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Charles Manson
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Charles Manson
Born November 12, 1934 (1934-11-12) (age 74)
Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
Charge(s) Murder and conspiracy
Penalty Death, reduced by abolition of death penalty to life in
prison
Status Ineligible for parole until 2012
Spouse Rosalie Jean Willis; Leona (last name unknown) aka Candy
Stevens
Parents Kathleen Maddox, Colonel Scott (father), William Manson
(stepfather)
Children Charles Milles Manson, Jr. (mother Rosalie Jean Willis),
Charles Luther Manson (mother Leona), Valentine Michael "Pooh Bear"
Manson (mother Mary Brunner)

Charles Milles Manson (born November 12, 1934) is an American criminal
who led what became known as the Manson Family, a quasi-commune that
arose in California in the latter 1960s.[1][2][3] He was found guilty
of conspiracy to commit the Tate/LaBianca murders, which members of
the group carried out at his instruction. Through the joint-
responsibility rule of conspiracy,[4] he was convicted of the murders
themselves.

Manson is associated with "Helter Skelter," the term he took from the
Beatles song of that name and construed as an apocalyptic race war the
murders were putatively intended to precipitate. This connection with
rock music linked him, from the beginning of his notoriety, with pop
culture, in which he became an emblem of insanity, violence, and the
macabre. Ultimately, the term was used as the title of the book that
prosecutor Vincent Bugliosi wrote about the Manson murders.

At the time the Family began to form, Manson was an unemployed ex-
convict, who had spent half his life in correctional institutions for
a variety of offenses. In the period before the murders, he was a
distant fringe member of the Los Angeles music industry, chiefly via a
chance association with Beach Boy Dennis Wilson. After Manson was
charged with the crimes, recordings of songs written and performed by
him were released commercially. Artists including Guns N' Roses and
Marilyn Manson have covered his songs in the decades since.

Manson's death sentence was automatically reduced to life imprisonment
when a decision by the Supreme Court of California temporarily
eliminated the state's death penalty in 1972.[5] California's eventual
reestablishment of capital punishment did not affect Manson, who is an
inmate at Corcoran State Prison.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Early life
o 1.1 Childhood
o 1.2 First offenses
o 1.3 First imprisonment
o 1.4 Second imprisonment
* 2 Rise of the Family
o 2.1 Involvement with Wilson, Melcher, et al.
o 2.2 Spahn Ranch
o 2.3 Helter Skelter
o 2.4 Encounter with Tate
* 3 Family crimes
o 3.1 Crowe shooting
o 3.2 Hinman murder
o 3.3 Tate murders
+ 3.3.1 Slaughter
o 3.4 LaBianca murders
+ 3.4.1 Killings
* 4 Justice system
o 4.1 Investigation
+ 4.1.1 Breakthrough
+ 4.1.2 Apprehension
o 4.2 Trial
+ 4.2.1 Ongoing disruptions
+ 4.2.2 Defense rests
+ 4.2.3 Conviction and Penalty phase
* 5 Aftermath
o 5.1 Remaining in view
o 5.2 Later events
o 5.3 Recent developments
o 5.4 Parole hearings
* 6 Manson and culture
o 6.1 Recordings
o 6.2 Cultural reverberation
o 6.3 Documentaries
* 7 References
o 7.1 Notes
o 7.2 Works cited
o 7.3 Further reading
* 8 External links

Early life

Childhood

First known as "no name Maddox,"[6][7][8] Manson was born to
unmarried, 16-year-old Kathleen Maddox in Cincinnati General Hospital,
in Cincinnati, Ohio; no more than three weeks after his birth, he was
Charles Milles Maddox.[6][9][10] For a period after her son's birth
Kathleen Maddox was married to a laborer named William Manson,[10]
whose last name the boy was given. Charles Manson's biological father
appears to have been a "Colonel Scott", against whom Maddox filed a
bastardy suit that resulted in an agreed judgment in 1937.[6]
Possibly, the boy never really knew him.[6][8]

According to Manson, his mother, allegedly a heavy drinker,[6] once
sold him for a pitcher of beer to a childless waitress, from whom his
uncle retrieved him some days later.[11] When his mother and her
brother were sentenced to five years imprisonment for robbing a
Charleston, West Virginia, service station in 1939, Manson was placed
in the home of an aunt and uncle in McMechen, West Virginia. Upon his
mother's 1942 parole, Manson was retrieved by his mother and lived
with her in run-down hotel rooms.[6] He would one day characterize her
physical embrace of him on the day she returned from prison as his
sole childhood joy.[11]

In 1947, Kathleen Maddox tried to have her son placed in a foster home
but failed because no such home was available.[6] The court placed
Manson in Gibault School for Boys, in Terre Haute, Indiana. After 10
months, he fled from there to his mother, who rejected him.[6]

First offenses

By burgling a grocery store, Manson obtained cash that enabled him to
rent a room.[6] A string of burglaries of other stores, from one of
which he stole a bicycle, ended when he was caught in the act and sent
to an Indianapolis juvenile center. His escape after one day led to
his recapture and his placement in Boys Town, from which he escaped
with another boy four days after his arrival. The pair committed two
armed robberies on their way to the home of the other boy's uncle.[12]

Caught during the second of two subsequent break-ins of grocery
stores, Manson was sent, at age 13, to the Indiana School for Boys,
where, he would later claim, he was brutalized sexually and otherwise.
[11] After many failed attempts, he escaped with two other boys in
1951.[12]

In Utah, having burgled gas stations all along the way, the three were
caught driving to California in cars they had stolen. For the federal
crime of taking a stolen car across a state line, Manson was sent to
the Washington, D.C., National Training School for Boys. Despite four
years of schooling and an average IQ of 109 (later tested at 121),[12]
he was illiterate. "He was, the caseworker concluded, aggressively
antisocial."[12]

First imprisonment

Less than a month before a scheduled February 1952 parole hearing at
Natural Bridge Honor Camp, a minimum security institution to which he
had been transferred the previous October on a psychiatrist's
recommendation, Manson "took a razor blade and held it against another
boy's throat while he sodomized him."[12][11] He was transferred to
the Federal Reformatory, Petersburg, Virginia, where he was considered
"dangerous."[12] In September 1952, a number of other serious
disciplinary offenses resulted in his transfer to the Federal
Reformatory at Chillicothe, Ohio, a more secure institution.[12] About
a month after the transfer, he became almost a model resident. Good
work habits and a rise in his educational level from the lower fourth
to the upper seventh grade won him a May 1954 parole.[12]

After temporarily honoring a parole condition that he live with his
aunt and uncle in West Virginia, Manson moved in with his mother in
that same state. In January 1955, he married a hospital waitress named
Rosalie Jean Willis. By his own account, he found genuine, if short-
lived, marital happiness with her,[11] and he was able to support
their marriage via small-time jobs and auto theft.[12]

Around October, about three months after he and his pregnant wife
arrived in Los Angeles in a car he had stolen in Ohio, Manson was
again charged with a federal crime for taking the vehicle interstate;
after a psychiatric evaluation, he was given five years' probation.
His subsequent failure to appear at a Los Angeles hearing on an
identical charge filed in Florida resulted in his March 1956 arrest in
Indianapolis. His probation was revoked; he was sentenced to three
years' imprisonment at Terminal Island, San Pedro, California.[12]

Rosalie gave birth to their son, Charles Manson Jr., while Manson was
in prison. During his first year at Terminal Island, Manson received
visits from his wife and mother, who were now living together in Los
Angeles; but in March 1957, when the visits from his wife ceased, his
mother informed him Rosalie was living with another man. Less than two
weeks before a scheduled parole hearing, Manson tried to escape by
stealing a car. He was subsequently given five years probation, and
his parole was denied.[12]

Second imprisonment

Manson received five years parole in September 1958, the same year in
which Rosalie received a decree of divorce. By November, he was
pimping a 16-year-old girl and was receiving additional support from a
girl with wealthy parents. Pleading guilty in September 1959 to a
charge of attempting to cash a forged U.S. Treasury check, he received
a 10-year suspended sentence and probation after a young woman with an
arrest record for prostitution made a "tearful plea" before the court
that she and Manson were "deeply in love... and would marry if Charlie
were freed."[12] The woman, whose name was Leona and who, as a
prostitute, had used the name Candy Stevens, did, in fact, marry
Manson before the year’s end, possibly so testimony against him would
not be required of her.[12]

After Manson took Leona and another girl from California to New Mexico
for purposes of prostitution before the year's end, he was held and
questioned for violation of the Mann Act. Though he was released, he
evidently suspected, rightly, that the investigation had not ended.
When he disappeared, in violation of his probation, a bench warrant
was issued; an April 1960 indictment for violation of the Mann Act
followed.[12] Arrested in Laredo, Texas, in June, when one of the
women was arrested for prostitution, Manson was returned to Los
Angeles. For violation of his probation on the check-cashing charge,
he was ordered to serve his ten-year sentence.[12]

In July 1961, after a year spent unsuccessfully appealing the
revocation of his probation, Manson was transferred from the Los
Angeles County Jail to the United States Penitentiary at McNeil
Island. Although the Mann Act charge had been dropped, the attempt to
cash the Treasury check was still a federal offense. His September
1961 annual review noted he had a "tremendous drive to call attention
to himself," an observation echoed in September 1964.[12] In the
interval, in 1963, Leona was granted a divorce, in the pursuit of
which she alleged that she and Manson had had a son, Charles Luther.
[12]

In June 1966, Manson was sent, for the second time in his life, to
Terminal Island, in preparation for early release. By March 21, 1967,
his release day, he had spent more than half of his 32 years in
prisons and other institutions.[12] Telling the authorities that
prison had become his home, he requested, unsuccessfully, that he be
permitted to stay,[12] a fact mentioned in a 1981 television interview
with Tom Snyder.[13]

