A'LA HADRAT, IMAM-E-AHLE SUNNAT, MUJADDID-E-DEEN-O-MILLAT, ASH SHAH IMAM AHMED RAZA KHAN MUHADDITH BAREILWI AL-QAADIRI (RADI ALLAHU ANHU)-4
Al Malibari
PROFICIENCY IN OVER 60 BRANCHES OF KNOWLEDGE
THE BRANCHES OF KNOWLEDGE ATTAINED
If we study the life of Sayyidi A'la Hadrat Imam Ahmed Raza(Alaihir Rahmah), we will discover that his proficiency in various subjects total over sixty branches of knowledge. The branches of knowledge of Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Barelwi (Alaihir Rahmah) are here arranged according to the syllabus of Jamias & Universities written as under :-
1. I’lm of the Qur’an & Art of its Translation
2. Qur’anic Tafseer
3. Principles of Tafseer
4. Master of Recitation of the Qur’an with Tajweed
5. Hadith
6. Principles of Hadith
7. Encyclopaedia of Hadith
8. Critical Examination of Hadith
9. Jurisprudence
10. Principle of Jurisprudence
11. Lexicon of Jurisprudence
12. Scholastic Theology
13. Islameology
14. Dialectic
15. Syntax & Etymology
16. Rhetoric and style & Elocution
17. Linguistic & Lexicon
18. Phonetic
19. Urdu Prose
20. Arabic Prose
21. Persian Prose
22. Arabic Poetry
23. Persian Poetry
24. Urdu Poetry
25. Hindi poetry
26. Explanation, Criticism & Appreciation
27. Prosody
28. Mysticism
29. Metaphysics
30. Incantation & Invocation
31. Jafr (Literology & Numerology)
32. Carrying the Figures (Takseer)
33. Ethics
34. Logic
35. Philosophy
36. Psychology
37. Chronology & Biography
38. Sociology
39. Economics
40. Education
41. Political Science
42. Commerce
43. Banking
44. Arithmetic & Computation
45. Algebra (Factorization, Equation of any degree, Exponential series, Binomial theorem, Set theory, Topology, Tensorial algebra)
46. Plane Trigonometry Euclidean logarithms
47. Spherical Trigonometry
48. Euclidean Geometry
49. Coordinate Geometry
50. Timings
51. Horoscopes
52. Astronomy & Astronomical Tables
53. Hisab-e-Satini
54. Statistics
55. Dynamics
56. Statics
57. Hydro Dynamics
58. Hydrostatics
59. Zoology
60. Botany
61. Geology
62. Geography
63. Horticultise
64. Unani Medicine
65. Physiology
66. Inorganic Chemistry
Is it possible today, to find an Islamic scholar or even a non-Muslim professor, scientist, educationist or a Nobel Prize owner who possesses such qualifications? Arab Scholars like Shaykh Ismail bin Khalil and Shaykh Musa Ali Shami commended Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Barelwi (Alaihir Rahmah) as the Revivalist of the 14th Century A.H.: “If he is called the revivalist of this century, it will be right and true.”
BRANCHES OF KNOWLEDGE STUDIED AT HIS FATHER'S FEET
Sayyidi A'la Hadrat Imam Ahmed Raza (Alaihir Rahmah) became proficient in the following branches of knowledge at the feet of his father:
1. I'lm-al-Qur'an (Knowledge of the Qur'an)
2. I'lm-al-Hadith (Knowledge of Traditions)
3. Usul-e-Hadith (Principle of Traditions)
4. Fiqh-e-Hanafi (Hanafi Jurisprudence)
5. Kutub-e-Fiqh Jumla (All Books of Jurisprudence)
6. Usul-e-Fiqh (Principle of Jurisprudence)
7. Jadl-e-Muhazab
8. I'lm-e-Tafseer (Knowledge of Exegesis of the Holy Quran)
9. I'lm-al Kalam (Scholastic theology)
10. I'lm-e-Nahav (Syntax)
11. I'lm-e-Sarf (Grammar, Accidence and Etymology)
12. I'lm-e-Maani (Elocution)
13. I'lm-e-Badi (Style)
14. I'lm-e-Bayan (Rhetoric)
15. I'lm-e-Mantique (Logic)
16. I'lm-e-Munazara (Dialectic)
17. I'lm-e-Takseer (Carrying figures)
18. I'lm-e-Falsafa (Philosophy)
19. I'lm-e-Hay'at (Astronomy)
20. I'lm-e-Hisab (Arithmetic)
21. 'Ilm-e-Hindasa (Geometry)
In the book, Al Ijaazatul Mateena, on page 22, Sayyidi A'la Hadrat Imam Ahmed Raza (Alaihir Rahmah) has said the following in connection with the above mentioned 20 branches of knowledge. He says, “I learnt these twenty branches of knowledge, personally at the feet of my father”.
BRANCHES OF KNOWLEDGE ATTAINED FROM VARIOUS ULEMA
The following are the 10 disciplines of knowledge which Sayyidi A'la Hadrat Imam Ahmed Raza (Alaihir Rahmah) haven't studied under any teacher but he had the 'Ijazat (permission) in these from discerning 'Ulama and he used to give 'Ijaza in these disciplines too.
22. Qir'at (Recitation of the Qur'an)
23. Tajweed (Knowledge of Right pronunciation of the Qur'an)
24. Tasawwuf (Mysticism)
25. Suluk (Knowledge of manner in Mystic)
26. Akhlaaq (Ethics)
27. Asma-ul-Rajaal (Encyclopaedia of Narrators of Traditions)
28. Siyar (Biography)
29. Tawarikh (Chronology)
30. Loghat (Lexicon)
31. Adab-Ma-Jumla Funoon (Literature with all Arts)
Sayyidi A'la Hadrat Imam Ahmed Raza(Alaihir Rahmah) states: “These ten branches of knowledge, I achieved at the feet of the following teachers: Shah Ale Rasool Marahrewi, Mawlana Naqi Ali Khan, Shaykh Ahmed Bin Zain Dahlaan Makki, Shaykh Abdur Rahman Makki, Shaykh Hussain Bin Saleh Makki, Shah Abul Hassan Ahmed Noori.”
