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edi...@salisburyjournal.co.ukSubject: COMPLETE HISTORY OF STONEHENGE EXCAVATIONS; HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF CONCRETE
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Subject: COMPLETE HISTORY OF STONEHENGE EXCAVATIONS; HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF CONCRETE
From: Donna Stone <
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1886. Kaiser Wilhelm Society founder 33=C2=B0 mason Friedrich Wilhelm Denke
Piggott, and Marcus Stone involving the re-excavation of some of Hawley=E2=
=80=99s
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<div dir=3D"ltr"><div><a href=3D"
https://tabernacle-heelstone.blogspot.com/=2019/07/mishkan-heel-stone.html">
https://tabernacle-heelstone.blogspot.com/=2019/07/mishkan-heel-stone.html</a><br></div><a href=3D"
https://en.wikipedi=
a.org/wiki/User:YHWH_Allah_(LORD_God)/sandbox">
https://en.wikipedia.org/wik=i/User:YHWH_Allah_(LORD_God)/sandbox</a><br><br>COMPLETE HISTORY OF STONEHE=
NGE EXCAVATIONS<br><br>1611. King James VI and I investigated Stonehenge to=
see "The stone which the builders refused", "The stone whic=
h the builders reiected", and "the stone which the builders disal=
lowed". King James Version: 1611<br><br>1616. Doctor William Harvey, G=
ilbert North, and Inigo Jones find horns of stags and oxen, coals, charcoal=
s, batter-dashers, heads of arrows, pieces of rusted armour, rotten bones, =
thuribulum (censer) pottery, and a large nail. Long, William, 1876, Stonehe=
nge and its Barrows. The Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magaz=
ine, Volume 16<br><br>1620. George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, dug a =
large hole in the ground at the center of Stonehenge looking for buried tre=
asure. (Diary)<br><br>1633-52. Inigo Jones conducted the first 'scienti=
fic' surveys of Stonehenge. Jones, I, and Webb, J, 1655, The most notab=
le antiquity of Great Britain vulgarly called Stone-Heng on Salisbury plain=
. London: J Flesher for D Pakeman and L Chapman<br><br>1640. Sir Lawrence W=
ashington, knight, owner of Stonehenge, fished around Bear's Stone (nam=
ed after Washington's hound dog). Bear's Stone profile portrait a l=
ocal 17th century attraction. (G-Diary) The Wiltshire Archaeological and Na=
tural History Magazine, Volumes 15-16<br><br>1652. Reverend Lawrence Washin=
gton, heir of Stonehenge, commissions Doctor Garry Denke to dig below Bear&=
#39;s Stone, reveals lion, calf (ox), face as a man, flying eagle, bear (do=
g), leopard, and hidden relics. Bear's Stone (96) renamed Hele 'to =
conceal, cover, hide'. (G-Diary)<br><br>1653-6. Doctor Garry Denke auge=
r cored below Hele Stone 'The stone which the builders rejected' on=
various occasions. Gold, silver, brass, iron, wood, bone, concrete discove=
red at 1-1/3 'yardsticks' (under flying eagle). Elizabeth Washingto=
n, heir of Stonehenge. Denke, G, 1699, G-Diary (German to English by Erodel=
phian Literary Society of Sigma Chi Fraternity). GDG, 1-666<br><br>1666. Jo=
hn Aubrey surveyed Stonehenge and made a 'Review'. Described the Av=
enue's prehistoric pits. (the 'Aubrey Holes' discovered by Hawl=
ey, not Aubrey). Aubrey, J, 1693 (edited by J Fowles 1982), Monumenta Brita=
nnica. Sherborne, Dorset: Dorset Publishing Co<br><br>1716. Thomas Hayward,=
owner of Stonehenge, dug heads of oxen and other beasts. (Diary)<br><br>17=