Rise of the Family

On his release day, Manson requested and was granted permission to
move to San Francisco, where, with the help of a prison acquaintance,
he obtained an apartment in Berkeley. In prison, he had been taught to
play steel guitar by 1930s bank robber Alvin Karpis;[12][14][11] now,
living mostly by panhandling, he soon got to know Mary Brunner, a
twenty-three-year-old University of Wisconsin-Madison graduate working
as an assistant librarian at UC Berkeley. After moving in with her,
according to a second-hand account, he overcame her resistance to his
bringing other women in to live with them; before long, they were
sharing Brunner's residence with eighteen other women.[15]

Manson also established himself as a guru in San Francisco's Haight-
Ashbury, which, during 1967's "Summer of Love", was emerging as the
signature hippie locale. Expounding a philosophy that included some of
the Scientology he had studied in prison,[16] he soon had his first
group of young followers, most of them female.[12]

Before the summer was out, Manson and eight or nine of his enthusiasts
piled into an old school bus they had re-wrought in hippie style, with
colored rugs and pillows in place of the many seats they had removed.
Hitting the road, they roamed as far north as Washington State, then
southward through Los Angeles, Mexico, and the southwest. Returning to
the Los Angeles area, they lived in Topanga Canyon, Malibu, and Venice
— western parts of the city and county.[15]

In an alternative account, which does not mention the eighteen girls
at Brunner’s place, Manson, apparently accompanied by Brunner,
acquired Family members during some months of travels that were
undertaken, in part, in a Volkswagen van; it was November when the
school bus set out from San Francisco with the enlarged group.[17]

Involvement with Wilson, Melcher, et al.

The events that would culminate in the murders were set in motion in
late spring 1968, when, by some accounts, Dennis Wilson, of The Beach
Boys, picked up two hitchhiking Manson girls and brought them to his
Pacific Palisades house for a few hours. Returning home in the early
hours of the following morning from a night recording session, Wilson
was greeted in the driveway of his own residence by Manson, who
emerged from the house. Uncomfortable, Wilson asked the stranger
whether he intended to hurt him. Assuring him he had no such intent,
Manson began kissing Wilson's feet.[18][19]

Inside the house, Wilson discovered 12 strangers, mostly girls.[18]
[19] Over the next few months, as their number doubled, the Family
members who had made themselves part of Wilson's Sunset Boulevard
household cost him approximately $100,000. This included a large
medical bill for treatment of their gonorrhea and $21,000 for the
accidental destruction of an uninsured car of his which they borrowed.
[20] Wilson would sing and talk with Manson, whose girls were servants
to them both.[18]

Wilson paid for studio time to record songs written and performed by
Manson, and he introduced Manson to acquaintances of his with roles in
the entertainment business. These included Gregg Jakobson, Terry
Melcher, and Rudi Altobelli, the last of whom owned a house he would
soon rent to actress Sharon Tate and her husband, director Roman
Polanski.[18] Jakobson, who was impressed by "the whole Charlie Manson
package" of artist/lifestylist/philosopher, also paid to record Manson
material.[21][22][23][24]

In the quasi-autobiographical Manson in His Own Words, the account is
that Manson first met Wilson at a friend's San Francisco house where
he, Manson, had gone to obtain marijuana. The Beach Boy supposedly
gave Manson his Sunset Boulevard address and invited him to stop by
when he would be in Los Angeles.[11]

Spahn Ranch

By August 1968, when Wilson had his manager clear the Family members
from his house, Manson had established a base for the group at Spahn's
Movie Ranch, not far from Topanga Canyon.[25][26] The evictees joined
the rest of the Family there.[18]

Located in (or near) Chatsworth, the ranch had once been a location
for the shooting of Western films; then, with its old movie sets run
down, it was primarily doing business in horseback rides. While Family
members did helpful work around the place, Manson kept the nearly-
blind, octogenarian owner, George Spahn, on his side by having Lynette
Fromme act as Spahn's eyes and, along with other girls, service Spahn
sexually.[27][28] For a tiny squeal she would emit when Spahn would
pinch her thigh, Fromme, one of the early Family members who had
boarded the school bus,[15] acquired the nickname "Squeaky."[20]

The Family was soon joined at Spahn Ranch by Charles Watson, who had
met Manson at Dennis Wilson's house. A small-town Texan who had quit
college and moved to California,[29] Watson had given a lift to
Wilson, who had been hitchhiking because his cars had been wrecked.
[25] Watson's drawl earned him a nickname from George Spahn: "Tex".
[26]

Helter Skelter

Main article: Helter Skelter (Manson scenario)

In the first days of November 1968, Manson established the Family at
alternative headquarters in Death Valley's environs, where they
occupied two unused or little-used ranches, Myers and Barker.[24][30]
The former, to which the group had initially headed, was owned by the
grandmother of a new girl in the Family. The latter was owned by an
elderly, local woman to whom Manson presented himself and a male
Family member as musicians in need of a place congenial to their work.
When the woman agreed to let them stay there if they'd fix up things,
Manson honored her with one of the Beach Boys' gold records,[30]
several of which he'd been given by Dennis Wilson.[31]

While back at Spahn Ranch, no later than December, Manson and Watson
visited a Topanga Canyon acquaintance who played them the Beatles'
White Album, then recently released.[24][32][33] Despite having been
29 years old and imprisoned when The Beatles first came to America in
1964, Manson was obsessed with the group.[34] At McNeil, he had told
fellow inmates, including Alvin Karpis, that he could surpass the
group in fame;[35][36] to the Family, he spoke of the group as "the
soul" and "part of 'the hole in the infinite.'"[33]

For some time, too, Manson had been saying that racial tension between
blacks and whites was growing and that blacks would soon rise up in
rebellion in America's cities.[37][38] He had emphasized Martin Luther
King, Jr.'s assassination, which had taken place on April 4, 1968.[30]
On a bitterly cold New Year's Eve at Myers Ranch, the Family members,
gathered outside around a large fire, listened as Manson explained
that the social turmoil he had been predicting had also been predicted
by The Beatles.[33] The White Album songs, he declared, told it all,
although in code. In fact, he maintained (or would soon maintain), the
album was directed at the Family itself, an elect group that was being
instructed to preserve the worthy from the impending disaster.[37][38]

In early January 1969, the Family escaped the desert's cold and
positioned itself to monitor L.A.'s supposed tension by moving to a
canary-yellow home in Canoga Park, not far from the Spahn Ranch.[39]
[40][33] Because this locale would allow the group to remain
"submerged beneath the awareness of the outside world,"[39][41] Manson
called it the Yellow Submarine, another Beatles reference. There,
Family members prepared for the impending apocalypse,[42][43] which,
around the campfire, Manson had termed "Helter Skelter," after the
song of that name.

By February, Manson's vision was complete. The Family would create an
album whose songs, as subtle as those of The Beatles, would trigger
the predicted chaos. Ghastly murders of whites by blacks would be met
with retaliation, and a split between racist and non-racist whites
would yield whites' self-annihilation. Blacks' triumph, as it were,
would merely precede their being ruled by the Family, which would ride
out the conflict in "the bottomless pit" — a secret city beneath Death
Valley.[44] At the Canoga Park house, while Family members worked on
vehicles and pored over maps to prepare for their desert escape, they
also worked on songs for their world-changing album. When they were
told Terry Melcher was to come to the house to hear the material, the
girls prepared a meal and cleaned the place; but Melcher never arrived.
[42][37]

Encounter with Tate

On March 23, 1969,[45] Manson entered, uninvited, upon 10050 Cielo
Drive, which he had known as the residence of Terry Melcher.[21] This
was Rudi Altobelli's property, where Melcher was no longer the tenant;
as of that February,[46] the tenants were Sharon Tate and Roman
Polanski.

Manson was met by Shahrokh Hatami, a photographer and Tate friend, who
was there to photograph Tate in advance of her departure for Rome the
next day. Having seen Manson through a window as Manson approached the
main house, Hatami had gone onto the front porch to ask him what he
wanted.[45] When Manson told Hatami he was looking for someone whose
name Hatami did not recognize, Hatami informed him the place was the
Polanski residence. Hatami advised him to try "the back alley," by
which he meant the path to the guest house, beyond the main house.[45]
Concerned over the stranger on the property, Hatami was now down on
the front walk, to confront Manson. When Tate appeared behind Hatami,
in the house's front door, and asked who was calling, Hatami said a
man was looking for someone. Hatami and Tate maintained their
positions while Manson, without a word, went back to the guest house,
returned a minute or two later, and left.[45]

That evening, Manson returned to the property and again went back to
the guest house, where, presuming to enter the enclosed porch, he
spoke with Rudi Altobelli, who was just coming out of the shower.
Although Manson asked for Melcher, Altobelli felt Manson had come
looking for him,[47] as is consistent with prosecutor Vincent
Bugliosi's later discovery that Manson had apparently been to the
place on earlier occasions since Melcher's departure from it.[45][48]

Speaking through the inner screen door, Altobelli told Manson that
Melcher had moved to Malibu; he lied that he did not know Melcher's
new address. In response to a question from Manson, Altobelli said he
himself was in the entertainment business, although, having met Manson
the previous year, at Dennis Wilson's home, he was sure Manson already
knew that. At Wilson's, Altobelli had complimented Manson lukewarmly
on some of his musical recordings that Wilson had been playing.[45]

When Altobelli informed Manson he was going out of the country the
next day, Manson said he'd like to speak with him upon his return;
Altobelli lied that he would be gone for more than a year. In response
to a direct question from Altobelli, Manson explained that he had been
directed to the guest house by the persons in the main house;
Altobelli expressed the wish that Manson not disturb his tenants.[45]

Manson left. As Altobelli flew with Tate to Rome the next day, Tate
asked him whether "that creepy-looking guy" had gone back to the guest
house the day before.[45]