BRANCHES OF KNOWLEDGE ATTAINED WITHOUT THE ASSISTANCE OF ANY TEACHER
The following are the 14 disciplines of knowledge that Sayyidi A'la Hadrat Imam Ahmed Raza (Alaihir Rahmah) did learnt by any teachers:-
32. Arsamatiqi (Arithmetic)
33. Jabr-o-Muqabilah (Algebra)
34. Ilm-e-Tauqeet (Timings)
35. Logharsimat (Logarithms)
36. Hisab-e-Satini
37. Manazir-o-Maraya (Sense & Sight)
38. I'lm-ul-Ukur (Spheres)
39. Zijaat (Astronomical Tables)
40. Muthallath Kurvi (Spherical Trigonometry)
41. Muthallath Musattah (Plane Trigonometry)
42. Haiyate Jadeedah (Modern Astronomy)
43. Jafr (Numerology & literology)
44. Murabba'at (Quadrangular)
45. Za'icha (Horoscopes)
The following are the 10 branches of learning that he has received by the Heavenly Blessing inspired directly into his heart:
46. Nazm-e-Arabi (Arabic Poetry)
47. Nazm-e-Farsi (Persian Poetry)
48. Nazm-e-Hindi (Hindi Poetry)
49. Nathr-e-Urdu (Urdu Prose)
50. Nathre-Farsi (Persian Prose)
51. Nathre Arabi (Arabic Prose)
52. Khat-e-Naskh (Arabic Calligraphy)
53. Khat-e-Nastalique (Persian Calligraphy)
54. Tilawat ma'a Tajwid (Recitation of the Holy Qur'an with right pronunciation)
55. I'lm-e-Meerath (Knowledge of Inheritance)
When Imam Ahmed Raza (Alaihir Rahmah) was questioned about his amazing capabilities in solving intricate and confusing Mathematical theories, and as to whom his mentor was, he replied, “I did not have a teacher in this field. Whatever you see, I achieved within the four walls of my room. This is indeed through the grace of Sayyiduna Rasoolulah (Salal Laahu Alaihi Wa Sallam).” [Al Mizaan, pg. 342]
The above are merely a few branches of knowledge in which Sayyidi A'la Hadrat Imam Ahmed Raza (Alaihir Rahmah) reached such great heights of proficiency that he was considered to be the inventor of that branch of knowledge! An example of this is to found in his book, Ar Raudal Baheej fi Adaabut Takhreej, dealing with the Principles of Chronomatic Recording of Ahadith.
Commenting on this, the famous Historian, Mawlana Rahmaan Ali, (M.P. Madya Pradesh) states, “If there are no books to be found on the subject of Chronomatic Recording of Ahadith, then Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Barelwi (Alaihir Rahmah) can be considered to be the very inventor of this branch of knowledge”. [Tazkerah Ulema-e-Hind, pg. 17]
HIS MASTERY IN THE TRANSLATION OF THE QUR’AN
One of Imam Ahmed Raza's (Alaihir Rahmah) most outstanding works is his translation of the Holy Qur'an into Urdu which he named Kanzu'l Iman fi Tarjamatu'l Qur'an which is unique and unparalleled in every sense. It is said that this translation is not merely a literal translation, but is also the commentary of the Holy Qur'an. Each and every line of this translation gives glimpses of the beauty of the Holy Qur'an and shows his mastery of the sciences of Tafseer. The translation takes into account the Glory of Allah Ta'ala and the perfection of His Messenger (Sallal Laahu Alaihi Wasallam); hence, it is free from the faults that are found in other translations. In his translation Hadrat Imam Ahmed Raza only used those words in his translation that are worthy for the Attributes and Qualities of Allah Ta'ala and of His beloved Rasool (Sallal Laahu Alaihi Wasallam).
We have taken just one example of a Verse from the Holy Qur'an that has been translated by various persons and compared it with the translation of Sayyidi A'la Hadrat Imam Ahmed Raza (Alaihir Rahmah).
(1) “And he found you lost on the way and he guided thee.” [Sura 93, Verse 7]
Translation by Mohammad Asad
(2) “And found thee groping so he showed the way.” [Sura 93, Verse 7]
Translation by Muhammad Ali Lahori Qadiani
(3) “And He found you uninformed of Islamic laws so he told you the way of Islamic laws.” [Sura 93, Verse 7]
Translation by Ashraf Ali Thanwi
(4) “Did he not find thee erring and guide thee.” [Sura 93, Verse 7]
Translation by Arberry
(5) “And saw you unaware of the way so showed you the straight way.”
[Sura 93, Verse 7]
Translation by Fatheh Muhammad Jalledhri
(6) “And he found thee wandering and He gave thee guidance.” [Sura 93, Verse 7]
Translation by Yusuf Ali
Now that we have examined six different translations of Sura 93, Verse 7, let us examine the difference and the uniqueness of the translation of Imam Ahmed Raza (Alaihir Rahmah). He writes: “And he found you drowned in his love therefore gave way unto him.”
In Arabic, the word “dal” has got four different meanings, viz, “unaware”, “mixed”, “lost in love” and “lofty-tree”. Whichever of these is appropriate on the occasion, should only be used. Nothing should be fitted hurriedly which is out of sense or which kills the sense. Keeping to the dignity of the Revealer and the Revealed of Holy Qur'an, Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Barelwi (Alaihir Rahmah) has translated the “Dal” into “lost in his love”. A man of love talks of love. One who loved the Holy Prophet (Sallal Laahu Alayhi Wasallam) picked up the word of love out of different words. After all, choice differs from man to man. Moreover, the name of Holy Prophet (Sallal Laahu Alayhi Wasallam) is “Muhammad” as well as “Ahmad”. “Muhammad” means “one whom Allah Ta'ala praised most” and “Ahmad” means “one who praised Allah Ta'ala most”. All this bears testimony to his being lost in love with Allah Ta'ala.
Look at the uniqueness and the cautiousness that is present in this translation. Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Barelwi (Alaihir Rahmah) abstained from using those words that may cause any disrespect to the dignity and personality of the Holy Prophet (Sallal Laahu Alaihi Wasallam)!
