Nuclear fusion in the sun can not occur without the presence of other stars in the universe.

[Lubomir Vlcek]

Nuclear fusion in the sun can not occur without the presence of other stars in the universe.

In other words, if the sun would be only one star in the universe would not have gone on it of nuclear fusion. There would not be of a very fast electrons penetrating into the Sun from space.

The proposed views

In short, when four protons fuse to become one helium nucleus, two of which must be converted into neutrons, and each such transition depends on the penetration of the two electrons from the Universe,   to the interior of the  star .

Penetration  10³⁸  to  10⁵⁸   of high energy electrons from the Universe    to the interior of the star,  transferred huge amounts of energy from the Universe into a small space of the star.(Also at the beginning of ignition stars  in the nebulae too ... there  where stars are born  ).

 This huge cosmic energy is responsible for thermonuclear fusion.

 Currently prevailing opinion that the star itself is the source of the nuclear fusion powering the star.

In fact, without a high-energy electrons from other stars of the Universe, single star can not be able to  a nuclear fusion, because without a high-energy electrons from other stars, her stellar protons cannot be  transform  into her  neutrons.

The idea that inside the star, the mass converted to energy and energy into mass, without regard to high-energy electrons from the surrounding Universe, so finally falls. It is unsustainable.

Neutronization, i.e. injection of free electrons to protons to form neutrons and neutrinos, as a consequence of the Pauli principle can therefore simply replace with the above considerations. Although the inverse beta-decay is common to both considerations, the qualitative difference is obvious.

The free electrons in the stars are replaced by high-energy electrons from the Universe
and neutrinos are replaced by waves which spread in the opposite direction to the movement of high-energy electrons from the Universe, i.e. by  kinetic energy / of wave = of neutrinos  / =
Ew = mc2 [ln | 1 + v / c | - (v / c) / (1 + v / c)] against direction of motion of electron (from the interior of the star, to the Universe), where  v is velocity  of electron.

Moreover,  formation   of a supernova is only possible, if the increase  the number of penetrating high-energy electrons from the Universe.

 At the end of life star :

1. high-energy electrons from the Universe are penetrating into the star,

2. by  waves  (= by  electron neutrinos ) propagated from inside of star to her surface , the star expands, more and more.   More and more active are mutual repellent protons of star. In combination with neutrino waves, star  more and more  expands.

Gradually grows, its radius will expand about 100 times (R_RG = 100 R_S … Arcturus)  and due to conservation of angular momentum (L = I*omega = const)  decreases rotation of the magnified star  from omega_s = 2,8* 10^-6  Hz  on   omega_RG = 10^-8  Hz. This creates a Red Giant.

 This makes that  the high-energy electrons from the Universe easily penetrate into the interior of stars (electrons have a small radius of force reach     r_e =2,840401487397554751560630135382e-24m   in direction of motion from the Universe) and in particular the impact of 10⁶ times more (since the volume of Red Giant is a 100³ = 10⁶ times greater).

Therefore into the interior of Red Giant can easily penetrate slower electrons from the universe too. Total number all electrons from the Universe is approximately 10⁷ times more than in the middle  of life stars.  As a result, inside the Red Giant   arises approximately 10⁷ times more neutrons per second.

After some time, almost all protons inside the Red Giant will turn into neutrons (repulsive force of protons  is replaced without  force, or a weak attractive force of neutrons respectivelly ).

 After the conversion of protons into neutrons, leads to of neutrons  concentration   and a very dense neutron star with a radius of R_ns = 10 000 km, and due to conservation of angular momentum,

neutron star spinning at omega_ns =  1 Hz   to  716 Hz .^[1]

Together with this reduction of the Red Giant in neutron star, arises emission  neutrino waves in the opposite direction of movement of electrons from the Universe.

This creates a shock wave  which  ejects the remnants of star into Universe - thus creating a circular cloud of gas that is  growing with time after the supernova explosion.

The remaining protons, which did not create with   electrons from the Universe neutrons,

create  hydrogen atoms   - electron capture (K-capture).

And either because some electrons from the Universe have a lower speed of 0.003 c - 0.6c or because they are located in areas distant from the center of the star where the pressure is significantly lower. These hydrogen atoms are entrained   by  the neutrino waves propagating from inside of the star out  into Universe.

 

Discussion

The greater the velocity of the electrons, the smaller the radius of  force reach of electron r_e ,

the easier and more likely it can  penetrate  in star.

In short, when four protons fuse to become one helium nucleus, two of which must be converted into neutrons, and each such transition depends on the penetration of the two electrons from the Universe,  to the interior of the  star.

How to easily build a power plant where nuclear fusion can take place?

 1. On Earth - in  the source of protons send  high-energy electrons from electron accelerators at CERN,... Of course, it is necessary to eliminate or at least mitigate the wave of neutrinos,  otherwise there would be a blast.  This is also the biggest problem of the safe implementation of nuclear fusion.

2. On the moon: into source of protons to leave penetrate  high-energy electrons from the Universe.

3. Perhaps on Earth (Antarctica) under the ozone hole to place the source of protons into which  penetrate  high-energy electrons from the Universe.

In addition, exist several other options, which after reading this article, the reader certainly finds.

 http://www.trendsinphysics.info/

Critical examination of fundamentals in physics

Vlcek L.: New trends in physics

 

Introduction to my two articles Physics is easy and Physics is beautifull

• Physics is easy
• Physics is beautifull

Neutrino Oscillations

Nuclear fusion

Gluons, Mezons, Baryons Gallery

 Spheres in nuclei
The theory of Mgr. Ľubomír Vlček published in the book New trends in physics performed in cooperation with Ing. Branislav Sobota, PhD., an employee of TU Košice will enable you as the first ones the insight into the stabile spheric nuclei of isotopes and isobars of practically all the elements known so far with pair and impair number of nucleons.

On the   pictures is writed by each element:  

-spheres, from which is nucleus constructed

-percentage occurence or half-time of disintegration

 Pictures are available on CD-ROM in GIF and JPG format.

Forecasted nuclei (42)