Family crimes

Crowe shooting

On May 18, 1969, Terry Melcher visited Spahn Ranch to hear Manson and
the girls sing. Melcher arranged a subsequent visit, not long
thereafter, on which he brought a friend who possessed a mobile
recording unit; but he himself did not record the group.[49][50]

By June, Manson was telling the Family they might have to show blacks
how to start "Helter Skelter".[39][43][51] When Manson tasked Watson
with obtaining money supposedly intended to help the Family prepare
for the conflict, Watson defrauded a black drug dealer named Bernard
"Lotsapoppa" Crowe. Crowe responded with a threat to wipe out everyone
at Spahn Ranch. Manson countered on July 1, 1969, by shooting Crowe at
his Hollywood apartment.[52][53][27][54]

Manson's mistaken belief that he had killed Crowe was seemingly
confirmed by a news report of the discovery of the dumped body of a
Black Panther in Los Angeles. Although Crowe was not a member of the
Black Panthers, Manson, concluding he had been, expected retaliation
from the group. He turned Spahn Ranch into a defensive camp, with
night patrols of armed guards.[52][55] "If we'd needed any more proof
that Helter Skelter was coming down very soon, this was it," Tex
Watson would later write, "[B]lackie was trying to get at the chosen
ones."[52]

Hinman murder

On July 25, 1969, Manson sent sometime Family member Bobby Beausoleil
along with Mary Brunner and Susan Atkins to the house of acquaintance
Gary Hinman, to persuade him to turn over money Manson thought Hinman
had inherited.[56][52][57] The three held the uncooperative Hinman
hostage for two days, during which Manson showed up with a sword to
slash his ear. After that, Beausoleil stabbed Hinman to death,
ostensibly on Manson’s instruction. Before leaving the Topanga Canyon
residence, Beausoleil, or one of the girls, used Hinman’s blood to
write "Political piggy" on the wall and to draw a panther paw, a Black
Panther symbol.[58][53][27][59]

In magazine interviews of 1981 and 1998-99,[60][61] Beausoleil would
say he went to Hinman’s to recover money paid to Hinman for drugs that
had supposedly been bad; he added that Brunner and Atkins, unaware of
his intent, went along idly, merely to visit Hinman. On the other
hand, Atkins, in her 1977 autobiography, wrote that Manson directly
told Beausoleil, Brunner, and her to go to Hinman’s and get the
supposed inheritance — $21,000. She said Manson had told her
privately, two days earlier, that, if she wanted to "do something
important," she could kill Hinman and get his money.[57] When
Beausoleil was arrested on August 6, 1969, after he had been caught
driving Hinman's car, police found the murder weapon in the tire well.
[46]

Tate murders

Two days after Beausoleil's arrest, Manson told Family members at
Spahn Ranch, "Now is the time for Helter Skelter."[62][63][52]

On the night of August 8, Manson directed Watson to take Atkins, Linda
Kasabian, and Patricia Krenwinkel — one of the hitchhikers allegedly
picked up by Dennis Wilson[18] — to "that house where Melcher used to
live" and "totally destroy everyone in [it], as gruesome as you
can."[64][65] He told the girls to do as Watson would instruct them.
[62][66]

When the four arrived at the entrance to the Cielo Drive property,
Watson, who had previously been to the house on Manson's orders,[24]
climbed a telephone pole near the gate and cut the phone line. It was
now around midnight and into August 9, 1969.

Backing their car down to the bottom of the hill that led up to the
place, they parked there and walked back up to the house. Thinking the
gate might be electrified or rigged with an alarm,[66] they climbed a
brushy embankment at its right and dropped onto the grounds. Just
then, headlights came their way from farther within the angled
property. Telling the girls to lie in the bushes, Watson stepped out,
gave a command to halt, and shot to death the approaching driver, 18-
year-old Steven Parent.[64][67] After cutting the screen of an open
window of the main house, Watson told Kasabian to keep watch down by
the gate.[64][66][62] He removed the screen, entered through the
window, and let Atkins and Krenwinkel in through the front door.[66]

Slaughter

As Watson whispered to Atkins, Polanski's friend Wojciech Frykowski
awoke on the living-room couch; Watson kicked him in the head.[64]
When Frykowski asked him who he was and what he was doing there,
Watson replied, "I’m the devil, and I’m here to do the devil’s
business."[66][64]

On Watson’s direction, Atkins found the house's three other occupants
and, with Krenwinkel's help,[66][68] brought them to the living room.
The three were Tate, eight and a half months pregnant; her friend and
former lover Jay Sebring, a noted hairstylist; and Frykowski’s lover
Abigail Folger, heiress to the Folger coffee fortune.[46] Polanski,
Tate's husband, was in London, at work on a film project.[69]

Watson began to tie Tate and Sebring together by their necks with rope
he'd brought and slung up over a beam. Sebring's protest — his second
— of rough treatment of Tate prompted Watson to shoot him. After
Folger was taken momentarily back to her bedroom for her purse, out of
which she gave the intruders $70, Watson stabbed Sebring seven times.
[46][64]

Frykowski, whose hands had been bound with a towel, freed himself and
began struggling with Atkins, who stabbed his legs with the knife with
which she had been guarding him.[64] As Frykowski fought his way
toward and out the front door, onto the porch, Watson, who joined in
against him, struck him over the head with the gun multiple times
(breaking the gun's right grip in the process), stabbed him
repeatedly, and shot him twice.[64] Around this time, Kasabian, drawn
up from the driveway by "horrifying sounds", arrived outside the door
and, in a vain effort to halt the massacre, told Atkins falsely that
someone was coming.[62][64]

Inside the house, Folger had escaped from Krenwinkel and fled out a
bedroom door to the pool area.[70][71] Folger was pursued to the front
lawn by Krenwinkel, who stabbed – and finally, tackled – her. She was
dispatched by Watson; her two assailants had stabbed her twenty-eight
times.[64][46] As Frykowski struggled across the lawn, Watson ended
his life with a final stabbing; the victim had been stabbed a total of
fifty-one times during the assault.[64][62][46]

Back in the house, Atkins, Watson, or both killed Tate, who was
stabbed sixteen times.[46] Tate pleaded to be allowed to live long
enough to have her baby; she cried, "Mother... mother..." until she
was dead.[64]

Earlier, as the four Family members had headed out from Spahn Ranch,
Manson had told the girls to "leave a sign… something witchy".[64]
Using the towel that had bound Frykowski’s hands, Atkins wrote "pig"
on the house’s front door, in Tate's blood. En route home, the killers
changed out of bloody clothes, which were ditched in the hills, along
with their weapons.[64][72][66]

In initial confessions to cellmates of hers at Sybil Brand Institute,
Atkins would say she killed Tate.[72] In later statements to her
attorney, Vincent Bugliosi and before a grand jury, Atkins indicated
Tate had been stabbed by Tex Watson.[15][66] In his 1978
autobiography, Watson himself said that he stabbed Tate and that
Atkins did not.[64] Since he was aware that the prosecutor, Bugliosi,
and the jury that had tried the other Tate-LaBianca defendants were
convinced Atkins had stabbed Tate, he falsely testified that he did
not stab her.[73]

LaBianca murders

The next night, six Family members — the four from the Tate murders as
well as Leslie Van Houten and Steve "Clem" Grogan — rode out at
Manson’s instruction. Displeased by the panic of the victims at Cielo
Drive, Manson accompanied the six, "to show [them] how to do it."[66]
[62][74] After a few hours’ ride, in which he considered a number of
murders and even attempted one of them,[62][74] Manson gave Kasabian
directions that brought the group to 3301 Waverly Drive, home of
supermarket executive Leno LaBianca and his wife, Rosemary, a dress
shop co-owner.[67][75] Located in the Los Feliz section of Los
Angeles, the LaBianca home was next door to a house at which Manson
and Family members had attended a party the previous year.[66][76]

According to Atkins and Kasabian, Manson returned, after disappearing
up the driveway, to say he had tied up the house's occupants; he then
sent Watson up with Krenwinkel and Van Houten.[66][62] In his
autobiography, Watson would state that, having gone up alone, Manson
returned to take him up to the house with him: when Manson had pointed
out a sleeping man through a window, they entered through the unlocked
back door.[74] Watson added that, at trial, he "went along with" the
women's account, which he figured made him "look that much less
responsible."[73]

Rousing the sleeping Leno LaBianca from the couch at gunpoint, as
Watson tells it, Manson had Watson bind his hands with a leather
thong. After Rosemary LaBianca was brought briefly into the living
room from the bedroom, Watson followed Manson’s instructions to cover
the couple’s heads with pillowcases, which he bound in place with lamp
cords. Manson left, sending Krenwinkel and Leslie Van Houten into the
house with instructions that the couple be killed.[74][66][62]

Killings

Before leaving Spahn Ranch, Watson had complained to Manson of the
inadequacy of the previous night's weapons.[62] Now, sending the girls
from the kitchen to the bedroom, to which Rosemary LaBianca had been
returned, he went to the living room and began stabbing Leno LaBianca
with a chrome-plated bayonet, the first thrust going into the man's
throat.[74]

Sounds of a scuffle in the bedroom drew Watson there to discover Mrs.
LaBianca keeping the girls at bay by swinging the lamp tied to her
neck. Subduing her with several stabs of the bayonet, Watson returned
to the living room and resumed attacking Leno, who was stabbed twelve
times with the bayonet. After Watson had finished, he carved "WAR" on
the man's exposed abdomen, as he would state in his autobiography.[74]
Atkins, who did not enter the LaBianca house, told a grand jury she
believed Krenwinkel had carved the word.[66][77] In a ghost-written
newspaper account based on a statement she had made earlier to her
attorney,[78] she said Watson carved it.[79]