Due to the vast amount of time Imam Ahmed Raza spent in compiling books on Fiqh and various other topics, it was not possible for him to compile a complete commentary of the Holy Qur'an. However, a few learned scholars have stated that if all the books of Imam Ahmed Raza (Alaihir Rahmah) have to be brought together then there is a great possibility that a complete commentary of the Holy Qur'an may be compiled. Like his translation of the Holy Qur'an, they have said that his Tafseer will also be exceptional.
Commenting only on the “Bismillahir Rahmanir Rahim”, Imam Ahmed Raza (Alaihir Rahmah) presented such a lengthy lecture on this simple phrase that it was compiled into a complete book and published under the title, Al Meeladun Nabwiya.
Once, during the 'Urs Shareef of Hadrat Mawlana Shah Abdul Qaadir Sahib (Alaihir Rahmah), Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Barelwi (Alaihir Rahmah) delivered a 6 hour lecture on Sura Wad-Duha from 9 a.m. in the morning right till 3 p.m. in the afternoon! After completing his lecture Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Barelwi (Alaihir Rahmah) said, “I only wrote 80 percent of the commentary on this Sura and had to leave it aside. Where is there time enough to write the Tafseer of the entire Qur'an-e-Azeem?!”
Allama Ata Muhammad Bindayalwi (Alaihir Rahmah), Sarghoda (Pakistan) said: “Hadrat Bareilvi (Alaihir Rahmah) has written about a thousand treatises. He exhaustively dealt with every topic he touched, but his most glorious work is his Urdu translation and explanation of the Holy Qur'an entitled, 'Kanzul Imaan'. Indeed, there is no parallel. Real worth of this monumental work can be evaluated by only those scholars who possess vast and deep knowledge of various other translations and explanations of high standard in Urdu. Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Barelwi kept the same pattern as adopted by the renown writers, but he excelled in the explanation and expansion of the most difficult and complicated subject matter in relatively few simple words.”
HIS MASTERY IN HADITH
For one to be a Muhaddith, it is not necessary to be a Faqih but to be a Faqih, one must be a Muhaddith and Sayyidi A'la Hadrat Imam Ahmed Raza (Alaihir Rahmah) was an undisputed Imam of Fiqh. He had a vast knowledge of Hadith and its related sciences including Turuq, Nasikh and Mansukh, Rajih and Marjuh, Tatbiq and Rijal.
Sayyidi A'la Hadrat Imam Ahmed Raza (Alaihir Rahmah) was once questioned about how many books of Hadith he had studied. He replied with the names of 29 books and said that he had studied over 50 books of Hadith. Moreover, when one researcher studied 356 books of Imam Ahmed Raza, he found citations therein from not just 50 books but 240 books of Hadith. As mentioned, these 240 books are mentioned in just 356 of his books whereas he has authored approximately 1000 books; hence, this number is likely to be much greater.
Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Barelwi (Alaihir Rahmah) knew the names of almost every Hadith narrator. When he was questioned concerning details of a certain narrator, he was able to give a complete biography of the narrator. When he studied any Hadith he was able to explain the type of Hadith, its benefits and the reasons behind that Hadith. He wrote many booklets on the topic of Ahadith.
Sayyid Muhammad Muhaddith Kachochawi (Alaihir Rahmah) writes: ““His knowledge of Hadith can be seen by the fact that all the Ahadith that are the foundation of the Hanafi school were in his memory and those Ahadith by which the Hanafi school is [apparently] challenged; Imam Ahmed Raza knew the weaknesses of their Sanad and the meanings of all of them. The knowledge of Asma' al-Rijal is the most difficult science of Hadith; however, if any Sanad was recited before Imam Ahmed Raza and he was asked about any narrator, he would mention the strengths and weaknesses of each narrator with specific words and when the books of Rijal were checked, those exact words were found therein”. [Maqalat-e-Yawm-e-Raza, 'Abdun Nabi Kokab, Vol.1, pg.41]
Concerning the etiquettes of Takhrij al-Hadith, Imam Ahmed Raza wrote a monograph named al-Rawd al-Baheej fi Adab al-Takhreej. Mawlana Rahman Ali writes about this work: “If there is no book before this on this topic, then the writer can be called the inventor of this science”. [Tazkira 'Ulama-e-Hind, Molvi Rahman Ali, Pakistan Historical Society, pg.100]
Sayyid Muhammad Muhaddith Kachochawi (Alaihir Rahmah) once asked his teacher, Mawlana Sayyid Wasi Ahmad Muhaddith Surati (Alaihir Rahmah): “Was the rank of Imam Ahmed Raza the same as yours in the field of Hadith?” The latter replied, “Not at all, not at all”. He then said, “Do you understand what I mean by this? Imam Ahmed Raza is Amir al-Mu'mineen fi'l Hadith and if I study Hadith at his feet for many years, I will still not reach his rank”.
Many a time, for only one Hadith, he cites up to 25 references. He wrote 45 books specifically on Hadith and when answering questions, he would cite extensively from the books of Hadith. A few examples are given:
Is it allowed to refer to Sayyidina Rasoolullah (Sallal Laahu Alayhi Wasallam) as “the remover of difficulties?” Answering this, Imam Ahmed Raza wrote al-Amnu wa'l 'Ula wherein he proved his motif by presenting 60 verses and 300 Ahadith.
Some Wahabis denied the fact that Sayyidina Rasoolullah (Sallal Laahu Alayhi Wasallam) is the best of creation. Imam Ahmed Raza answered this fallacious claim by gathering 100 Ahadith and named this monograph Tajalli al-Yaqeen bi Anna Nabiyyina Sayyida'l Mursaleen.
When asked about having a feast to remove the difficulties of famine and smallpox, Imam Ahmed Raza presented 60 Ahadith to show its permissibility.
Whilst burying the nonsensical claim of Prophethood by Mirza Qadiani, Imam Ahmed Raza wrote a monograph wherein he presented 121 Ahadith which demolished Mirza's claim.
On the issue of the second Adhan for Jumu'ah, Imam Ahmed Raza wrote Shama'im al-Anbar in Arabic in which he gathered 45 Ahadith.
Regarding the hearing of the dead, he presented 60 Ahadith.
On the creation of Angels, he cited 24 Ahadith.
About dyeing the hair, he presented 16 Ahadith.
