrity and availability provide more options and capability. The existing avionics suppliers should be able to maintain market by offering more capability, and there might even be more opportunity for new entrants to come into the market with disruptive products, but for sure the future looks good for the industry.
ProMark3 RTK offers superior GPS capability in a complete range of survey modes, including real-time, real-time + raw data, post-processing and mapping. Ideally suited for short baseline surveys, such as construction site, stake out, and cadastral, ProMark3 RTK is a high-performance positioning, GNSS and mapping solution.
ProMark3 RTK is available as an all-inclusive Base + Rover system with a license-free plug-and-play radio kit. This provides a great advantage when a network is unavailable or when surveying independently from 3rd party data corrections.
ProMark3 RTK is compatible with NTRIP and direct IP and can be connected to any GPS network broadcasting corrections (RTCM 2.3, RTCM 3.1). In this rover configuration the real-time performance of the receiver is linked to the quality of the network (i.e.,distance to the station, interval between stations, VRS quality).
As with the original ProMark3 receiver, post-processing features are included in ProMark3 RTK. Raw data, simultaneously recorded during RTK jobs, can also be post-processed via the GNSS solutions office software for superior survey integrity. Post-processing ensures full control of the quality of the data collected.
ProMark3 RTK enables you to take any supported GIS file into the field. Easily navigate to field infrastructure for reckon and mapping. Update your GIS data and transfer the file back to the office GIS for the customer.
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