Returning to the bedroom, where Krenwinkel was stabbing Rosemary
LaBianca with a knife from the LaBianca kitchen, Watson — heeding
Manson’s instruction to make sure each of the girls played a part —
told Van Houten to stab her too.[74] She did, on the exposed buttocks
and elsewhere.[76][68][70] At trial, Van Houten would claim,
uncertainly,[80] that Rosemary LaBianca was dead by the time she
stabbed her. Evidence showed that many of Mrs. LaBianca's forty-one
stab wounds had, in fact, been inflicted post-mortem.[81]

While Watson cleaned off the bayonet and showered, Krenwinkel wrote
"Rise" and "Death to pigs" on the walls and "Healter [sic] Skelter" on
the refrigerator door, all in blood. She gave Leno LaBianca fourteen
puncture wounds with an ivory-handled, two-tined carving fork, which
she left jutting out of his stomach; she also planted a steak knife in
his throat.[74][66][62]

Hoping for a double crime, Manson had gone on to direct Kasabian to
drive to the Venice home of an actor acquaintance of hers, another
"piggy." Depositing the second trio of Family members at the man's
apartment building, he drove back to Spahn Ranch, leaving them and the
LaBianca killers to hitchhike home.[66][62] Kasabian thwarted this
murder by deliberately knocking on the wrong apartment door and waking
a stranger. As the group abandoned the murder plan and left, Susan
Atkins defecated in the stairwell.[82]

Justice system

Investigation

The Tate murders had become news on August 9, 1969, after the
Polanskis’ housekeeper, Winifred Chapman, arrived for work and
discovered the murder scene.[83] On August 10 — while the Tate
autopsies were under way and the LaBianca bodies were yet to be
discovered — detectives of the Los Angeles County Sheriff's
Department, which had jurisdiction in the Hinman case, informed LAPD
detectives assigned to the Tate case of the bloody writing at the
Hinman house. The Tate team, thinking the Tate murders a consequence
of a drug transaction, ignored this and the crimes' other similarities.
[46][84]

Steven Parent, the shooting victim in the Tate driveway, was
determined to have been an acquaintance of William Garretson, a young
man hired by Rudi Altobelli to take care of the property while
Altobelli himself was away.[46] As the killers arrived, Parent had
been leaving Cielo Drive, after a visit to Garretson.[46] Held briefly
as a Tate suspect, Garretson, who lived in the guest house and told
police he had neither seen nor heard anything on the murder night, was
released on August 11, 1969, after undergoing a polygraph examination
that indicated he had not been involved in the crimes.[46][75]
Interviewed decades later, he would state he had, in fact, witnessed a
portion of the murders, as the examination suggested. (See "Later
events," below.)[85]

The LaBianca crime scene was discovered at about 10:30 p.m. on August
10, approximately 19 hours after the murders were committed. Fifteen-
year-old Frank Struthers (Rosemary's son from a prior marriage and
Leno's stepson) returned from a camping trip, was disturbed by the
exterior condition of the home, and called his older sister and her
boyfriend. The boyfriend, Joe Dorgan, accompanied the younger
Struthers into the home and discovered Leno's body. Rosemary's body
was found by investigating police officers.[86]

On August 12, 1969, the LAPD told the press it had ruled out any
connection between the Tate and LaBianca homicides.[75] On August 16,
the sheriff’s office raided Spahn Ranch and arrested Manson and 25
others, as "suspects in a major auto theft ring" that had been
stealing Volkswagens and converting them into dune buggies. Weapons
were seized, but because the warrant had been misdated the group was
released a few days later.[87]

By the end of August, when virtually all leads had gone nowhere, a
report by the LaBianca detectives, generally younger than the Tate
team, noted a possible connection between the bloody writings at the
LaBianca house and "the singing group the Beatles’ most recent
album."[88]

Breakthrough

In mid-October, the LaBianca team, still working separately from the
Tate team, checked with the sheriff’s office about possible similar
crimes and learned of the Hinman case. They also learned that the
Hinman detectives had spoken with Beausoleil’s girlfriend, Kitty
Lutesinger, who had been arrested a few days earlier with members of
"the Manson Family."[56]

The arrests had taken place at the desert ranches, to which the Family
had moved and whence, unknown to authorities, its members had been
searching Death Valley for a hole in the ground — access to the
Bottomless Pit.[45][89][90] A joint force of National Park rangers and
officers from the California Highway Patrol and the Inyo County
Sheriff’s Office — federal, state, and county personnel — had raided
both the Myers and Barker ranches after following clues unwittingly
left when Family members burned an earthmover owned by Death Valley
National Monument.[91][92][93] The raiders had found stolen dune
buggies and other vehicles and had arrested two dozen persons,
including Manson. A Highway Patrol officer found Manson hiding in a
cabinet beneath Barker's bathroom sink.[56][91]

A month after they, too, had spoken with Lutesinger, the LaBianca
detectives made contact with members of a motorcycle gang she'd told
them Manson had tried to enlist as his bodyguards while the Family was
at Spahn Ranch.[56] While the gang members were providing information
that suggested a link between Manson and the murders,[72][27] a
dormitory mate of Susan Atkins succeeded in informing LAPD of the
Family’s involvement in the crimes.[27] One of those arrested at
Barker, Atkins had been booked for the Hinman murder after she’d
confirmed to the sheriff’s detectives that she’d been involved in it,
as Lutesinger had said.[56] Transferred to Sybil Brand Institute, a
detention center in Los Angeles, she had begun talking to bunkmates
Ronnie Howard and Virginia Graham, to whom she gave accounts of the
events in which she had been involved.[53]

Apprehension

On December 1, 1969, acting on the information from these sources,
LAPD announced warrants for the arrest of Watson, Krenwinkel, and
Kasabian in the Tate case; the suspects' involvement in the LaBianca
murders was noted. Manson and Atkins, already in custody, were not
mentioned; the connection between the LaBianca case and Van Houten,
who was also among those arrested near Death Valley, had not yet been
recognized.[91][21][66]

Watson and Krenwinkel, too, were already under arrest, authorities in
McKinney, Texas and Mobile, Alabama having picked them up on notice
from LAPD.[21] Informed that there was a warrant out for her arrest,
Kasabian voluntarily surrendered to authorities in Concord, New
Hampshire on December 2.[21]

Before long, physical evidence such as Krenwinkel's and Watson's
fingerprints, which had been collected by LAPD at Cielo Drive,[94] was
augmented by evidence recovered by the public. On September 1, 1969,
the distinctive .22-caliber Hi Standard "Buntline Special" revolver
Watson used on Parent, Sebring, and Frykowski had been found and given
to the police by Steven Weiss, a ten-year-old who lived near the Tate
residence.[95] In mid-December, when the Los Angeles Times published a
crime account based on information Susan Atkins had given her attorney,
[96] Weiss' father made several phone calls which finally prompted
LAPD to locate the gun in its evidence file and connect it with the
murders via ballistics tests.[97] Acting on that same newspaper
account, a local ABC television crew quickly located and recovered the
bloody clothing discarded by the Tate killers.[98] The knives
discarded en route from the Tate residence were never recovered,
despite a search by some of the same crewmen and, months later still,
by LAPD.[99] A knife found behind the cushion of a chair in the Tate
living room was apparently that of Susan Atkins, who lost her knife in
the course of the attack.[100]

Trial

At the trial, which began June 15, 1970,[68] the prosecution's main
witness was Kasabian, who, along with Manson, Atkins, and Krenwinkel,
had been charged with seven counts of murder and one of conspiracy.
[22] Not having participated in the killings, she was granted immunity
in exchange for testimony that detailed the nights of the crimes.[23]
[18][101] Originally, a deal had been made with Atkins in which the
prosecution agreed not to seek the death penalty against her in
exchange for her grand jury testimony on which the indictments were
secured; once Atkins repudiated that testimony, the deal was withdrawn.
[102] Because Van Houten had only participated in the LaBianca
killings, she was charged with two counts of murder and one of
conspiracy.

Originally, Judge William Keene had reluctantly granted Manson
permission to act as his own attorney. Because of his conduct,
including violations of a gag order and submission of "outlandish" and
"nonsensical" pretrial motions, the permission was withdrawn before
the start of the trial.[103] Manson filed an affidavit of prejudice
against Keene; he was replaced by Judge Charles H. Older.[104] On
Friday, July 24, the first day of testimony, Manson appeared in court
with an X carved into his forehead and issued a statement that he was
"considered inadequate and incompetent to speak or defend [him]self" —
and had "X'd [him]self from [the establishment's] world."[105][106]
Over the following weekend, the female defendants duplicated the mark
on their own foreheads, as, within another day or so, most Family
members did, too.[107]

The prosecution placed the triggering of "Helter Skelter" as the main
motive.[108] The crime scenes' bloody White Album references — pig,
rise, helter skelter — were correlated with testimony about Manson
predictions that the murders blacks would commit at the outset of
Helter Skelter would involve the writing of "pigs" on walls in
victims’ blood.[39][109] Testimony that Manson had said "now is the
time for Helter Skelter" was supplemented with Kasabian’s testimony
that, on the night of the LaBianca murders, Manson considered
discarding Rosemary LaBianca's wallet on the street of a black
neighborhood.[62] Having obtained the wallet in the LaBianca house, he
"wanted a black person to pick it up and use the credit cards so that
the people, the establishment, would think it was some sort of an
organized group that killed these people."[110] On his direction,
Kasabian had hidden it in the women's rest room of a service station
near a black area.[66][111][62][48] "I want to show blackie how to do
it," Manson had said as the Family members had driven along after the
departure from the LaBianca house.[110]

Ongoing disruptions

During the trial, Family members loitered near the entrances and
corridors of the courthouse. To keep them out of the courtroom itself,
the prosecution subpoenaed them as prospective witnesses, who would
not be able to enter while others were testifying.[112] When the group
established itself in vigil on the sidewalk, each of the "hard-core"
members wore a sheathed hunting knife that, being in plain view, was
carried legally. Each of them was also identifiable by the X on his or
her forehead.[113]

