Ipc Sections List Pdf In Telugu
Aida Mazyck
Telugu Brahmins[a] are Telugu-speaking Brahmin communities native to the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.[1][2] They fall under the Pancha Dravida Brahmin classification of the Brahmin community in India. Telugu Brahmins are further divided into sections like Vaidiki, Niyogi, Deshastha, Dravida, Golkonda Vyapari among others.[3][4][5].mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 uldisplay:none
The Apastamba Dharmasutra is posited to have been composed in the region of modern-day Andhra Pradesh between the Godavari and Krishna rivers, but this is not certain.[6][7] It is dated to approximately 600-300 BCE,[8] and more narrowly to between 450 and 350 BCE.[9]
Telugu Brahmins fall under the Pancha Dravida Brahmin classification of the Brahmin community in India.[10] They are further divided into various sections based on their occupation, denomination, region etc.[4]
A specific area of Vaidiki Telugu Brahmins have curated a specific style of classical dance called Kuchipudi- named after the village they are from.[1] In 1675, the ruler Abul Hasan Kutub Thani Shah- the last ruler of the Qutb Shahi dynasty- gave the village of Kuchipudi as a land grant to the Brahmin dancers of the village.[2] Around five-hundred families belonged to this village, and it's classical dance form is referenced in Machupalli Kaifat of 1502. Mainly a male dominated dance field in it's early stages, Kuchipudi was known for it's dance dramas and lively depictions of characters.
Wedding rituals for Telugu Brahmins differ from others vastly. Although the beginning of the preparations remain similar, including Pelli Choopulu, Nischaya Tambulaalu, Wedding saree, and the custom of Eduru Sannaham. However, the differences start with the actual ceremonies themselves. In the olden days, the ceremonies would be performed at the bride's residence but have migrated to special wedding venues in recent times. Although other customs also differ, the biggest different would be the 'Kasi Yatra', which is when the sacred silver thread- from the threading ceremony does years prior- is wrapped around the groom, he adorns himself as a sanyasarama dharma, holding an umbrella an wooden sandals. He then proclaims he is not interested in the materialistic world and wishes to go into sainthood- otherwise known as 'Kasi Yatra'. As the groom is about to leave, it's the bride's brother who is supposed to convince the groom that the bride is waiting for him and it is the groom's responsibility to enter 'Grihastasrama'- marriage- before sainthood. In Hindu scriptures it explains the different levels of spirituality and the order of importance. However, it is a fun and playful, experience meant to unite both parties of the marriage with much laughter.[28]
Niyogi Brahmins served as village record keepers (karanams), poets, and sometimes ministers. Deshastha Brahmins also served as village record keepers (karanams)[29] and many also served as high-level administrators and bureaucrats such as Deshmukhs, Sheristadars, Tehsildars, Deshpandes and Majumdars under Qutb Shahis of Golkonda and Nizams of Hyderabad in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.[30]
Niyogi Brahmins and Deshastha Brahmins also ruled Andhra Pradesh as zamindars. In Guntur district, one of the four major zamindars i.e., Chilakaluripet zamindari and Sattenapalle zamindari were ruled by Deshastha Brahmins, whose title was "Deshmukh", [31][32] The Polavaram zamindari of West Godavari district and Lakkavaram zamindari of Prakasam district were ruled by Niyogi Brahmins. Due to their secular occupations, marriage alliances between Deshastha Brahmins, Golkonda Vyapari Brahmins and Niyogi Brahmins was very common since centuries.[33][34] Vaidiki Brahmins and Dravidulu are priests and teachers.[35][36]
As per the 1931 census, Brahmins were about three percent in the region constituting present-day Andhra Pradesh (then part of Madras State).[39] According to a survey by Outlook India in 2003, Brahmins were estimated to be around 5% of United Andhra Pradesh population.[40][citation needed]
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A textbook definition of sound is "a rapid variation of atmospheric pressure caused by some disturbance of the air." Sound propagates as a wave of positive pressure disturbances (compressions) and negative pressure disturbances (rarefactions), as shown in Figure 1. Sound can travel through any elastic medium (e.g., air, water, wood, metal).