Regarding Mu'aniqa [hugging], he cited 16 Ahadith.
On the importance of the beard, he gathered 56 Ahadith.
On the rights of parents, he presented 91 Ahadith.
Regarding the impermissibility of the prostration of reverence, he put forward 70 Ahadith.
On intercession, he gathered 40 Ahadith.
On the issue of pictures, he cited 27 Ahadith.
Dr Professor Mohiyyuddin, Azhar University, Cairo (Egypt) said: “Renowned scholar, Ahmed Raza Khan, visited Arabia twice to perform Hajj at Makka and payed homage to the Holy Prophet (Sallal Laahu Alaihi Wasallam) at Madina. During his stay he visited various centres of learning and had extensive exchange of views with the scholars covering various branches of learning and religious issues. He secured permission from some authentics to quote them in reference to particular Ahadith, and in return, he allowed them to mention his authority in respect of some other Ahadith.
“It is an old saying that scholarly talent and poetic exuberance rarely combine in one person, but Ahmad Raza Khan was an exception. His achievements contradict this diction. He was not only an acknowledged research scholar, but also a great poet.”
HIS MASTERY IN FIQH
Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence) is that branch of knowledge that is derived from the Holy Qur'an and the Ahadith of the Noble Messenger of Allah (Sallal Laahu Alaihi Wasallam). Only that person can be a proper Jurist who is well-versed in both the Holy Qur'an and the Ahadith. He must also be well-versed in and all the other important branches of knowledge, such as Tafseer, Logic, Philosophy, translation and other branches.
Sayyidi A'la Hadrat Imam Ahmed Raza (Alaihir Rahmah) was regarded as the greatest Jurist of his era. He was totally proficient in the field of Fiqh and received acceptance by the great 'Ulema of the East and the West. The greatest proof of his position and status in the world of Fiqh can be understood from his answers concerning the Shari'at-e-Mustapha (Sallal Laahu Alaihi Wasallam), which was compiled into 12 large volumes, comprising of approximately 12000 pages to form the famous book, Fatawa Radawiyyah, which is used in every Darul Ifta (Fatawa Departments) around the world today.
Volumes 1-7 and 10-11 of Fatawa Radawiyyah contain a total of 4095 fatawa. Out of this, 1061 are questions sent to Imam Ahmed Raza by other scholars. This shows that along with the general public, the scholars also turned to Imam Ahmed Raza to find solutions to their problems.
As is evident, Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Barelwi (Alaihir Rahmah) did write a lot of books but what must be noted is that the quantity of books is not what makes Imam Ahmed Raza Khan great; it is the quality of each one that makes him great. In many cases, one page written by Imam Ahmed Raza is more valuable than entire books of other scholars.
His excellence in Fiqh can be seen from the number of references he cites for each issue. Some examples of this are seen below:
1. Can the Janazah prayer be repeated? Imam Ahmed Raza compiled a monograph on this matter and dealt with the issue by segregating it into 10 categories. He cited 207 references and at another place also gathered 40 other references of Hadith and books of Fiqh.
2. Can the Awliya hear and assist after their demise? He answered this by compiling a lengthy monograph named Hayat al-Mawat fi Bayani Sama'il Amwat. He first cited 60 Ahadith and then gathered 200 sayings of the Sahaba, Tabi'in and then gathered a further 100 references of those scholars that are revered by the Wahabis. Not just this, he then compiled another 150 page book on this issue.
3. He was asked about making Du'a after Salaah. He cited one verse of the Holy Qur'an and then presented a Hadith from 10 different books whereas Mawlana Abdul Haleem Farangi Mahalli only presented one Hadith as his answer and Molvi Muhammad Nazeer Husain, the leader of the Ahle Hadith, also only managed one Hadith.
4. Abiding by times of Salah is compulsory and joining prayers is impermissible. He wrote a monograph on this issue named “Hajiz al-Bahrain” in which he presented 7 verses of the Holy Qur'an and 36 Ahadith from famous books of Hadith.
5. The famous Hadith scholar of the age, 'Allama Wasi Ahmad Muhaddith Surati (Alaihir Rahmah), asked Imam Ahmad Raza a question regarding the 'Amama [turban]. The latter gathered 40 Ahadith on the blessings of the 'Amama and also their references. Muhaddith Surati also questioned about a Hadith that some claimed was weak. Imam Ahmed Raza replied in a way that all allegations were refuted.
6. Wudhu (ablution) is the act of washing the parts of the body, which are generally exposed, in a prescribed manner. For making Wudhu, water is required. Which type of water is fit for making Wudu and which type of water is unfit for the purpose? Such a question came up for consideration before A'la Hadrat (Alaihir Rahmah). In 1915 he wrote a separate treatise over this issue. He described 160 kinds of water with which Wudhu can be made with. Besides, he has given 146 kinds the water with which Wudhu cannot be made with. Thus, in all, Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Barelwi (Alaihir Rahmah) has described 306 kinds of water.
7. Tayammum is an alternative of ablution made without water under certain circumstances. A'la Hadrat (Alaihir Rahmah) has drawn a list of 181 things fit to be used for Tayammum. He has given a separate list of 130 things unfit for the purpose.
Other aspects of his superlative knowledge of Fiqh can be seen from his answers to perennial issues. For example, when the issue of currency notes arose, the scholars were baffled. Even the Hanafi Mufti of Makka, Mawlana Jamal bin Abdullah, was unable to provide a comprehensive answer. It is a favour upon the whole Muslim Ummah that Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Barelwi (Alaihir Rahmah) answered the question with utmost clarity.
When he went on his second Hajj in 1323 AH, news of the brilliance of al-Dawlah al-Makkiyah had spread far and wide. Hence, the scholars took advantage of his visit and asked 12 questions about currency notes. Sayyidi A'la Hadrat Imam Ahmed Raza (Alaihir Rahmah) wrote Kifl al-Faqih al-Fahim and when he went to the library of Haram on 4th Safar 1324 AH, he found the Mufti-e-Hanafiya, Mawlana Abdullah bin Siddiq, reading Kifl al-Faqih and when he reached the point where Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Barelwi (Alaihir Rahmah) had cited Fath al-Qadir which said that: “If a man wishes to sell a piece of paper for Rs. 1000, then this is permissible”; the Mufti was shocked and whilst hitting his thigh he exclaimed: “Jamal bin Abdullah, how did you miss such a clear evidence?” By saying this, the current Mufti [Abdullah bin Siddiq] was addressing the Mufti of old [Jamal bin Abdullah].