Some Family members attempted to dissuade witnesses from testifying.
Prosecution witnesses Paul Watkins and Juan Flynn were both threatened;
[114][115] Watkins was badly burned in a suspicious fire in his van.
[116] Former Family member Barbara Hoyt, who had overheard Susan
Atkins describing the Tate murders to Family member Ruth Ann
Moorehouse, agreed to accompany the latter to Hawaii. There,
Moorehouse allegedly gave her a hamburger spiked with several doses of
LSD. Found sprawled on a Honolulu curb in a drugged semi-stupor, Hoyt
was taken to the hospital, where she did her best to identify herself
as a witness in the Tate-LaBianca murder trial. Before the incident,
Hoyt had been a reluctant witness; after the attempt to silence her,
her reticence disappeared.[117]

On August 4, despite precautions taken by the court, Manson flashed
the jury a Los Angeles Times front page whose headline was "Manson
Guilty, Nixon Declares," a reference to a statement made the previous
day when U.S. President Richard Nixon had decried what he saw as the
media's glamorization of Manson. Voir dired by Judge Charles Older,
the jurors contended that the headline had not influenced them. The
next day, the female defendants stood up and said in unison that, in
light of Nixon's remark, there was no point in going on with the trial.
[118] On October 5, denied the court's permission to question a
prosecution witness whom the defense attorneys had declined to cross-
examine, Manson leaped over the defense table and attempted to attack
the judge. Wrestled to the ground by bailiffs, he was removed from the
courtroom with the female defendants, who had subsequently risen and
begun chanting in Latin.[48] Thereafter, Older allegedly began wearing
a revolver under his robes.[48]

Defense rests

On November 16, the prosecution rested its case. Three days later,
after arguing standard dismissal motions, the defense stunned the
court by resting as well, without calling a single witness. Shouting
their disapproval, Atkins, Krenwinkel, and Van Houten demanded their
right to testify.[119]

In chambers, the women's lawyers told the judge their clients wanted
to testify that they had planned and committed the crimes and that
Manson had not been involved.[119] By resting their case, the defense
lawyers had tried to stop this; Van Houten's attorney, Ronald Hughes,
vehemently stated that he would not "push a client out the window." In
the prosecutor's view, it was Manson who was advising the women to
testify in this way as a means of saving himself.[119] Speaking about
the trial in a 1987 documentary, Krenwinkel said, "The entire
proceedings were scripted — by Charlie."[120]

The next day, Manson testified; but lest he violate the California
Supreme Court's decision in People v. Aranda by making statements
implicating his co-defendants, the jury was removed from the courtroom.
[121] Speaking for more than an hour, Manson said, among other things,
that "the music is telling the youth to rise up against the
establishment." He said, "Why blame it on me? I didn’t write the
music." "To be honest with you," Manson also stated, "I don’t recall
ever saying 'Get a knife and a change of clothes and go do what Tex
says.'"[122]

As the body of the trial concluded and with the closing arguments
impending, attorney Ronald Hughes disappeared during a weekend trip.
[123] When Maxwell Keith was appointed to represent Van Houten in
Hughes' absence, a delay of more than two weeks was required to permit
Keith to familiarize himself with the voluminous trial transcripts.
[123] No sooner had the trial resumed, just before Christmas, than
disruptions of the prosecution's closing argument by the defendants
led Older to ban the four defendants from the courtroom for the
remainder of the guilt phase. Older said it had become obvious the
defendants were acting in collusion with each other and were simply
putting on a performance.[124]

Conviction and Penalty phase

On January 25, 1971, guilty verdicts were returned against the four
defendants on each of the twenty-seven separate counts against them.
[125] Not far into the trial's penalty phase, the jurors saw, at last,
the defense that Manson (in the prosecution's view) had planned to
present.[126] Atkins, Krenwinkel, and Van Houten testified the murders
had been conceived as "copycat" versions of the Hinman murder, for
which Atkins now took credit. The killings, they said, were intended
to draw suspicion away from Bobby Beausoleil, by resembling the crime
for which he had been jailed. This plan had supposedly been the work
of, and carried out under the guidance of, not Manson, but someone
allegedly in love with Beausoleil — Linda Kasabian.[127] Among the
narrative's weak points was the inability of Atkins to explain why, as
she was maintaining, she had written "political piggy" at the Hinman
house in the first place.[127][109]

Midway through the penalty phase, Manson shaved his head and trimmed
his beard to a fork; he told the press, "I am the Devil, and the Devil
always has a bald head."[128] In what the prosecution regarded as
belated recognition on their part that imitation of Manson only proved
his domination, the female defendants refrained from shaving their
heads until the jurors retired to weigh the state's request for the
death penalty.[128][129]

The effort to exonerate Manson via the "copycat" scenario failed; on
March 29, 1971, the jury returned verdicts of death against all four
defendants on all counts.[109] On April 19, 1971, Judge Older
sentenced the four to death.[130]

On the day the verdicts recommending the death penalty were returned,
news came that the badly-decomposed body of Ronald Hughes had been
found wedged between two boulders in Ventura County.[131] It was
rumored, although never proven, that Hughes was murdered by the
Family, possibly because he had stood up to Manson and refused to
allow Van Houten to take the stand and absolve Manson of the crimes.
[132] Though he might have perished in flooding,[133][134] Family
member Sandra Good stated that Hughes was "the first of the
retaliation murders."[135][136]

Aftermath

Protracted proceedings to extradite Watson from his native Texas,[76]
[71][137] where he had resettled a month before his arrest,[138]
resulted in his being tried separately. The trial commenced in August
1971; by October, he, too, had been found guilty on seven counts of
murder and one of conspiracy. He, too, was sentenced to death.[65]

In February 1972, the death sentences of all five parties were
automatically reduced to life in prison by California v. Anderson, 493
P.2d 880, 6 Cal. 3d 628 (Cal. 1972), in which the Supreme Court of
California abolished the death penalty in that state.[139]

In a 1971 trial that took place after his Tate/LaBianca convictions,
Manson was found guilty of the murders of Gary Hinman and Donald
"Shorty" Shea and was given a life sentence. Shea, a Spahn Ranch
stuntman and horse wrangler, had been killed approximately ten days
after the August 16, 1969, sheriff's raid on the ranch. Manson, who
suspected that Shea helped set up the raid, had apparently believed
Shea was trying to get Spahn to run the Family off the ranch. Manson
may have considered it a "sin" that the white Shea had married a black
woman; and there was the possibility that Shea knew about the Tate/
LaBianca killings.[27][140] In separate trials, Family members Bruce
Davis and Steve "Clem" Grogan were also found guilty of Shea's murder.
[27][65][141]

Before the conclusion of Manson's Tate/LaBianca trial, a reporter for
the Los Angeles Times tracked down Manson's mother, remarried and
living in the Pacific Northwest. The former Kathleen Maddox claimed
that, in childhood, her son had known no neglect; he had even been
"pampered by all the women who surrounded him."[8]

Remaining in view

On September 5, 1975, the Family rocketed back to national attention
when Squeaky Fromme attempted to assassinate U.S. President Gerald
Ford.[142] The attempt took place in Sacramento, to which she and
Manson follower Sandra Good had moved to be near Manson while he was
incarcerated at Folsom State Prison. A subsequent search of the
apartment shared by Fromme, Good, and a Family recruit turned up
evidence that, coupled with later actions on the part of Good,
resulted in Good's conviction for conspiring to send threatening
communications through the United States mail and transmitting death
threats by way of interstate commerce. (The threats that were involved
were against corporate executives and US government officials and had
to do with supposed environmental dereliction on their part.)[142]
Fromme was sentenced to 15 years to life, becoming the first person
sentenced under United States Code Title 18, chapter 84 (1965),[143]
which made it a Federal crime to attempt to assassinate the President
of the United States.

In 1977, authorities learned the precise location of the remains of
Shorty Shea and that, contrary to Family claims, Shea had not been
dismembered and buried in several places. Contacting the prosecutor in
his case, Steve Grogan told him Shea’s corpse had been buried in one
piece; he drew a map that pinpointed the location of the body, which
was recovered. Of those convicted of Manson-ordered murders, Grogan
would become, in 1985, the first — and, as of 2009[update], the only —
to be paroled.[144]

In the 1980s, Manson gave three notable interviews. The first,
recorded at California Medical Facility and aired June 13, 1981, was
by Tom Snyder for NBC's The Tomorrow Show. The second, recorded at San
Quentin Prison and aired March 7, 1986, was by Charlie Rose for CBS
News Nightwatch; it won the national news Emmy Award for "Best
Interview" in 1987.[145] The last, with Geraldo Rivera in 1988, was
part of that journalist's prime-time special on Satanism.[146]

On September 25, 1984, while imprisoned at the California Medical
Facility at Vacaville, Manson was severely burned by a fellow inmate
who poured paint thinner on him and set him alight. The other
prisoner, Jan Holmstrom, explained that Manson had objected to his
Hare Krishna chants and had verbally threatened him. Despite suffering
second- and third-degree burns over 20 percent of his body, Manson
recovered from his injuries.[147]

In December 1987, Fromme, serving a life sentence for the
assassination attempt, escaped briefly from Alderson Federal Prison
Camp in West Virginia. She was trying to reach Manson, whom she had
heard had testicular cancer; she was apprehended within days.[142]

Later events

In a 1994 conversation with Manson prosecutor Vincent Bugliosi,
Catherine Share, a one-time Manson-follower, stated that her testimony
in the penalty phase of Manson’s trial had been a fabrication intended
to save Manson from the gas chamber and had been given on Manson’s
explicit direction.[142] Share’s testimony had introduced the copycat-
motive story, which the testimony of the three female defendants
echoed and according to which the Tate-LaBianca murders had been Linda
Kasabian's idea.[127] In a 1997 segment of the tabloid television
program Hard Copy, Share implied that her testimony had been given
under a Manson threat of physical harm.[148] In August 1971, after
Manson's trial and sentencing, Share had participated in a violent
California retail-store robbery, the object of which was the
acquisition of weapons to help free Manson.[65]

In January 1996, a Manson web site was established by latter-day
Manson follower George Stimson, who was helped by Sandra Good. Good
had been released from prison in 1985, after serving 10 years of her
15-year sentence for the death threats.[142][149] The Manson website,
ATWA.com, was discontinued in 2001.