21-4. William Stukeley surveyed and excavated Stonehenge and its field monu=
ments. Surveyed the Avenue in 1721 extending beyond Stonehenge Bottom to Ki=
ng Barrow Ridge. Surveyed the Cursus in 1723 and excavated. Stukeley, W, 17=
40, Stonehenge: a temple restor'd to the British druids. London: W Inny=
s and R Manby<br><br>1757. Benjamin Franklin observes the Hele Stone (96) &=
quot;Seven Heads": lion, calf (ox), face as a man, flying eagle, bear =
(dog), leopard, and sardine; "Ten Horns": Altar of Burnt Offering=
(4 horns), Altar of Incense (4 horns), and Torah scroll (2 horns); and all=
of the other 'hidden' relics buried there. (Diary)<br><br>1798. Si=
r Richard Hoare and William Cunnington dug at Stonehenge under the fallen S=
laughter Stone 95 and under fallen Stones 56 and 57. The Ancient History of=
Wiltshire, Volume 1, 1812<br><br>1805-10. William Cunnington dug at Stoneh=
enge on various occasions. Cunnington, W, 1884, Guide to the stones of Ston=
ehenge. Devizes: Bull Printer<br><br>1839. Captain Beamish excavated within=
Stonehenge. (Diary)<br><br>1874-7. Professor Flinders Petrie produced a pl=
an of Stonehenge and numbered the stones. Petrie, W M F, 1880, Stonehenge: =
plans, description, and theories. London: Edward Stanford<br><br>1877. Char=
les Darwin digs at Stonehenge to study 'Sinking of great Stones through=
the Action of Worms'. Darwin, Charles, 1881, The Formation of Vegetabl=
e Mould, Through the Action of Worms, with Observations on Their Habits. Lo=
ndon: John Murray<br><br>1886. Kaiser Wilhelm Society founder 33=C2=B0 maso=
n Friedrich Wilhelm Denke confirmed with his auger drilled core samples (un=
der bear, leopard and calf) Gold, silver, brass, iron, wood, bone and concr=
ete 4 feet (1.2 meter) beneath Stonehenge Hele Stone base. (FW-Diary)<br><b=
r>1901. Professor William Gowland meticulously recorded and excavated aroun=
d stone number 56 at Stonehenge. Gowland, W, 1902, Recent excavations at St=
onehenge. Archaeologia, 58, 37-82<br><br>1919-26. Colonel William Hawley ex=
tensively excavated in advance of restoration programmes at Stonehenge for =
the Office of Works and later for the Society of Antiquaries. Hawley excava=
ted ditch sections of the Avenue, conducted an investigation of the Slaught=
er Stone and other stones at Stonehenge, and discovered the 'Aubrey Hol=
es' (misnamed) through excavation. Hawley, W, 1921, Stonehenge: interim=
report on the exploration. Antiquaries Journal, 1, 19-41 Hawley, W, 1922, =
Second report on the excavations at Stonehenge. Antiquaries Journal, 2, 36-=
52 Hawley, W, 1923, Third report on the excavations at Stonehenge. Antiquar=
ies Journal, 3, 13-20 Hawley, W, 1924, Fourth report on the excavations at =
Stonehenge, 1922. Antiquaries Journal, 4, 30-39 Hawley, W, 1925, Report on =
the excavations at Stonehenge during the season of 1923. Antiquaries Journa=
l, 5, 21-50 Hawley, W, 1926, Report on the excavations at Stonehenge during=
the season of 1924. Antiquaries Journal, 6, 1-25 Hawley, W, 1928, Report o=
n the excavations at Stonehenge during 1925 and 1926. Antiquaries Journal, =
8, 149-76 (Diary) Pitts, M, Bayliss, A, McKinley, J, Boylston, A, Budd, P, =
Evans, J, Chenery, C, Reynolds, A, and Semple, S, 2002, An Anglo-Saxon deca=
pitation and burial at Stonehenge. Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural His=
tory Magazine, 95, 131-46<br><br>1929. Robert Newall excavated Stone 36. Ne=
