The Imperilled Full Movie Hd 1080p Download
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Numerous aquatic species are threatened with extinction from habitat elimination or modification. One particularly imperilled group is the freshwater gastropod family Pleuroceridae. Pleurocerids reach their greatest diversity in the southeastern United States, and many species are currently considered extinct, endangered or threatened. One issue hindering efforts to implement conservation management plans for imperilled pleurocerid species is that the taxonomy is in an abysmal state. The taxonomy of pleurocerids is currently based on late 19th- and early 20th-century studies, which used a typological or morphospecies concept. Most biologists today doubt the validity of many of the currently recognized species; however, this does not stop them from assigning conservation ranks in an attempt to determine which species are imperilled or currently stable. We conducted a phylogenetic analysis of the pleurocerid genus Lithasia using morphological and mitochondrial DNA sequence (mtDNA) data in an attempt to delimit species boundaries and test previous taxonomic schemes. We found that the current taxonomy of Lithasia does not reflect species diversity adequately within the genus, with two new undescribed species being discovered. The conservation status ranks of the new, undescribed species are imperilled and would have been overlooked had we relied on the conventional taxonomy. Additionally, the undescribed species' conservation ranks that were previously apparently secure became vulnerable due to being inappropriately assigned as members of formerly widely distributed species instead of the imperilled status they warrant and vice versa, as some taxa that were considered imperilled are now thought to be modestly stable. Our study suggests that conservation ranks should be considered suspect at best in taxonomically poorly known groups until the taxa are reviewed using modern systematic methods.
Captive breeding programs are one of the many tools used by conservation practitioners as a means of conserving, supporting, and supplementing populations of imperilled species. Captive breeding programs exist around the globe for freshwater mussels and fishes, but the availability of evidence exploring the effectiveness of these programs has not yet been explored using systematic map criteria. This systematic map aims to identify, collate and describe the evidence that exists on the effectiveness of captive breeding programs, for the purpose of achieving conservation targets for imperilled freshwater fishes and mussels in the wild. The outputs of this systematic map will help to inform conservation managers and policy makers who are responsible for protecting imperilled freshwater species by identifying existing information and highlighting key information gaps for captive breeding programs operating in temperate regions.
This systematic map will search for, compile, and map existing literature on the effectiveness of captive breeding programs for the conservation of imperilled freshwater fishes and mussels. The systematic map will search using five bibliographic databases, two public search engines, and 19 specialist websites and will include both primary and grey literature. All studies that discuss details related to captive breeding programs for the conservation of imperilled freshwater fishes and/or mussels in temperate regions will be included in the map. The systematic map will produce a narrative report describing the evidence, including knowledge gaps evidence clusters, and a MS-Excel searchable database of articles and extracted metadata.
Threats to freshwater mussels and fishes are widespread and often include habitat destruction, pollution, harvest, the introduction of disease, climate change (i.e., temperature increasing beyond species-specific thermal thresholds), and invasive species, to name a few [1, 2]. Channelization, dam construction, and habitat fragmentation are also recognized as a significant contributor to the decline of freshwater fishes and mussels, particularly when countries lack legislative protection of essential habitat [3]. Freshwater mussels are critically important in freshwater ecosystems by providing a direct link between benthic and pelagic food webs, thereby contributing to nutrient cycling, stabilizing substrates, and providing habitat heterogeneity for other benthic species [4,5,6,7]. They also have important cultural value to Indigenous communities around the world. Despite their critical role, on a global scale, the freshwater mussel fauna is estimated to have among the highest rates of extinction and imperilment rates of any other group of organisms on Earth [3, 8, 9]. In fact, in the United States of America (USA) alone, 10% of freshwater mussels are classified as extinct, and 28% are federally listed as imperilled species (independent assessments estimate it to be upwards of 65%) [10]. Similarly, freshwater fishes also play important roles in freshwater ecosystems, yet they have one of the highest extinction rates worldwide among vertebrates [10].
Despite these considerations, captive breeding programs offer tremendous promise for the conservation of imperilled species around the globe. Understanding what evidence is available to assess the effectiveness of these programs for their ability to achieve conservation targets in the wild will help to support management decisions and the recovery of aquatic species at risk. Specifically, it will help to identify the information available for specific species to maximize the probability of success, minimize costs, maximize public benefits and maximize individuals available for reintroduction efforts [15].
The objective of this systematic map is to identify, collate and describe the information that exists on the effectiveness of captive breeding programs, for the purpose of achieving conservation targets for imperilled freshwater fishes and mussels in the wild in temperate regions. The systematic map will produce a report describing evidence availability, clusters and knowledge gaps. A searchable MS-Excel database of articles and extracted metadata will also be included as additional documents with the final published systematic map.
The project is relevant to imperilled freshwater fish and mussel species, defined as those with conservation status in their relevant jurisdiction, in temperate regions around the world. In Canada, this includes species assessed by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) as extirpated, endangered, threatened, and of special concern, as well as those listed under the Species at Risk Act (SARA), plus relevant provincial and territorial assessments. In other countries, species inclusion will be based on the relevant conservation listing process (e.g., [17], federal, state-level, and international including IUCN Red List).
Each of the different stages of the captive breeding program may have a different comparator type. Information presented on the population status before and after the onset of a captive breeding program (e.g., genetic diversity of population, population size) will be considered relevant, as will comparisons made between wild-born and captive-born individuals. When a comparator does not exist in an article (e.g., in the instance of reporting on rearing conditions of a particular imperilled species), the articles will be included in the systematic map but will be coded separately in the database to indicate a lack of comparator.
Little is known about what the state of the knowledge is, and how captive breeding programs are evaluated. The purpose of this systematic map is to help identify the types and quantity of existing evidence related to the effectiveness of captive breeding programs for the conservation of imperilled freshwater fishes and mussel species. As such, any outcome metric related to evaluating the effectiveness of these programs will be included in this map. Some of the outcome metrics that are anticipated to be reported on are measures of genetic diversity, populations size, and distribution in the wild. Information on success/failure relative to intermediate stages of the program (e.g., ability to raise the organism in captivity, husbandry techniques) will also be collated and discussed.
There will be two main outputs from this systematic map, including a written narrative synthesis and searchable, coded database (MS-Excel). Descriptive statistics will be used to describe the overall amount (e.g., number of articles, number of studies) and sub-groups (e.g., species, geographic locations, stages in the captive breeding program, outcome metrics) of evidence available. Key knowledge gaps (areas that are under-represented in the evidence base and could warrant further research) and knowledge clusters (areas of evidence that are well-represented and could potentially be good topics for future systematic reviews) will be identified using visual heat maps (MS-Excel). The narrative synthesis will aim to be as visual as possible, summarizing information in tables and figures. The ultimate goal of this systematic map is to identify, collate and describe the information that exists on captive breeding programs for imperilled freshwater fishes and mussels. Understanding what programs exists, the different components of these programs, and what outcome metrics are commonly reported in the literature will help guide further exploration on evaluating the effectiveness of these programs.
Among the most imperilled is the West African giraffe, a subspecies now found only in Niger. It dwindled to just 50 individuals in the 1990s, and was only saved by desperate last-ditch efforts from conservationists and the Niger government.
Imperiled is predominantly used in ?? American (US) English (en-US) while imperilled is predominantly used in ?? British English (used in UK/AU/NZ) (en-GB).
New York The Manhattan real estate empire that brought Donald Trump fortune and fame is imperilled by a sweeping judgment in a fraud case against the former president, who could ultimately be forced to dispose of prized properties including his midtown Trump Tower on Fifth Avenue.
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