In a 1998-9 interview in Seconds magazine, Bobby Beausoleil rejected
the view that Manson ordered him to kill Gary Hinman.[61] He stated
Manson did come to Hinman's house and slash Hinman with a sword. In a
1981 interview with Oui magazine, he denied this. Beausoleil stated
that when he read about the Tate murders in the newspaper, "I wasn't
even sure at that point — really, I had no idea who had done it until
Manson's group were actually arrested for it. It had only crossed my
mind and I had a premonition, perhaps. There was some little tickle in
my mind that the killings might be connected with them...." In the Oui
magazine interview, he had stated, "When [the Tate-LaBianca murders]
happened, I knew who had done it. I was fairly certain."[60]

William Garretson, once the young caretaker at Cielo Drive, indicated
in a program broadcast in July 1999 on E!, that he had, in fact, seen
and heard a portion of the Tate murders from his location in the
property’s guest house. This comported with the unofficial results of
the polygraph examination that had been given to Garretson on August
10, 1969, and that had effectively eliminated him as a suspect.[150]
The LAPD officer who conducted the examination had concluded Garretson
was "clean" on participation in the crimes but "muddy" as to his
having heard anything.[46] Garretson did not explain why he had
withheld his knowledge of the events.[151]

Recent developments

On September 5, 2007, MSNBC aired The Mind of Manson, a complete
version of a 1987 interview at California’s San Quentin State Prison.
The footage of the "unshackled, unapologetic, and unruly" Manson had
been considered "so unbelievable" that only seven minutes of it had
originally been broadcast on The Today Show, for which it had been
recorded.[152]

In a January 2008 segment of the Discovery Channel’s Most Evil,
Barbara Hoyt said that the impression that she had accompanied Ruth
Ann Moorehouse to Hawaii just to avoid testifying at Manson's trial
was erroneous. Hoyt said she had cooperated with the Family because
she was "trying to keep them from killing my family." She stated that,
at the time of the trial, she was "constantly being threatened: 'Your
family’s gonna die. [The murders] could be repeated at your
house.'"[153]

On March 15, 2008, Associated Press reported that forensic
investigators had conducted a search for human remains at Barker Ranch
the previous month. Following up on longstanding rumors that the
Family had killed hitchhikers and runaways who had come into its orbit
during its time at Barker, the investigators identified "two likely
clandestine grave sites... and one additional site that merits further
investigation."[154] Though they recommended digging, CNN reported on
March 28 that the Inyo County Sheriff, who questioned the methods they
employed with search dogs, had ordered additional tests before any
excavation.[155] On May 9, after a delay caused by damage to test
equipment,[156] the sheriff announced that test results had been
inconclusive and that "exploratory excavation" would begin on May 20.
[157] In the meantime, Tex Watson had commented publicly that "no one
was killed" at the desert camp during the month-and-a-half he was
there, after the Tate-LaBianca murders.[158][159] On May 21, after two
days of work, the sheriff brought the search to an end; four potential
gravesites had been dug up and had been found to hold no human remains.
[160][161]

Parole hearings

A footnote to the conclusion of California v. Anderson, the 1972
decision that neutralized California's then-current death sentences,
stated:

"[A]ny prisoner now under a sentence of death ... may file a
petition for writ of habeas corpus in the superior court inviting that
court to modify its judgment to provide for the appropriate
alternative punishment of life imprisonment or life imprisonment
without possibility of parole specified by statute for the crime for
which he was sentenced to death."[162]

This made Manson eligible to apply for parole after seven years’
incarceration.[163] Accordingly, his first parole hearing took place
in 1978.[164] On May 23, 2007, he was denied parole for the eleventh
time.[165]

Manson will not be eligible for parole again until 2012. He is an
inmate in the Protective Housing Unit at Corcoran State Prison in
Corcoran, California, where his inmate number in the California
Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation is #B33920.[166]

Manson and culture

Recordings

Main article: Recordings by Charles Manson

On March 6, 1970, the day the court vacated Manson's status as his own
attorney,[62] LIE, an album of Manson music, was released.[167][168]
[169] This included "Cease to Exist," a Manson composition the Beach
Boys had recorded with modified lyrics and the title "Never Learn Not
to Love."[170][171] Over the next couple of months, only about 300 of
the album's two thousand copies sold.[172]

Since that time, there have been several releases of Manson recordings
— both musical and spoken.[173] The Family Jams includes two compact
discs of Manson's songs recorded by the Family in 1970, after Manson
and the others had been arrested. Guitar and lead vocals are supplied
by Steve Grogan;[91] additional vocals are supplied by Lynette Fromme,
Sandra Good, Catherine Share, and others.[173][174] One Mind, an album
of music, poetry, and spoken word, new at the time of its release, in
April 2005,[173] was put out under a Creative Commons license.[175]
[176]

American rock band Guns N’ Roses recorded Manson's "Look at Your Game,
Girl," included as an unlisted thirteenth track on their 1993 album
"The Spaghetti Incident?"[139][177][178] "My Monkey," which appears on
Portrait of an American Family by Marilyn Manson (no relation, as is
explained below), includes the lyrics "I had a little monkey/I sent
him to the country and I fed him on gingerbread/Along came a choo-choo/
Knocked my monkey cuckoo/And now my monkey’s dead."[179] These lyrics
are from Manson’s "Mechanical Man,"[180] which is heard on LIE.

Several of Manson's songs, including "I'm Scratching Peace Symbols on
Your Tombstone" (a.k.a. "First They Made Me Sleep in the Closet"),
"Garbage Dump", and "I Can't Remember When", are featured in the
soundtrack of the 1976 TV-movie Helter Skelter, where they are
performed by Steve Railsback, who portrays Manson.[181]

According to a popular urban legend, Manson unsuccessfully auditioned
for the Monkees in late 1965; this is refuted by the fact that Manson
was still incarcerated at McNeil Island at that time.[182]

Cultural reverberation

Within months of the Tate-LaBianca arrests, Manson was embraced by
underground newspapers of the 1960s counterculture from which the
Family had emerged.[172][183] When a Rolling Stone writer visited the
Los Angeles District Attorney’s office for a June 1970 cover story,
[184] he was shocked by a photograph of the bloody "Healter [sic]
Skelter" that would bind Manson to popular culture.[185]

Manson has been a presence in fashion,[186][187] graphics,[188][189]
music,[190][191] and movies, as well as on television and the stage.
In an afterword composed for the 1994 edition of the non-fiction
Helter Skelter, prosecutor Vincent Bugliosi quoted a BBC employee's
assertion that a "neo-Manson cult" existing then in Europe was
represented by, among other things, approximately 70 rock bands
playing songs by Manson and "songs in support of him."[139]

Just one specimen of popular music with Manson references is Alkaline
Trio’s "Sadie," whose lyrics include the phrases "Sadie G," "Ms. Susan
A," and "Charlie’s broken .22."[192] "Sadie Mae Glutz" was the name by
which Susan Atkins was known within the Family;[56][57] and as noted
earlier, the revolver grip that shattered when Tex Watson used it to
bludgeon Wojciech Frykowski was a twenty-two caliber.[64] "Sadie’s"
lyrics are followed by a spoken passage derived from Atkins’s
testimony in the penalty phase of the trial of Manson and the women.
[193][194]

Manson has even influenced the names of musical performers such as
Spahn Ranch and Marilyn Manson, the latter a stage name assembled from
"Charles Manson" and "Marilyn Monroe."[195] The story of the Family's
activities inspired John Moran’s opera The Manson Family and Stephen
Sondheim’s musical Assassins, the latter of which has Lynette Fromme
as a character.[196][197] The tale has been the subject of several
movies, including two television dramatizations of Helter Skelter.[198]
[199] In the South Park episode Merry Christmas Charlie Manson, Manson
is a comic character whose inmate number is 06660, an apparent
reference to 666, the Biblical "number of the beast."[200][201]

Documentaries

* Manson, directed by Robert Hendrickson and Laurence Merrick.
1973. Manson at the Internet Movie Database
* Charles Manson Superstar, directed by Nikolas Schreck. 1989.
Charles Manson Superstar at the Internet Movie Database