Imam Ahmad Raza was a great Faqih because he was able to convey what Fuqaha before him had researched in their own books but he was also able to add his own research to issues. For example, Fatawa Radawiyyah has 311 points on Tayammum whereas previous works of Fiqh have 72. The additional 239 points have been derived by Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Barelwi (Alaihir Rahmah) himself.
A renowned theologian and a great Saint of Delhi, Hadrat Mawlana Zayd Abul Hassan Faruqi (Alaihir Rahmah), who completed his education at the Al Azhar University, Cairo, acknowledged the unrivalled mastery of Imam Ahmed Raza (Alaihir Rahmah) over Islamic Jurisprudence and other branches of learning in the following words: “None can deny the knowledge of Mawlana Ahmed Raza Khan in the field of Fiqh. He was, no doubt, the greatest Faqih (Jurist) of his time.”
When Shaykh Ismail Khalil, the Curator of the Library at Makkatul Mukarramah, read the Fatawa of Imam Ahmed Raza he was puffed up with joy and wrote to him saying: “By Allah, if Abu Hanifa Nu'man (Alaihir Rahmah) would have gone through these Fatawa, undoubtedly, it could have been his heart's delight and granted its writer among his pupils.”
HIS RESEARCH CAPABILITIES
Research is a matter of talent but the talent of A'la Hadrat (Alaihir Rahmah) in the field of research is a matter of research itself. We shall just relate a few examples:
Mawlana Waqaruddin (Alaihir Rahmah), the student of Mawlana Amjad Ali Azmi (Alaihir Rahmah), writes regarding the knowledge of Imam Ahmed Raza: “I taught at Madrasah Mazhar-e-Islam in Bareilly for approximately 9 years and was in charge of teaching the most advanced books. Whenever I came across any difficulty I would go to the library of Imam Ahmed Raza and look for the book within which I was having difficulty and would always find that Imam Ahmed Raza had written a marginalia in the book which solved my problem. I also found that those complex parts that are left alone by other commentators, Imam Ahmed Raza had written marginalia to even those”.
Mawlana Zafar al-din Razawi, one of the noted students of A'la Hadrat Imam Ahmed Raza (Alaihir Rahmah), is author of Hayat-e-A'la Hadrat, an authentic biography of the great Mujaddid of Islam. The Mawlana states that he was able to fill up the “Naqsh-e-Murabba” (a sixteen column quadrilateral) by 1152 methods. He further states that Imam Ahmed Raza from whom he learnt this art, knew to fill it up by 2300 methods. Nowadays, the position is that one who knows to fill it even by 16 types, thinks himself to be a perfect Master. The Mawlana has written a book in which he has practically shown 1152 different ways of filling up the Naqsh. The knowledge of a student speaks of the heights of his master. This shows that Sayyidi A'la Hadrat (Alaihir Rahmah) made an in-depth research whereby he could succeed to chalk out 2300 methods.
Once someone asked Sayyidi A'la Hadrat (Alaihir Rahmah) if there were only 99 names of Holy Prophet Muhammad (Sallal Laahu Alayhi Wasallam). A'la Hadrat (Alaihir Rahmah) replied: “About 800 names of the Holy Prophet (Sallal Laahu Alayhi Wasallam) are usually found in the books. I have been able to gather up to 1400 names and Allah Ta'ala knows better the exact number.” It is difficult for a Scholar to enumerate even 200 such names while Imam Ahmed Raza (Alaihir Rahmah) is talking of 1400. Certainly his research was not deep but deeper. Moreover, he does not say that he has been able to find out 1400 names and that is all. He keeps the issue open for further research. Such is the greatness of Sayyidi A'la Hadrat (Alaihir Rahmah).
Sayyiduna Imam Hussain (Radi Allahu Anhu) proceeded from Makka for Karbala on the 3rd of Zil-Hijjah and reached there on the 2nd of Muharram. Some of the people raise an objection to it. According to them, they say that it was impossible for Sayyiduna Imam Hussain (Radi Allahu Anhu) to have reached Karbala from Makka within such a short space of time time, particularly when in those days the caravans used to proceed only on horses and camels.
On this point, the great Imam made a full research. He pointed out that the caravan of Sayyiduna Imam Hussain (Radi Allahu Anhu) proceeded on horses. He also described the various kinds of horses. He even pointed out the number of horses in the caravan of Imam Hussain (Radi Allahu Anhu), their individual races and various routes through which the caravan proceeded. He went to the extent of pointing out the respective distances and the aggregate distance from Makka to Karbala, the different kinds or routes, the terrain through which the caravan passed - sandy, stony and otherwise. He pointed out the different speeds of different horses. He pointed out their speeds vis-a-vis the kinds of routes. He pointed out the time to be taken by a particular horse of a particular race on a particular route.
Thus, after making a thorough research, Sayyidi A'la Hadrat (Alaihir Rahmah) proved fully that the caravan of Sayyiduna Imam Hussain (Radi Allahu Anhu) having proceeded from Makka on 3rd Zil-Hijjah carrying horses of such and such races passing through such and such routes, must have reached Karbala only on 2nd Muharram.
IMAM AHMED RAZA’S ILM-E-JAFR
“I'lm-e-Jafar” refers to the Knowledge and the Art of Prediction. Not all persons are blessed with such knowledge by Almighty Allah. It is a speciality for the Awliyah Allah. Sayyidi A'la Hadrat Imam Ahmed Raza (Alaihir Rahmah) was blessed with the gift of I'lm-e-Jafar.
