First, copy the .py file for the callback plugin from the Ansible source code to an empty local directory. That file is apparently `ansible/lib/ansible/plugins/callback/mail.py` in your case.
Modify the 2 Ansible config settings related to the callback plugins
For the callback plugin paths, copy the defaults, and then add the directory you saved the plugin to it to the start of the list, using the path separator. The name of the plugin should be in the whitelist setting, but the fact that you encountered this issue shows that you already have this configured. My only concern here is that (since you don't remove the version from Ansible itself) your version now needs to come at higher precedence. If you have problems with it taking effect, you could try giving it a new name and put this new name in the whitelist.
Then make the patch in your local file, confirm fix, and consider contributing back the fix like you say.