References

Notes

1. ^ Linder, Doug. The Charles Manson (Tate-LaBianca Murder) Trial.
UMKC Law. 2002. Retrieved April 7, 2007.
2. ^ Bugliosi, Vincent with Gentry, Curt. Helter Skelter — The True
Story of the Manson Murders 25th Anniversary Edition, W.W. Norton &
Company, 1994. ISBN 0-393-08700-X. Pages 163-4, 313.
3. ^ "Journal of the American Society of Psychosomatic Dentistry
and Medicine, 1970. 17(3):99-106". Smith, David E. and Rose, Alan J.,
"A Case Study of the Charles Manson Group Marriage Commune". Archived
from the original on 2007-11-27.
http://web.archive.org/web/20071127020405/http://charliesfamily.tripod.com/journal.html.
4. ^ Prosecution's closing argument. Page 1 of multi-page
transcript, 2violent.com. Retrieved April 16, 2007.
5. ^ History of California's Death Penalty deathpenalty.org.
Retrieved December 5, 2007.
6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Bugliosi 1994, p. 136-7.
7. ^ Emmons, Nuel. Manson in His Own Words. Grove Press, New York;
1988. ISBN 0-8021-3024-0. Page 28. (If link does not go directly to
page 28, scroll to it; "no name Maddox" is highlighted.)
8. ^ a b c Smith, Dave. Mother Tells Life of Manson as Boy. 1971
article copy on Manson Family Today.info. Retrieved June 5, 2007
9. ^ Reitwiesner, William Addams. Provisional ancestry of Charles
Manson. Retrieved April 26, 2007.
10. ^ a b Photocopy of Manson birth certificate MansonDirect.com.
Retrieved April 26, 2007.
11. ^ a b c d e f g Emmons, Nuel. Manson in His Own Words. Grove
Press, New York; 1988. ISBN 0-8021-3024-0
12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Bugliosi, p. 137-146
13. ^ 1981 Tom Snyder interview with Charles Manson. Transcribed by
Aaron Bredlau. CharlieManson.com. Retrieved April 26, 2007.
14. ^ Karpis, Alvin, with Robert Livesey. On the Rock: Twenty-five
Years at Alcatraz, 1980
15. ^ a b c d Bugliosi, 1994. pp. 163-174
16. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 144, 163-64.
17. ^ Sanders, Ed. The Family, Thunder's Mouth Press, New York,
2002. ISBN 1-56025-396-7. Pages 13-20.
18. ^ a b c d e f g Bugliosi 1994. pp. 250-253.
19. ^ a b Sanders 2002, p. 34.
20. ^ a b Watkins, Paul with Soledad, Guillermo. My Life with
Charles Manson, Bantam, 1979. ISBN 0-553-12788-8. Chapter 4.
21. ^ a b c d e Bugliosi 1994. 155-161.
22. ^ a b Bugliosi 1994. 185-188.
23. ^ a b Bugliosi 1994. 214-219.
24. ^ a b c d Watson, Charles as told to Ray Hoekstra. Will You Die
for Me?, Chapter 9 Watson website. Retrieved May 3, 2007.
25. ^ a b Watson, Ch. 6
26. ^ a b Watson, Ch. 7
27. ^ a b c d e f g Bugliosi 1994. pp. 99-113.
28. ^ Watkins, pages 34 & 40.
29. ^ Watson, Ch. 4
30. ^ a b c Watkins, Ch. 10.
31. ^ Watkins, Ch. 11
32. ^ Chapter 1, "Manson," Manson’s Right-Hand Man Speaks Out!. ISBN
0-9678519-1-2. Retrieved November 21, 2007.
33. ^ a b c d Watkins, Ch. 12
34. ^ "The Manson Family Today". CNN Larry King Live: Interview with
Paul Watkins. Archived from the original on 2007-10-22.
http://web.archive.org/web/20070911005832/http://www.mansonfamilytoday.info/paul-watkins-larry-king-interview.htm.
Manson's obsession with the Beatles is discussed at the interview's
very end.
35. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 200-02, 265.
36. ^ Sanders 2002, 11.
37. ^ a b c Watson, Ch. 11
38. ^ a b The Influence of the Beatles on Charles Manson. UMKC Law.
Retrieved April 7, 2006.
39. ^ a b c d Bugliosi 1994, 244-247.
40. ^ Sanders 2002, 99-100.
41. ^ Watkins, p. 137.
42. ^ a b Watkins, Ch. 13
43. ^ a b Watson, Ch. 12.
44. ^ Testimony of Paul Watkins in the Charles Manson Trial UMKC
Law. Retrieved April 7, 2007.
45. ^ a b c d e f g h i Bugliosi 1994, 228-233.
46. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Bugliosi 1994, 28-38.
47. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 226.
48. ^ a b c d Bugliosi 1994, 369-377.
49. ^ Bulgiosi 1994, 156, 185.
50. ^ Sanders 2002, 133-36.
51. ^ Watkins, Ch. 15
52. ^ a b c d e Watson, Ch. 13
53. ^ a b c Bugliosi 1994, 91-96.
54. ^ Sanders 2002, 147-49.
55. ^ Sanders 2002, 151.
56. ^ a b c d e f Bugliosi 1994, 75-77.
57. ^ a b c Atkins, Susan, with Bob Slosser. Child of Satan, Child
of God; Logos International, Plainfield, New Jersey; 1977; ISBN
0-88270-276-9; pages 94-120.
58. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 33.
59. ^ Sanders 2002, page 184.
60. ^ a b Beausoleil Oui interview. Charlie Manson.com.
61. ^ a b Beausoleil Seconds interviews. beausoleil.net.
62. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Bugliosi 1994, 258-269.
63. ^ Prosecution's closing argument Page 6 of multi-page
transcript, 2violent.com.
64. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Watson, Ch. 14
65. ^ a b c d Bugliosi 1994, 463-468.
66. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Bugliosi 1994, 176-184.
67. ^ a b Bugliosi 1994, 22-25.
68. ^ a b c Bugliosi 1994, 297-300.
69. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 10-14.
70. ^ a b Bugliosi 1994, 341-344.
71. ^ a b Bugliosi 1994, 356-361.
72. ^ a b c Bugliosi 1994, 84-90.
73. ^ a b Watson, Ch. 19.
74. ^ a b c d e f g h Watson, Ch. 15
75. ^ a b c Bugliosi 1994, 42-48.
76. ^ a b c Bugliosi 1994, 204-210.
77. ^ "The Manson Family Today". Afternoon grand-jury testimony of
Susan Atkins, Los Angeles, California, December 5, 1969. Archived from
the original on 2007-10-12.
http://web.archive.org/web/20071012112854/http://mansonfamilytoday.info/atkins-grand-jury-testimony-2.htm.
The statement comes in a moment of confusion on the part of Atkins;
it's possible she's saying she believes Krenwinkel is the person who
told her about the carving of "War."
78. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 160, 193.
79. ^ Susan Atkins’ Story of 2 Nights of Murder Los Angeles Times,
Sunday, December 14, 1969. mansonfamilytoday.info. Retrieved June 25,
2008.
80. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 433.
81. ^ Bugliosi 1994; pp. 44, 206, 297, 341-42, 380, 404, 406-07,
433.
82. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 270-273.
83. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 5-6, 11-15.
84. ^ Sanders 2002, 243-44.
85. ^ Transcript and synopsis of William Garretson comments. "The
Last Days of Sharon Tate," The E! True Hollywood Story.
CharlieManson.com. Retrieved June 10, 2007.
86. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 38.
87. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 56.
88. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 65.
89. ^ Watkins, Ch. 21.
90. ^ Watson, Ch. 2
91. ^ a b c d Bugliosi 1994, 125-127.
92. ^ Sanders 2002, 282-83.
93. ^ Watkins, Ch. 22
94. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 15, 156, 273, and photographs between 340-41.
95. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 66.
96. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 160, 193.
97. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 198-99.
98. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 197-198.
99. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 198, 273.
100. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 17, 180, 262. Atkins 1977, 141.
101. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 330-332.
102. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 169, 173-84, 188, 292.
103. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 200-02, 265.
104. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 290.
105. ^ Sanders 2002, 388.
106. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 310.
107. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 316.
108. ^ Prosecution's closing argument Page 29 of multi-page
transcript, 2violent.com.
109. ^ a b c Bugliosi 1994, 450-457.
110. ^ a b Prosecution's closing argument Pages 22-23 of multi-page
transcript, 2violent.com.
111. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 190-91.
112. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 309.
113. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 339.
114. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 280.
115. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 332-335.
116. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 280.
117. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 348-350, 361.
118. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 323-328.
119. ^ a b c Bugliosi 1994, 382-88.
120. ^ Biography — "Charles Manson." A&E Network.
121. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 134
122. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 388-92.
123. ^ a b Bugliosi 1994, 393-398.
124. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 399-407.
125. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 411-419.
126. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 455.
127. ^ a b c Bugliosi 1994, 424-433.
128. ^ a b Bugliosi 1994, 439.
129. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 455.
130. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 458-459.
131. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 457.
132. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 387, 394, 481.
133. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 393-94, 481.
134. ^ Sanders 2002, 436-38.
135. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 481-82.
136. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 625.
137. ^ Watson, Ch. 18
138. ^ Watson, Ch. 16
139. ^ a b c Bugliosi 1994, 488-491.
140. ^ Sanders 2002, 271-2.
141. ^ Transcript of Charles Manson's 1992 parole hearing University
of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law. Retrieved May 24, 2007.
142. ^ a b c d e Bugliosi 1994, 502-511.
143. ^ 18 U.S.C. § 1751
144. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 509.
145. ^ Joynt, Carol. Diary of a Mad Saloon Owner. April-May 2005.
146. ^ Rivera's 'Devil Worship' was TV at Its Worst. Review by Tom
Shales. San Jose Mercury News, October 31, 1988.
147. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 497.
148. ^ Catherine Share with Vincent Bugliosi, Hard Copy, 1997
youtube.com. Retrieved May 30, 2007.
149. ^ Manson's Family Affair Living in Cyberspace. wired.com, April
16, 1997. Retrieved May 29, 2007.
150. ^ Transcript of William Garretson polygraph exam.
CharlieManson.com. Retrieved June 10, 2007.
151. ^ Transcript and synopsis of William Garretson comments. "The
Last Days of Sharon Tate," The E! True Hollywood Story.
CharlieManson.com. Retrieved June 10, 2007.
152. ^ Transcript, MSNBC Live. September 5, 2007. Retrieved November
21, 2007
153. ^ "Charles Manson Murders". Most Evil. Discovery Channel.
2008-01-31. No. 1, season 3.
154. ^ "AP Exclusive: On Manson’s trail, forensic testing suggests
possible new grave sites." Associated Press, posted at International
Herald Tribune. Retrieved March 16, 2008.
155. ^ More tests at Manson ranch for buried bodies. CNN.com.
Retrieved March 28, 2008.
156. ^ Authorities delay decision on digging at Manson ranch
Associated Press report, mercurynews.com. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
157. ^ Authorities to dig at old Manson family ranch cnn.com.
Retrieved May 9, 2008.
158. ^ Letter from Manson lieutenant. CNN.com. Retrieved May 9, 2008.
159. ^ Monthly View -- May 2008. Aboundinglove.org. Retrieved May 9,
2008.
160. ^ Four holes dug, no bodies found...iht.com. Retrieved May 26,
2008.
161. ^ Dig turns up no bodies at Manson ranch siteCNN.com, May 21,
2008. Retrieved May 26, 2008.
162. ^ People v. Anderson, 493 P.2d 880, 6 Cal. 3d 628 (Cal. 1972),
footnote (45) to final sentence of majority opinion. Retrieved April
7, 2008
163. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 488.
164. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 498.
165. ^ 72-year-old Charles Manson denied parole. Reuters, May 24,
2007. Daily Telegraph (Australia). Retrieved September 6, 2007.
166. ^ "Life Prisoner Parole Consideration Hearings May 7, 2007 -
June 2, 2007" (PDF). Archived from the original on 2007-12-02.
http://web.archive.org/web/20071202120033/http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Offenders/docs/hearing_sched_0507.pdf.
. Board of Parole Hearings, Calif. Dept. of Corrections and
Rehabilitation. P. 3. Retrieved May 2, 2007.
167. ^ Sanders 2002, 336.
168. ^ Lie: The Love And Terror Cult. ASIN: B000005X1J. Amazon.com.
Access date: November 23, 2007.
169. ^ Syndicated column re LIE release Mike Jahn, August 1970.
170. ^ Sanders 2002, 64-65.
171. ^ Dennis Wilson interview Circus magazine, October 26, 1976.
Retrieved December 1, 2007.
172. ^ a b Rolling Stone story on Manson, June 1970
CharlieManson.com. Retrieved May 2, 2007.
173. ^ a b c List of Manson recordings mansondirect.com. Retrieved
November 24, 2007.
174. ^ The Family Jams. ASIN: B0002UXM2Q. 2004. Amazon.com.
175. ^ Charles Manson Issues Album under Creative Commons pcmag.com.
Retrieved April 14, 2008.
176. ^ Yes it’s CC! Photo verifying Creative Commons license of One
Mind. blog.limewire.com. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
177. ^ Review of The Spaghetti Incident? allmusic.com. Retrieved
November 23, 2007.
178. ^ Guns N’ Roses biography rollingstone.com. Retrieved November
23, 2007.
179. ^ Lyrics of "My Monkey" sing365.com. Retrieved January 22, 2008.
180. ^ Lyrics of "Mechanical Man" charliemanson.com. Retrieved
January 22, 2008.
181. ^ Soundtrack, Helter Skelter (1976) Section of Steve Railsback
entry, imdb.com. Retrieved March 25, 2008.
182. ^ "The Music Manson." snopes.com. Retrieved October 5, 2008.
183. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 221-22.
184. ^ Manson on cover of Rolling Stone rollingstone.com. Retrieved
May 2, 2007.
185. ^ Dalton, David. If Christ Came Back as a Con Man.
gadflyonline.com. Retrieved September 30, 2007.
186. ^ Bant Shirts Manson T-shirt
187. ^ Prank Place Manson T-shirt
188. ^ "No Name Maddox" Manson portrait in marijuana seeds. Retrieved
November 23, 2007.
189. ^ Poster of Manson on cover of Rolling Stone
190. ^ The Metal Observer Review of Generator, 2006 album by Aborym.
Retrieved April 26, 2007.
191. ^ Manson-related music charliemanson.com. Retrieved February 8,
2008.
192. ^ Lyrics of "Sadie," by Alkaline Trio sing365.com. Retrieved
November 23, 2007.
193. ^ Bugliosi 1994, 428-29.
194. ^ Alkaline Trio on MySpace Includes full-length audio of
"Sadie." Retrieved December 2, 2007.
195. ^ Biography for Marilyn Manson imdb.com. Retrieved November 23,
2007.
196. ^ "Will the Manson Story Play as Myth, Operatically at That?"
New York Times. July 17, 1990. Retrieved November 23, 2007.
197. ^ Sondheim.com Assassins
198. ^ Helter Skelter (2004) at the Internet Movie Database
199. ^ Helter Skelter (1976) at the Internet Movie Database
200. ^ Merry Christmas Charlie Manson Video clips at
southpark.comedycentral.com
201. ^ Beast Number WolframMathWorld. Retrieved November 29, 2007.