Once, a certain person asked Sayyidi A'la Hadrat Imam Ahmed Raza (Alaihir Rahmah) concerning the approach of Qiyamah and the arrival of Imam Mahdi in the future. Imam Ahmed Raza said that Allah Ta'ala knows of this and His beloved Rasool (Sallal Laahu Alaihi Wasallam) is also aware of this fact. After saying this Imam Ahmed Raza substantiated these facts by quoting many verses of the Holy Qur'an and Ahadith of the Holy Prophet (Sallal Laahu Alaihi Wasallam). Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Barelwi (Alaihir Rahmah) then said, “Through a certain type of knowledge, I feel that there is a possibility that in 1837 A.H. there will be no Islamic government left, and in 1900 A.H. Imam Mahdi will appear”. After hearing this answer, someone asked Imam Ahmed Raza if he had gained this answer through I'lm-e-Jafar. He replied that he did. Imam Ahmed Raza (Alaihir Rahmah) then said very sarcastically, “Eat the mangoes. Do not count the trees.”
There was a King of Rampur whose wife was very sick. He loved her very much and was very attached to her. This King, who was a misguided and astray person, sent a messenger to Bareilly with a special request. He requested Sayyidi A'la Hadrat Imam Ahmed Raza (Alaihir Rahmah) to predict the time and place of the death of his wife. The King's wife was, at that moment, not at her house in Rampur, but she was in a place called Nainital. Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Barelwi (Alaihir Rahmah) told the messenger to tell the King that his wife will die in Rampur in the month of Muharram.
With this message at the back of his mind, the King tried very hard to keep his wife away from Rampur. He did not want her to be in any way near Rampur fearing that the words of the great Imam may prove to be true. It so happened that rioting broke out in Rampur. It concerned the affairs of the Kanpur Shaheed Ganj Musjid. The Governor summoned the King to meet with him urgently in Rampur. The King decided to go on his own, but his wife insisted on joining him. As soon as they reached Rampur, the King's wife suddenly died. It was also the month of Muharram. The prediction of Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Barelwi (Alaihir Rahmah) proved to be true!
HIS KNOWLEDGE OF PHILOSOPHY AND SCIENCE
Sayyidi A'la Hadrat Imam Ahmed Raza (Alaihir Rahmah) was a great Philosopher and Scientist. He understood Philosophy and Science better than anyone in his time. He was a master of Ancient and Modern Sciences. He proved through research that various concepts of the modern day science are illogical and against the theories of the Holy Qur'an and the Ahadith.
Sayyidi A'la Hadrat Imam Ahmed Raza (Alaihir Rahmah) wrote many books on Science and Physics. One of his famous books, Fauze Mubeen Dar Harkate Zameen, using the Holy Qur'an as its guidelines, proves that the earth is not rotating but is stationary. He also proves that the entire Universe is revolving around the earth. Modern theories believe that the earth is rotating on its axis and that all the planets, including the earth, are revolving around the sun. He declared: “The Islamic principle is that the sky and earth are stationary and the planets rotate. It is sun that moves round the earth; it is not earth that moves round the sun.” Imam Ahmed Raza Khan also disproved the theories of Scientist such as Galileo Galilei and Sir Isaac Newton.
In order to substantiate what he believed, the great Mujaddid A'la Hadrat (Alaihir Rahmah) put forward his arguments. He quoted a number of verses from Holy Qur'an and Hadith to show that:
1. The movement of Sun and Moon is according to a course.
2. The sun and the moon are sailing within a circle.
3. The moon and the sun were besieged for you which are constantly moving. [For detailed study, please see Nuzool-e-Ayat-e-Furqan Besukoon-e-Zameen-o-Aasman of A'la Hadrat - written in 1339 A.H, published from Raza Academy, Bombay.]
We believe that should this book Fauze Mubeen Dar Harkate Zameen be translated into the English language by our Scholars who are well-versed in Science and presented to the West, there will have to be a re-think on modern scientific theories! Today, many people in the Western world regard Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Barelwi (Alaihir Rahmah) as the “Neglected Genius of the East.”
KNOWLEDGE OF ASTRONOMY
A very disturbing news appeared in the English Daily “Express” of 18th October, 1919 published from Bankipur, Patna (Bihar). It was regarding a unique and dreadful forecast made by Prof. Albert of USA, who happened to be an astronomer and mathematician of international repute. The news report was:-
“On 17th December, 1919, six planets which are most powerful, viz. Jupiter, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Saturn and Neptune will be in conjunction and the Sun will come in opposite direction of these planets. These planets will fetch the sun towards them with all their gravity. The result will be that the magnetic properties of these planets will pierce into the sun and it will inflict a hole into the sun which will be in the shape of a big dagger. And, such a stain on the sun will be visible which everybody would see on 17th December, 1919 with naked eyes. Prof. Albert further predicted that conjunction of such planets, which was not witnessed for the last twenty centuries, would cause disorder in the air and it would bring about big storms, terrible rains and powerful earthquakes. The earth will return to its normal position after several weeks.”
The news spread like wild fire. Panic gripped the whole world. Some of the Muslims fell prey to it as well. Mawlana Zafaruddin of Bihar, a Mureed and Khalifa of Imam Ahmed Raza (Alaihir Rahmah) informed the great Imam of the forecast of Prof. Albert. Thereupon, A'la Hadrat wrote an article saying that it is baseless, which was published in the Monthly Al Raza from Bareilly. This contradictory article gained equal publicity.
Imam Ahmed Raza (Alaihir Rahmah) was challenging Prof. Albert. People were saying that a “Maulvi” was challenging an astronomer! An Indian was challenging an American! It was towards the middle of November and the people were waiting impatiently for 17th of December to come. In order to dispel the fear on the part of his Muslim brethren, Imam Ahmed Raza (Alaihir Rahmah) rose to the occasion and chose to get his article published. He consoled the frightened Muslims and advised them: “Muslims! Be afraid of Allah Ta'ala. Don't be afraid of Albert. His forecast is false and baseless. It is neither desirable nor permissible for you to pay any heed to it.”
Interestingly enough, A'la Hadrat Imam Ahmed Raza (Alaihir Rahmah) gave as many as seventeen arguments to disprove the said forecast. The arguments advanced by him are too astronomical and technical for common understanding. However, those who wish to make a deep study of these arguments, may go through the booklet Prof. Albert F. Porta Ki Peshin Goi Ka Rad published from Maktaba Gharib Nawaz, Allahabad.
Imam Ahmed Raza (Alaihir Rahmah) vehemently argued that the very basis of such a forecast was wrong. The forecast was based on the principle that “sun is stationary and the earth moves around the sun”.
