Nolan is unusual in modern cinema for refusing to use digital cameras when shooting his films. In fact, his medium of choice is the 65mm film stock used predominantly these days for shooting in IMAX. As a result, an astonishing 70% of Dunkirk was shot using IMAX cameras (which run horizontally), with the rest (predominantly dialogue sequences) being shot on standard 65mm cameras (which run vertically). And it turns out that these large format sources scan magnificently into a digital 4K file for placing on Ultra HD Blu-ray.
Previous experience of film scans being used to create 4K Blu-rays shows that they can fairly routinely exhibit issues with either exaggerated grain or raised black levels (where dark scenes look washed out). Grain is almost non-existent here, though, at least during the IMAX sections, and while just the occasional night-time shot or dark interior can look a touch grey, such moments are very much the exception to the rule.
Colors are bolder and clearly benefit from a much wider palette than you get with the standard dynamic range, standard color gamut HD Blu-ray image. But again this color enhancement is deftly done, ensuring that no tone feels out of place, no hue becomes too dominant, and nothing ever feels so aggressively dialed up that it loses detail and authenticity. Nolan was apparently heavily involved in the HDR regrading of his film, and his efforts and influence have paid off handsomely.
The box art for Dunkirk makes a point of declaring that the film is presented with the original theatrical audio mix. This is a DTS-HD 5.1 Master Audio track rather than the Dolby Atmos or DTS:X mix you might expect, though, since Nolan prefers it that way. Even though the usually reliable (though, it must be stressed, not necessarily definitive) IMDB.com website suggests that DTS:X and Dolby Atmos mixes were created for some of the film's theatrical presentations.
The Shepard Tone is an audio illusion that creates the feeling of consistent, never-ending rising/falling. The illusion is achieved by playing overlapping notes that are one octave apart. For this reason, it forms a Shepard Scale, each scale fading in and fading out so that the beginning or end of any given scale is indistinguishable. In this way, the sensation of rising or descending notes never ends.
The frequent collaborators adopted the concept and have creatively implemented it in everything from musical score, to sound design, even story structure. Let's look at how it's used in each of these arenas.
Aside from Nolan, the concept had primarily been used in popular music by groups like The Police, Pink Floyd, or in electronic music to build up before a kick. Here's Franz Ferdinand with a track using the Shepard Scale, appropriately titled "Always Ascending."
But again, perhaps no one has used the illusion quite the way Christopher Nolan has. We mentioned the Batpod sound effect, but the first time Nolan implemented the Shepard tone was actually in the original musical score for The Prestige (2006).
One of the best scores of all time, composed by David Julyan, is peppered with an ascending Shepard Tone. You can hear the rising Shepard tone throughout the following track, but most notably in the last 10 seconds or so.
Still, Nolan and his partner-in-crime, Zimmer, saved the real magic for one of the best WWII movies,Dunkirk (2017), a film that embraced the Shepard Tone as no other has. Here's an excellent breakdown of how this was achieved:
The most immediate and recognizable application of this audio illusion is on the soundtrack but Nolan didn't stop there. He actually modeled Dunkirk's story structure on the same endlessly rising trajectory.
Thelonious (Theo) Friedman is a screenwriter born and raised in Portland, OR. Currently living in LA, he has a diverse range of experience including criminal justice, sports, sports media, and the film & television industry.
400,000 men trapped on a French beachhead. Surrounded by German artillery. Hunted by German pilots circling in the skies above. Hitler and his Nazi thugs have taken much of continental Europe and if they massacre the men stuck in Dunkirk, England will be next. That's when the British Navy launches an impossible rescue mission. Commandeering hundreds of small civilian boats capable of navigating shallow waters to rescue as many soldiers and sailors as they possibly can. Churchill hopes for 30,000 survivors.
Christopher Nolan's Dunkirk is the story -- told from three distinct point-of-views and timelines -- of how the fight to save 30,000 grew into 300,000. The Mole, aka POV 1, takes place over the course of one week and follows two young soldiers who will do anything to escape Dunkirk, even if it means cheating and lying and sneaking. Kenneth Branagh is also featured in this POV as the highest-ranking British officer in Dunkirk, a man trapped deciding who lives and dies. The Sea, aka POV 2, takes place over the course of one day and follows a civilian fishing boat captain, his son, and his deckhand, as they race across the English Channel to rescue the men trapped at Dunkirk. The Air, aka POV 3, takes place over the course of one hour and follows two Air Force Pilots charged with protecting as many boats and aircraft as they can before they run low on fuel and have to return home. All of these POVs are a rollercoaster ride of perilous journeys and life-n-death moral quandaries.