wall, R S, 1929, Stonehenge. Antiquity, 3, 75-88 Newall, R S, 1929, Stonehe=
nge, the recent excavations. Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History M=
agazine, 44, 348-59<br><br>1935. Young, W E V, The Stonehenge car park exca=
vation. (Diary)<br><br>1942. Company 'C', 63rd Signal Battalion, U.=
S. Army Signal Corps, WWII confirmed Tabernacle of G-D beneath Heel Stone i=
n 1942 whilst at Shrivenham, Oxfordshire, U.K., on All Hallows' Eve of =
'42, before Shipping-out to Operation Torch invasion at Algiers (Easter=
n) in the Mediterranean Theatre of Operations, during WWII. On the 31st day=
October of '42 (a Saturday) it was G-D of "C" Company, the 6=
3rd Signal Battalion, caught Witching, and Core drilling; Gold, silver, bra=
ss, iron, wood, bone, Bluestone concrete (volcanic ash and tuff) at 3 to 4 =
'yardsticks' from GL beneath Slick-side Heel Stone (the Northeast f=
ace), and Bluestone sandstone ("micaceous stump") at 4 'yards=
ticks' from GL underneath Hele Stone; the Sun of righteousness Helios S=
tone. (see redacted "Top Secret" Arrest Report expunged '42)<=
br><br>1950. Robert Newall excavated Stone 66. Newall, R S, 1952, Stoneheng=
e stone no. 66. Antiquaries Journal, 32, 65-7<br><br>1952. Robert Newall ex=
cavated Stones 71 and 72. (Diary)<br><br>1950-64. A major campaign of excav=
ations by Richard Atkinson, Stuart Piggott, and Marcus Stone involving the =
re-excavation of some of Hawley=E2=80=99s trenches as well as previously un=
disturbed areas within Stonehenge. Atkinson, R J C, Piggott, S, and Stone, =
J F S, 1952, The excavations of two additional holes at Stonehenge, and new=
evidence for the date of the monument. Antiquaries Journal, 32, 14-20 Atki=
nson, R J C, 1956, Stonehenge. London. Penguin Books in association with Ha=
mish Hamilton. (second revised edition 1979: Penguin Books)<br><br>1966. Fa=
ith and Lance Vatcher excavated 3 Mesolithic Stonehenge postholes. Vatcher,=
F de M and Vatcher, H L, 1973, Excavation of three postholes in Stonehenge=
car park. Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine, 68, 57-63=
<br><br>1968. Faith and Lance Vatcher dug geophone and floodlight cable tre=
nches. (Diary)<br><br>1974. Garry Denke and Ralph Ferdinand set out to conf=
irm Sir Lawrence Washington, knight and Reverend Lawrence Washington's =
revelation (G-Diary). Auger cores 1.2m (4ft) below Heel Stone 96 (under fac=
e as a man). Gold, silver, brass, iron, wood, bone, deteriorated concrete c=
onfirmed. No coal in cores. Stonehenge Free Festival. Denke, G W, 1974, Sto=
nehenge Phase I: An Open-pit Coalfield Model; The First Geologic Mining Sch=
ool (Indiana University of Pennsylvania). GDG, 74, 1-56<br><br>1978. John E=
vans re-excavated a 1954 cutting through the Stonehenge ditch and bank to t=
ake samples for snail analysis and radiocarbon dating. A well-preserved hum=
an burial lay within the ditch fill. Three fine flint arrowheads were found=
amongst the bones, with a fourth embedded in the sternum. Atkinson, R J C =
and Evans, J G, 1978, Recent excavations at Stonehenge. Antiquity, 52, 235-=
6 Evans, J G, 1984, Stonehenge: the environment in the late Neolithic and e=
arly Bronze Age, and a Beaker burial. Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural =
History Magazine, 78, 7-30 (Diary) Alexander Thorn and Richard Atkinson. NE=
side of Station Stone 94. (Diary)<br><br>1979-80. George Smith excavated i=
n the Stonehenge car park on behalf of the Central Excavation Unit. Smith, =