According to the working of Prof. Albert, the mutual distance of six planets as on 17th December, 1919 worked out to 26 degree, whereas A'la Hadrat (Alaihir Rahmah) presented a detailed chart depicting the real position of such planets as on 17th December, according to which, such mutual distance worked out to 112 degree. The great Mujaddid A'la Hadrat (Alaihir Rahmah) also argued that the said conjunction did not conform with the Law of Gravitation as well.
By and by, the time passed and the crucial day of 17th December arrived. As the sun rose, the panic-stricken people began to take it as Doomsday. The routine life went to a standstill. Clouds of horror hovered heavily. Some people laid hope in Albert. Some people laid hope in A'la Hadrat (Alaihir Rahmah). The names of Prof. Albert and Imam Ahmed Raza (Alaihir Rahmah) were running on the lips of one and all. By the Grace of Allah Ta'ala, 17th December arrived and the day went off without any incident. Everybody witnessed that what A'la Hadrat (Alaihir Rahmah) had observed and declared, came true word by word. Prof. Albert also conceded the knowledge and expertise of A'la Hadrat (Alaihir Rahmah) in the field of Astronomy.
KNOWLEDGE OF ASTRONOMY
Sayyidi A'la Hadrat Imam Ahmed Raza (Alaihir Rahmah) gained great expertise in the field of Astrology.
There was a person by the name of Mawlana Ghulam Hussain Sahib, who used to regard himself as an authority in Astrology. Once, he visited Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Barelwi (Alaihir Rahmah). Imam Ahmed Raza asked him, “So! What is the situation of the rain?” After working out the position of the stars, Mawlana Ghulam Sahib drew-up an astronomical table and said, “In this month there will be no rain. It will only rain in the following month.” Mawlana Sahib then handed over the astronomical table to Imam Ahmed Raza who examined it and said, “All the Power is by Allah Ta'ala. If He pleases, then it may rain now.” Mawlana Ghulam Hussain then said, “Are you not observing the astronomical table?” Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Barelwi (Alaihir Rahmah) said, “I am observing everything.”
Imam Ahmed Raza then looked towards the clock and asked, “What time is it?” Mawlana Ghulam Hussain said, “Quarter past eleven.” Imam Ahmed Raza said, “That means that there is three quarters of an hour left for twelve o'clock.” Saying this, the great Imam walked up to the grandfather clock that was in the room. With his finger he moved the big needle of the clock until it was on the twelve, thus showing twelve o'clock. The clock began to chime. Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Barelwi (Alaihir Rahmah) then said, “You said that it would take three quarters of an hour for the needle to come to twelve o'clock.” The Mawlana Sahib replied, “But you were responsible for altering the position of the needle.” On hearing this, Sayyidi A'la Hadrat Imam Ahmed Raza (Alaihir Rahmah) said, “Allah Ta'ala is All-Powerful and He may alter the position of the stars whenever he wishes...” Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Barelwi (Alaihir Rahmah) had not yet completed his sentence when it began to rain uncontrollably.
MASTERY IN MATHEMATICS
Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Barelwi (Alaihir Rahmah) was also a great Mathematician. He used to solve the most difficult mathematical problems in a short space of time. His authority in the field of Mathematics will leave modern-day Mathematicians astounded. Algebra, Geometry, Calculus, Logarithms and other branches of Mathematics which are normally handled with great difficulty even by mathematic students today, was like ordinary addition and subtraction to Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Barelwi (Alaihir Rahmah)!
Once, Sir Zia'uddin, a famous Mathematician, was in a predicament with regards to part of his research in the mathematical field. He had to go to Berlin in Germany to seek a solution to this intricate problem. It so happened that a certain Mawlana from the famous Aligarh University advised Sir Zia'uddin to visit Sayyidi A'la Hadrat Imam Ahmed Raza (Alaihir Rahmah) to seek a solution for his mathematical problem. But, Sir Zia'uddin, not sounding very confident said, “What will an ordinary Mawlana like Mawlana Ahmed Raza be able to solve? He hasn't even gone out of his city to gain knowledge, so it is obvious that his knowledge is very limited.” Nevertherless, after some convincing, he agreed to visit Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Barelwi.
When he arrived in Bareilly, he immediately went to Imam Ahmed Raza. Presenting the intricate mathematical problem to Imam Ahmed Raza he said, “I am now going to Germany. I will come back for the answer, that is, if you do manage to solve it.” As he was speaking, Sayyidi A'la Hadrat Imam Ahmed Raza (Alaihir Rahmah) was busy writing and listening to him at the same time. As Sir Zia'uddin was about to leave, Imam Ahmed Raza handed him a sheet of paper. When Sir Zia'uddin read what was written on this paper, he realised that it was the solution to his mathematical problem. Sir Zia'uddin then said, “Today I believe that there is something known as I'lm-e-Laduni (inspired knowledge).”
Sir Zia'uddin, was later recorded to have said about Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Barelwi (Alaihir Rahmah): “He was an un-assuming man of pleasant manners and morals, had deep insight in Mathematics, although he was not formerly educated by a teacher. It was an inner divine-gifted inherent knowledge. My query pertained to a theory of knotting problems of Mathematics, but his manner and explanation was spontaneous as if he had already carried out a research in it. Now, there is nobody so well-versed in India. Such a great scholar, I think, there is none. Allah has bestowed upon him such a knowledge that is amazing. His insight in the fields of Mathematics, Euclid, Algebra and Timings is astonishing. A mathematical problem that I could not solve despite my best of efforts, this learned genius explained in a few moments.”
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE FIELD OF POETRY
Sayyidi A'la Hadrat Imam Ahmed Raza(Alaihir Rahmah) spent much of his valuable time writing poetry. His poetry mostly consisted of Na'at Shareef in praise of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (Sallal Laahu Alaihi Wasallam) and Manqabats. In all the Na'at Shareefs that was written by Imam Ahmed Raza, it is evident that his heart and soul was drowned in the love of Rasoolullah (Sallal Laahu Alaihi Wasallam).
His Na'ats were written within the boundaries of the Shari'ah. Every stanza was filled with inspirations from Almighty Allah. Each verse and stanza of his poetry is the Tafseer (Commentary) of the Holy Qur'an and the Hadith of Rasoolullah (Sallal Laahu Alaihi Wasallam). His poetry was mainly in the Arabic, Urdu and Persian languages.
