It seems ChromeOS or the WebView shipped with it has some incompatibility now but the only emulator that Google provides for Chromebooks still works perfectly for AnkiDroid (I checked it personally). That emulator is out of date though apparently so it no longer represents a valid test, but with no updates I'm not sure what we can do.
To move forward on this issue we need someone at least a little familiar with Android development to watch `adb logcat` on their Chromebook while AnkiDroid is running, so that we can capture whatever the crash is
The only thing I can think of in the meantime is to use
https://ankiweb.net (web interface) for reviews until this is resolved somehow
If you are certain that your files are in sync with AnkiWeb (hopefully they are!) then you might try an uninstall / reinstall ?
Hope this helps at least a little bit -
-Mike