G, 1980, Excavations in Stonehenge car park. Wiltshire Archaeological and N=
atural History Magazine, 74/75 (1979-80), 181 (Diary) Mike Pitts excavated =
along south side of A344 in advance of cable-laying and pipe-trenching. In =
1979, discovered the Heel Stone 97 original pit (96 original Altar Stone pi=
t). Survey along the Avenue course identified more pits. In 1980, excavated=
beside the A344 and discovered a stone floor (a complete prehistoric artif=
act assemblage retained from the monument). Pitts, M W, 1982, On the road t=
o Stonehenge: Report on investigations beside the A344 in 1968, 1979, and 1=
980. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 48, 75-132<br><br>1981. The Ce=
ntral Excavation Unit excavated in advance of the construction of the footp=
ath through Stonehenge. Bond, D, 1983, An excavation at Stonehenge, 1981. W=
iltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine, 77, 39-43.<br><br>198=
4. Garry Denke (and Hells Angels) seismic survey. Auger cores 1.2m (4ft) be=
low Heel Stone 96 (under lion head). Gold, silver, brass, iron, wood, bone,=
deteriorated concrete reconfirmed. No coal in cores. Stonehenge Free Festi=
val. Denke, G, 1984, Magnetic and Electromagnetic Surveys at Heelstone, Sto=
nehenge, United Kingdom (Indiana University of Pennsylvania). GDG, 84, 1-42=
<br><br>1990-6. A series of assessments and field evaluations in advance of=
the Stonehenge Conservation and Management Programme. Darvill, T C, 1997, =
Stonehenge Conservation and Management Programme: a summary of archaeologic=
al assessments and field evaluations undertaken 1990-1996. London: English =
Heritage<br><br>1994. Wessex Archaeology. Limited Auger Survey. Cleal, R M =
J, Walker, K E, and Montague, R, 1995, Stonehenge and its landscape: twenti=
eth-century excavations (English Heritage Archaeological Report 10). London=
: English Heritage.<br><br>2008. Timothy Darvill and Geoffrey Wainwright se=
t out to date the construction of the Double Bluestone Circle at Stonehenge=
and to chart the history of the Bluestones, and their use. Darvill, T, and=
Wainwright, G, 2008, Stonehenge excavations 2008. The Antiquaries Journal,=
Volume 89, September 2009, 1-19 (Diary) Mike Parker Pearson, Julian Richar=
ds, and Mike Pitts further the excavation of 'Aubrey Hole' 7 discov=
ered by William Hawley, 1920. Willis, C, Marshall, P, McKinley, J, Pitts, M=
, Pollard, J, Richards, C, Richards, J, Thomas, J, Waldron, T, Welham, K, a=
nd Parker Pearson, M, 2016, The dead of Stonehenge. Antiquity, Volume 90, I=
ssue 350, April 2016, 337-356<br><br>2012-3. Stonehenge A344 road excavated=
and removed. (Diary)<br><br>2021. Garry Denke, Geologist drilled 1.2m (4ft=
) cores under Heel Stone 96 (below 4 wings of a fowl). Gold, silver, brass,=
iron, wood, bone, deteriorated concrete reconfirmed. Pembroke anthracite, =
South Wales bituminous, Bristol (Somerset, Forest of Dean) sub-bituminous, =
and Clinker in cores. GDG, 121, Plates I-VII.<br><br><a href=3D"
https://tab=
ernacle-heelstone.blogspot.com/2019/07/mishkan-heel-stone.html">
https://tab=
ernacle-heelstone.blogspot.com/2019/07/mishkan-heel-stone.html</a><br><a hr=
ef=3D"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:YHWH_Allah_(LORD_God)/sandbox">htt=
ps://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:YHWH_Allah_(LORD_God)/sandbox</a><br><br>HI=
STORICAL TIMELINE OF CONCRETE<br><br>9600 BC Gobekli Tepe terrazzo floors (=
