Geri Dön Speed Up
Rosalia Kemme
The Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) (2019) recommended a habitual gait speed cut-off of less than 1.0m/s as one of the diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia and low physical performance.1 However, the application of a single cut-off value for older adults of different age groups may result in an overdiagnosis or underdiagnosis of impairment. The slowing of gait has been reported to start after the sixth decade and accelerate beyond the seventh decade of life in healthy adults.6,7 Reference values provided for each decade of life could better differentiate normal aging gait from pathological gait and better inform gait assessment.
Gait speed is the product of cadence and step length.13 Other than speed, there are important differences and changes in the spatiotemporal parameters of habitual gait between sex and across age, respectively. For example, women have higher cadence13 but shorter step length14 than men. In addition to the step length decline observed in patients with Parkinson disease,15 Taniguchi et al (2012)16 also proposed that step length is a better predictor of cognitive decline than gait speed. Hence, it is important to consider the changes in spatiotemporal gait parameters to determine the need for earlier intervention.17 Similarly, majority of the studies on spatiotemporal gait parameters focused on older adults 70 years old and above.10,14,18
We present the reference values as well as the quintiles for gait speed and gait parameters for South East Asian adults. As expected, we observed a decline in gait speed among the older age groups.10 Although the relationship between gait speed and age appeared to be elliptical,13 the trajectories of gait speed across the adult age spectrum were dissimilar in men and women. In men, height-adjusted gait speed was fastest for those in their 40s, plateauing till the seventh decade, before declining significantly thereafter. Similarly, adjusted gait speed for women peaked in their 40s, followed by a downward trend that exacerbated for those in the age groups, between 71 and 75 years and 76 and 80 years.
The sex variation in the trajectory of gait speed could partly be attributed to the interaction between step length and cadence. The age-associated trend for reduction in height-adjusted step length14,18 was significant in both men and women. Shorter step length has been found to serve as a compensatory mechanism in preserving stability and avoiding falls in older adults.30 Height-adjusted step length was significantly shorter for women beyond 65 years old, but height-adjusted cadence did not differ significantly from early adulthood till 75 years old. Beyond that, the compound effect of accentuated declines in both step length and cadence could explain for the accelerated slowing of gait speed among women 76 years old and above. Furthermore, we postulate that other factors, such as menopause, could possibly regulate gait speed as well. The abrupt decrease in estrogen production in women generally occurs around 50 years of age,31 which has been reported to cause a slowing gait.32 This could possibly explain for the gradual gait speed decline of our female participants beyond 50 years old. On the contrary, the relatively consistent cadence21 across adulthood in men likely protected them against gait speed decline at least up till the age of 70. The significantly slower gait speed in men beyond the seventh decade, especially those above 80 years old was accompanied by an exacerbated shortening in step length as well.
In addition to shorter step length, older adults, especially those beyond 75 years old, appeared to naturally enhance their stability or balance by increasing their stride width and double support time.14,23 Older adults beyond 70 years old, especially women in their ninth decade walked with wider stride width. We observed the narrowest stride width among adults aged 66 to 70 years, followed by the widening of stride width beyond 70 years. We are not able to draw any causal relationship between stride width and gait speed in this cross-sectional study. However, future studies may examine if an accelerated gait speed decline in those above 70 years old was associated with the narrowest stride width for those aged 66 to 70 years, possibly as a protective mechanism to preserve stability in the fear of falling. Additionally, a novel finding of this study was men and women of older age groups were also found to externally rotate their feet significantly greater than those in younger age groups, possibly to further enhance their balance.
Moreover, men with both hypertension and hypercholesterolemia (accounting for 24.9% of male participants), had shorter step length in walking as compared to women who had the same diseases (22.7% of female participants). The sex differences (for those with hypertension and hypercholesterolemia) in walking speed was lesser, closed to a significant level. These findings suggest that the negative effect of chronic diseases on step length could possibly precipitate the slowing of gait speed in this population group. This further emphasizes the importance of taking into consideration the assessment of spatiotemporal parameters, in addition to gait speed to early detect alteration of gait, better facilitate the implementation of preventive programs. The reason for the compound negative effect of these three chronic diseases on the decline in gait speed among men warrants further investigation.
In randori Shorinji Kempo, various variations of attacks are used to get a high number of scores. Mawashi-Geri is thekick most often used by kenshi. Mawashi-Geri has the privilege of a certain randori due to her strong capacity to obtain highermatch score scores. The purpose of this study is to collect accurate information and data about the examination or analysis ofthe speed, precision, biomechanics of Mawashi-Geri kicks, angles of body segments, as well as how to perform them. Thesubjects of this study were four athletes with different amounts of body weight. This research was conducted using descriptiveresearch type analysis with qualitative and quantitative methods. A qualitative approach was used to describe thebiomechanical phase of the Mawashi-Geri kick. While the quantitative approach using the Kinovea software program is relatedto measuring the angle of body parts, the speed of motion of the Mawashi-Geri kick biomechanics, measurements andcalculations are presented systematically to facilitate understanding and drawing conclusions. From the results of research anddiscussion as well as expert judgment decisions, it can be concluded the speed, accuracy and angle of body segments, it can besaid that the kick of Mawashi-Geri kenshi Shorinji Kempo Jambi province with the fastest biomechanical average speed iskenshi B Kicking biomekanics with the first speed is 24m/s, for Mawashi-Geri's slowest biomechanical kick is kenshi A'sbiomechanics from the second kick, at a speed of 13.5m/s. As for the speed of hitting the target momentary kick with one kick,the biomechanical speed of the first kick kenshi C is 76.2m/s, and the slowest is the biomechanical kenshi A fourth kick, whichhas a speed of 45.8 m/s. The results of angular analysis of each segment's body of the subject during the biomechanical processof the Mawashi-Geri kick showed the angle of the leg opening between and 128,2 and 142,8 degrees. And the angle ofinclination of the body is between 146.0 and 158.9 degrees. The angle of rotation of the pedestal leg is between 119.4 and 178.9degrees, and the biomechanics of the hip and foot to kick in between 96.3 and 135.6 degrees. Based on the results of theanalysis, it can be concluded that excessive angles have little effect on the biomechanics of Mawashi-Geri's kick slowdown.However, with the angle of inclination of the body and the rotation of the footrest, as well as the biomechanical rotation of thehips and feet when kicking, the angle of the leg opening will be more optimal.
Tek boyutlu nötron transport denkleminde difüzyon uzunluğu hesaplamaları için Modifiye U1 ve P1 yaklaşımları kullanıldı. Yaklaşımlar ileri-geri saçılmalı tek hızlı nötron transport denklemine uygulandı. Analitik difüzyon uzunluğu denklemleri elde edildi ve farklı çarpışma parametreleri (c) için U1 ve P1 yaklaşımından elde edilen sayısal sonuçlar birbiri arasında kıyaslandı.
Modified U1 and P1 approximations are used for the calculation of diffusion lengths in one- dimensional neutron transport equation. The approximations are applied to one-speed neutron transport equation with forward and backward scattering. Analytical diffusion length equations are obtained and the numerical results obtained from modified U1 and P1 approximations for different collision parameters (c) are compared with each other.