Works cited

* Atkins, Susan with Bob Slosser. Child of Satan, Child of God.
Logos International; Plainfield, New Jersey; 1977. ISBN 0-88270-276-9.
* Bugliosi, Vincent with Curt Gentry. Helter Skelter: The True
Story of the Manson Murders. (Norton, 1974; Arrow books, 1992 edition,
ISBN 0-09-997500-9; W. W. Norton & Company, 2001, ISBN 0-393-32223-8)
* Emmons, Nuel, as told to. Manson in His Own Words. Grove Press,
1988. ISBN 0-8021-3024-0.
* Sanders, Ed The Family. Thunder's Mouth Press. rev. update
edition 2002. ISBN 1-56025-396-7.
* Watkins, Paul with Guillermo Soledad. My Life with Charles
Manson. Bantam, 1979. ISBN 0-553-12788-8.
* Watson, Charles. Will you die for me?. F. H. Revell, 1978. ISBN
0-8007-0912-8.

Further reading

* George, Edward and Dary Matera. Taming the Beast: Charles
Manson's Life Behind Bars. St. Martin's Press, 1999. ISBN
0-312-20970-3.
* Gilmore, John. Manson: The Unholy Trail of Charlie and the
Family. Amok Books, 2000. ISBN 1-878923-13-7.
* Gilmore, John. The Garbage People. Omega Press, 1971.
* LeBlanc, Jerry and Ivor Davis. 5 to Die. Holloway House
Publishing, 1971. ISBN 0-87067-306-8.
* Pellowski, Michael J. The Charles Manson Murder Trial: A
Headline Court Case. Enslow Publishers, 2004. ISBN 0-7660-2167-X.
* Rowlett, Curt. Labyrinth13: True Tales of the Occult, Crime &
Conspiracy, Chapter 10, Charles Manson, Son of Sam and the Process
Church of the Final Judgment: Exploring the Alleged Connections. Lulu
Press, 2006. ISBN 1-4116-6083-8.
* Schreck, Nikolas. The Manson File Amok Press. 1988. ISBN
0-941693-04-X.
* Udo, Tommy. Charles Manson: Music, Mayhem, Murder. Sanctuary
Records, 2002. ISBN 1-86074-388-9.

External links
Find more about Charles Manson on Wikipedia's sister projects:
Definitions from Wiktionary

Textbooks from Wikibooks
Quotations from Wikiquote
Source texts from Wikisource
Images and media from Commons
News stories from Wikinews
Learning resources from Wikiversity

* Bardsley, Marilyn. Crime Library - Charles Manson. Crime
Library. Courtroom Television Network, LLC. April 7, 2006.
* Dalton, David. If Christ Came Back as a Con Man. 1998 article by
coauthor of 1970 Rolling Stone story on Manson. gadflyonline.com.
Retrieved September 30, 2007.
* Linder, Douglas. Famous Trials - The Trial of Charles Manson.
University of Missouri at Kansas City Law School. 2002. April 7, 2007.
* Noe, Denise. "The Manson Myth". CrimeMagazine.com December 12,
2004.
* Watson, Charles. Will You Die for Me? Charles Watson
autobiography as told to Ray Hoekstra; presented at Watson website
(aboundinglove.org). Retrieved April 16, 2007.
* Prosecution's closing argument in trial of Charles Manson
2Violent.com. Retrieved April 16, 2007.
* Art by Charles Manson
* Decision in appeal by Manson, Atkins, Krenwinkel, and Van Houten
from Tate-LaBianca convictionsPeople v. Manson, 61 Cal. App. 3d 102
(California Court of Appeal, Second District, Division One, August 13,
1976). Retrieved June 19, 2007.
* Decision in appeal by Manson from Hinman-Shea conviction People
v. Manson, 71 Cal. App. 3d 1 (California Court of Appeal, Second
District, Division One, June 23, 1977). Retrieved June 19, 2007.

[show]
v • d • e
Manson Family
Leadership
Charles Manson
Members
Susan Atkins · Bobby Beausoleil · Mary Brunner · Lynette Fromme ·
Sandra Good · Linda Kasabian · Patricia Krenwinkel · Catherine
Share · Leslie Van Houten · Paul Watkins · Charles "Tex" Watson
Victims
Gary Hinman · Abigail Folger · Wojciech Frykowski · Leno and
Rosemary LaBianca · Steven Parent · Jay Sebring · Donald Shea ·
Sharon Tate
Beliefs
ATWA · "Helter Skelter"
In media
Recordings by Charles Manson · Lie: The Love and Terror Cult · The
Family Jams · Charles Manson Superstar · Helter Skelter (book) ·
Helter Skelter (1976 film) · I Drink Your Blood · Manson · Helter
Skelter (2004 film) · The Devil Exists · Living Type · The Manson
Family (film)
Wikiquote · Wikimedia Commons


Persondata
NAME Manson, Charles Milles
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION convict who led the "Manson Family"
DATE OF BIRTH November 12, 1934
PLACE OF BIRTH Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
DATE OF DEATH
PLACE OF DEATH
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Manson"
Categories: 1934 births | Living people | Americans convicted of
murder | American prisoners sentenced to death | American prisoners
sentenced to life imprisonment | Former Scientologists | History of
Los Angeles, California | Manson Family | People from Cincinnati, Ohio
| People associated with the hippie movement | Prisoners sentenced to
death by California | Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by
California | Self-declared messiahs | People convicted of murder by
California
Hidden categories: Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism |
Wikipedia protected pages without expiry | Articles containing
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