enclosure B layer III) and rectangular buildings of layer II. Mesolithic to=
Neolithic type of concrete in Anatolia (western Asia), constructed of burn=
t lime and clay, with aggregate.<br><br>6500 BC Nabataean geopolymer type o=
f Stone age concrete in Syria, permanent heating and cooking fire pits. Pri=
mitive form of calcining on exterior faces of limestone rocks lining the fi=
re pits.<br><br>5600 BC The earliest concrete yet discovered in Europe was =
developed along the Danube River in Yugoslavia. Stone age hunters or fisher=
men mixed red lime, sand, gravel and water.<br><br>4400 BC Stonehenge build=
ers mixed Ancient concrete, pulverized Bluestone volcanic ash and tuff (Poz=
zolan) together with crushed in situ Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) lime.<br><br=
>3000 BC Chinese used cementitious materials to hold bamboo together in the=
ir boats and in the Great Wall. The Chinese used concrete in Gansu Province=
in northwest China.<br><br>2500 BC Egyptians mixed mud with straw to bind =
dried bricks. Also furthered the discovery of lime and gypsum mortar as a b=
inding agent for building the Pyramids.<br><br>800 BC Babylonians and Assyr=
ians used a bitumen to bind stone and bricks. This allowed them to combine =
both large and small stone objects together.<br><br>601 BC Stonehenge Altar=
of Burnt Offering (containing 7 gold relics) Topfill, 0.4 metre of pulveri=
zed Bluestone (volcanic ash and tuff) aggregate and lime, 3.7 metre Southea=
st of Heel Stone (under Anatolia's olivine-rich Altar Stone base).<br><=
br>600 BC Greeks discovered a natural Pozzolan on Santorini Island that dev=
eloped hydraulic properties when mixed with lime. This made it possible to =
produce concrete that would harden under water, as well as in the air.<br><=
br>400 BC Petra (Greek, "city of rock"), also known as Sila, anci=
ent city of Arabia (now southwestern Jordan). The stronghold and treasure c=
ity of the Nabataeans, an Arab people.<br><br>300 BC Romans used slaked lim=
e and volcanic ash (Pozzolan), found near Pozzouli, Italy by the bay of Nap=
les. Pliny the Elder reported a mortar mixture of 1 part lime to 4 parts sa=
nd. Vitruvius reported 2 parts of Pozzolan to 1 part lime.<br><br>193 BC Po=
rticus Aemilia made of bound stones to form concrete.<br><br>75 BC Romans u=
se a pozzolanic, hydraulic cement to build the theater at Pompeii and the R=
oman baths. The cement was a ground mix of lime and a volcanic ash containi=
ng silica and alumina.<br><br>44 BC Palatine Hill (Latin: Palatium), the ce=
ntermost of the 7 hills of Rome, one of the most ancient parts of the city =
of Rome, Italy. It is some 70 metre high.<br><br>25 BC Ancient harbor at Ca=
esarea, Israel built by Herod the Great.<br><br>AD 24 Stonehenge Altar of B=
urnt Offering (containing 7 gold relics) Backfill, 1.6 metre of pulverized =
Bluestone (volcanic ash and tuff) aggregate and lime, 1.2 to 2.8 metre belo=
w Heel Stone base. Eastern bottom of Scroll Trench.<br><br><a href=3D"https=
://
tabernacle-heelstone.blogspot.com/2019/07/mishkan-heel-stone.html">https=
://
tabernacle-heelstone.blogspot.com/2019/07/mishkan-heel-stone.html</a><br=
><a href=3D"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:YHWH_Allah_(LORD_God)/sandbo=x">
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:YHWH_Allah_(LORD_God)/sandbox</a><br>=
<br>Donna Stone</div>
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