With three interwoven timelines, edge-of-your-seat action set-pieces, and grand cinematography, Dunkirk is simultaneously one of the most classical and experimental blockbusters I've ever seen. In the classical sense, Nolan and his collaborators have produced a picture that lives and breathes on visual storytelling. There's dialog of course -- with the closing remarks wrapping up the film's emotions and themes beautifully -- but you could watch this story with the sound off and understand everything. Further, in an era where too many studio action sequences are bloated with weightless CGI and unclear geography, Nolan and crew stage sequences to tighten the screws of every single set-piece, making each moment more terrifying than the last. In these terms, Dunkirk offers up one of the most thrilling cinema experiences in years. In fact, its techniques are so spectacular and so dependent on the Big Screen, I feel sorry for anyone who tries to watch this on the smaller screen for the first time; even with a 100" projection setup, smaller details are harder to see.
On the other hand, I've never seen a war movie structured quite this way. As the three timelines intercut along punctuated moments of peril, the film folds in on itself again and again, revealing a narrative as complex those Nolan explored in Inception and Interstellar, but without the need of exposition or science fiction premises to explain what we're seeing. Dunkirk is a movie that foreshadows greater tensions as we return to single moments from different POVs, where there is an extra reward for watching over and over (though that's certainly not required).
Some will criticize Dunkirk because they claim the movie lacks story and character. These types of criticisms generally fall upon movies like Dunkirk, Gravity, The Grey, and Mad Mad Fury Road because we've been conditioned to tick off boxes for what qualifies as smart or great or nuanced. We've been conditioned to think that, if a character doesn't change in the movie, he/she has no demonstrable arc. We've been conditioned to think that, if a movie is (near) silent or lacks tangents, it's not complex. But, honestly, it's a mistake to write off movies like Dunkirk because there are no monologues and melodrama. I would personally argue that Dunkirk is stuffed with story and fascinating characters who each get a chance to grow/fail, live/die, run/fight and everything in between while we, as the audience, are asked to look at this cinematic world through our own reflection:
To be clear, I'm not saying folks who don't connect with this movie are wrong -- like/love/hate whatever you want -- but too many are quick to brush off survival thrillers by judging them for what they are not, rather than for whether or not they excel at what they're trying to do. To me, there's so much drama and emotion in Dunkirk and digest, and it all runs the gamut of terrifying and tragic to uplifting and inspirational.
Dunkirk, for its part, is simple and taught and elegant. A perfect, little glimpse into a horrifying world, like reading a short story from Richard Matheson or Stephen King. In that sense, it's a reminder of how wonderful movies can be where the narrative focus is wholly on the present, where we don't have to unpack endless mythology or set up a dozen sequels for the Cinematic Universe. I don't know if it'll come to be called a masterpiece, but, at the end of the day, Nolan and his creative partners have made a gripping and thrilling war movie that feels unique and experimental while representing visual storytelling craft at its finest.
Dunkirk premieres on 4K as part of a three-disc 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray + Blu-ray + Digital combo pack. Disc One is a 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray with the movie only. Disc Two is a standard Blu-ray with the movie only. And Disc Three is a second Blu-ray with all the Special Features. The included Digital Copy code is valid until 12/31/2018, redeems via wb.com/redeemdigital (which takes you into the Movies Anywhere ecosystem), and, in my case, unlocked the 4K UHD streaming option with Dolby Vision.
Shot on a combination of IMAX 15/70 and 65mm film, Dunkirk is one of the most highly resolved 4K Blu-rays in the history of the format. Outside of other documentaries, IMAX or otherwise, I've never seen the format's native resolution revealed in such an eye-popping way. From skin and costume textures to sandy beaches to blue oceans to infinite skies, almost everything is tack sharp. To be fair, there are a few soft shots (particularly in the airplanes), but for the most part, it's all strikingly clear. The film's overall color palette is quite muted -- limited to greens, blues, grays, and blacks -- but this faithfully reproduces the theatrical experience. Black levels are quite good with no sense of lost shadow details. Spectral highlights are another HDR10 benefit, though I wouldn't say the results are as dramatic as what we've seen from titles like Guardians Vol. 2, which completely outclassed its SDR counterpart.
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