When air molecules are set to vibrate, the ear perceives the variations in pressure as sound (OTM/Driscoll). The vibrations are converted into mechanical energy by the middle ear, subsequently moving tiny membranes across microscopic cilia (hair cells) in the inner ear, which in turn convert the sound waves into nerve impulses. If the vibrations are too intense, over time the cilia can be damaged, causing hearing loss. In the workplace, sound that is intense enough to damage hearing is a hazard that must be addressed by employers.
Several key terms describe the qualities of sound. These qualities influence how it affects hearing and health, how it is measured, and how it can be controlled. Effective occupational noise investigations require the investigator to understand these basic terms.
The wavelength (λ) is the distance traveled by a sound wave during one sound pressure cycle, as shown in Figure 2. The wavelength of sound is usually measured in meters or feet. Wavelength is important for designing engineering controls. For example, a sound-absorbing material will perform most effectively if its thickness is at least one-quarter the wavelength.
Sound frequency is perceived as pitch (i.e., how high or low a tone is). The frequency range sensed by the ear varies considerably among individuals. A young person with normal hearing can hear frequencies between approximately 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz. As a person ages, the highest frequency that they can detect tends to decrease.
Human speech frequencies are in the range of 500 Hz to 4,000 Hz. This is significant because hearing loss in this range will interfere with conversational speech. The portions of the ear that detect frequencies between 3,000 Hz and 4,000 Hz are the earliest to be affected by exposure to noise. Audiograms often display a 4,000-Hz "Notch" in patients who are developing the beginning stages of sensorineural hearing loss (hearing loss due to damage to the inner ear cilia or the auditory nerve).
The speed at which sound travels, c, is determined primarily by the density and the compressibility of the medium through which it is traveling. The speed of sound is typically measured in meters per second or feet per second.
The vibrations associated with sound are detected as slight variations in pressure. The range of sound pressures perceived as sound is extremely large, beginning with a very weak pressure causing faint sounds and increasing to noise so loud that it causes pain.
The threshold of hearing is the quietest sound that can typically be heard by a young person with undamaged hearing. This varies somewhat among individuals but is typically in the micropascal range. The reference sound pressure is the standardized threshold of hearing and is defined as 20 micropascals (0.0002 microbars) at 1,000 Hz.
The threshold of pain, or the greatest sound pressure that can be perceived without pain, is approximately 10 million times greater than the threshold of hearing. It is, therefore, more convenient to use a relative (e.g., logarithmic) scale of sound pressure rather than an absolute scale (OTM/Driscoll).
Decibels are measured on a logarithmic scale: a small change in the number of decibels indicates a huge change in the amount of sound pressure and correspondingly the potential for damage to a person's hearing.
The decibel scale is convenient because it compresses sound pressures important to human hearing into a manageable scale. By definition, 0 dB is set at the reference sound pressure (20 micropascals at 1,000 Hz, as stated earlier). At the upper end of human hearing, noise causes pain, which occurs at sound pressures of about 10 million times that of the threshold of hearing. On the decibel scale, the threshold of pain occurs at 140 dB. This range of 0 dB to 140 dB is not the entire range of sound, but is the range relevant to human hearing (Figure 3).
Decibels are logarithmic values, so it is not correct to sum multiple sound values using arithmetic addition. See Appendix B.3 for information on the cumulative effects of multiple sound sources on the decibel level.
The decibel is a dimensionless unit; however, the concepts of distance and three-dimensional space are important to understanding how noise spreads through an environment and how it can be controlled. Sound fields and sound power are terms used in describing these concepts.
Sound fields are categorized as near field or far field, a distinction that is important to the reliability of measurements. The near field is the space immediately around the noise source, sometimes defined as within the wavelength of the lowest frequency component (e.g., a little more than 4 feet for a 25-Hz tone, about 1 foot for a 1,000-Hz tone, and less than 7 inches for a 2,000-Hz tone). Sound pressure measurements obtained with standard instruments within the near field are not reliable because small changes in position can result in big differences in the readings.
The far field is the space outside the near field, meaning that the far field begins at a point at least one wavelength distance from the noise source. Standard sound level meters (i.e., type I and type II) are reliable in this field, but the measurements are influenced by whether the noise is simply originating from a source (free field) or being reflected back from surrounding surfaces (reverberant field).
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