Imam Ahmed Raza's (Alaihir Rahmah) poetry was compiled to form the famous, Hidayaqe Bakhshish, [Gardens of Forgiveness]. This famous Na'at compilation is used throughout the world. Imam Ahmed Raza's humble compilations are read by all who wish to express their love for Sayyiduna Rasoolullah (Sallal Laahu Alaihi Wasallam).
His “Qasida-e-M'erajiyya” (description of the Me'raj) is regarded as the best Qaseeda (ode), the Urdu poetry has ever produced. It is included in the syllabus of M.A. Urdu of the Sindh University (Pakistan). Prof. Mirza Nizamuddin Beg Jam Banarsi, has written an article on the said ode of A'la Hadrat (Alaihir Rahmah), which has been published from “Bazme Ahl-e-Sunnat” Karachi. Prof. Mirza Jam Banarsi has been frank enough to disclose that he had always been of the view that a “Maulvi” could never utter a beautiful couplet. But when he studied the poetry of Imam Ahmed Raza Barelwi (Alaihir Rahmah), he changed his view.
Mohsin Kakorvi who is regarded as a great Na'atia poet, was a contemporary of Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Barelwi (Alaihir Rahmah). Once he came to him to recite before him one of his Qasidas. But A'la Hadrat recited his “Qasida-e-M'erajiyya” first, with the result that Mohsin Kakorvi did not recite his Qaseeda afterwards and was compelled to observe that after hearing such an ode, how could he present his own one.
Commenting on one of Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Barelwi's poems, Allama Sayyid Muhammad Muhaddith Kichauchawi (Alaihir Rahmah) said: “Once I had the opportunity of reciting the Qasida-e-Me'rajiyya in my own style, in a select gathering of men of letters at Lucknow. I then asked them about the literary worth of the poem. Everybody was overwhelmed and they all exclaimed that the language is superb, pure and divine.”
Mawlana Qari Noorul Hassan, quoting the following stanzas from Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Barelwi's (Alaihir Rahmah) poetry:
“Mulke Sukhan Ki Shahi Tum Ko Raza Musallam
Jis Simt Aagaye ho sikhe Bithaa diye hai.”
and says that there are many illiterate and ignorant people who look at the above stanzas and accuse Imam Ahmed Raza of praising himself in his poetry. This, he says, is not true and are mere baseless objections. He further explains.
Mawlana Hassan Raza Khan (Alaihir Rahmah), the younger brother of Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Barelwi (Alaihir Rahmah), would often send his poetry to be corrected to Janaab Daagh Delhwi, who was a famous and distinguished poet of his time. Hadrat Hasnain Raza Khan (Alaihir Rahmah) used to take the poetry of Mawlana Hassan Raza Khan (Alaihir Rahmah) to Daagh Delhwi. One day, as he was about to leave for Dehli, Imam Ahmed Raza presented one of his Na'ats to Hadrat Hasnain Raza Khan (Alaihir Rahmah) and said, “Ask Daagh Delhwi to rectify this Qalaam.” The Na'at which Imam Ahmed Raza sent begins with the following stanza:
“Unki Mahk ne dil ke ghunche khila diye hai
Jis Raah chal diye hai kooche basa diye hai.”
When Hadrat Hasnain Raza Khan reached Delhi and presented the Na'at to Daagh Delwhi, he looked at it and said, “This does not seem like the poetry of Mawlana Hassan Raza Khan. Whose is it?' Hadrat Hasnain Raza Khan replied that it was written by Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Barelwi. On hearing this, Daagh Delhwi said, “You have brought the Qalaam of Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Barelwi to me for correction! This is the Qalaam of such a poet who holds no place for any corrections. But, since it is incomplete, I would like to write the final verse from my side. Please ask Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Barelwi not to change it as I am aware that he does not like anything written in his praise.” After saying this, he wrote the verse:
“Mulke Sukhan Ki Shahi Tum Ko Raza Musallam
Jis Simt Aagaye ho sikhe Bithaa diye hai.”
So, to those who accuse Sayyidi A'la Hadrat Imam Ahmed Raza (Alaihir Rahmah) of praising himself in his poetry, will find sufficient evidence to prove that it was Daagh Delhwi who inserted that stanza and not Imam Ahmed Raza!
A number of books, booklets and articles have been written and published eulogizing the poetic talent of Sayyidi A'la Hadrat Imam Ahmed Raza (Alaihir Rahmah). A'la Hadrat was a distinguished Na'atia poet because of his following distinguished features:
1. Each and every verse of A'la Hadrat is embodied in utter love and respect for the Holy Prophet (Sallal Laahu Alayhi Wasallam).
2. A Na'at is one which permits neither deficiency nor excess of actuals. It is strictly required to run in between. To describe anything short or excess of the Holy Prophet (Sallal Laahu Alayhi Wasallam) vitiates the Na'at and it is a difficult condition to abide by. Most of the poets deviate and tend to run towards excess. But Imam Ahmed Raza (Alaihir Rahmah) has not slighted even a bit, which is exemplary.
3. Sometimes, a poets write such a Na'at in the honour of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (Sallal Laahu Alayhi Wasallam) which casts an insult to other Prophets in some way or the other. The poetry of A'la Hadrat (Alaihir Rahmah) is absolutely free from such flaws.
4. The poetry of A'la Hadrat (Alaihir Rahmah) is a reflection of the teachings of Holy Qur'an and Hadith. It is not based on mere poetic approach.
Professor Dr Abdul Wahid Halepota, Chairman, Council of Islamic Ideology, Government of Pakistan, said: “Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Barelwi Mawlana Shah Ahmed Raza Khan is that ingenious personality of the Indo-Pak Sub-Continent whose academic position and legal insight has general recognisance. His multifarious achievements deserve that they should be spread on an international level. His greatest deed is that he beautified the hearts of the Muslims with the love of the Holy Prophet (Sallal Laahu Alaihi Wasallam) through his academic wonders, sweet speeches and most valuable Naatya Qalaam (Poetry in praise of the Holy Prophet - Sallal Laahu Alaihi Wasallam)."