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Kendall Paschel
Sometimes the muscles that control breathing weaken to the point where a person needs a ventilator to breathe. This is called a myasthenic crisis and requires immediate emergency medical care. A myasthenic crisis may be triggered by infection, stress, surgery, or an adverse reaction to medication. Approximately 15-20% of people with myasthenia gravis experience at least one myasthenic crisis and up to 50% of those may not be able to identify a trigger for their myasthenic crisis.
Myasthenia gravis affects both men and women and occurs across all racial and ethnic groups. It most commonly impacts young adult women (under 40) and older men (over 60), but it can occur at any age, including childhood. Myasthenia gravis is not inherited or contagious. Occasionally, the disease may occur in more than one member of the same family.
Although myasthenia gravis is rarely seen in infants, in a condition called neonatal myasthenia the fetus may acquire antibodies from the mother. Neonatal myasthenia gravis is generally temporary, and the child's symptoms usually disappear within two to three months after birth.
Rarely, children of healthy parents may develop congenital myasthenia. This is not an autoimmune disorder but is caused by mutations in genes required for normal function of the neuromuscular junction (the place where nerve cells connect with the muscles they control) and can cause similar symptoms to myasthenia gravis.
Neurotransmitters are chemicals that neurons, or brain cells, use to communicate. When electrical signals or impulses travel down a nerve responsible for triggering movement in the muscle, the nerve endings release a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine. Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the muscle and activate a process that causes the muscle to contract.
In myasthenia gravis, antibodies (immune proteins produced by the body's immune system) block, alter, or destroy the receptors for acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, which prevents the muscle from contracting. This is most often caused by antibodies to the acetylcholine receptor itself, but antibodies to other proteins, such as MuSK (Muscle-Specific Kinase) protein, also can impair transmission at the neuromuscular junction.
The thymus gland controls immune function and may be associated with myasthenia gravis. The thymus gland grows gradually until a person reaches puberty and then gets smaller until it is replaced by fat. Throughout childhood, the thymus plays an important role in the development of the immune system because it is responsible for producing T-lymphocytes or T cells, a specific type of white blood cell that protects the body from viruses and infections.
In many adults with myasthenia gravis, the thymus gland remains large even after a person becomes an adult. People with the disease typically have clusters of immune cells in their thymus gland and may develop tumors in the thymus gland known as thymomas. Thymomas are most often harmless, but they can become cancerous. Scientists believe the thymus gland may give incorrect instructions to developing immune cells, ultimately causing the immune system to attack its own cells and tissues and produce acetylcholine receptor antibodies.
Several common medications, including statins, which are prescribed to help lower cholesterol, may rarely worsen myasthenia gravis. Individuals with myasthenia gravis should talk with their healthcare provider about how any medication might interact with the disorder.
Currently, there is no known cure for myasthenia gravis. Most people with myasthenia gravis live to an average life expectancy. There are treatments available to help reduce and improve muscle weakness, including:
Some cases of myasthenia gravis may go into remission, either temporarily or permanently and muscle weakness may disappear completely. When that happens, the person can usually stop taking medications prescribed for the condition after talking with their doctor.
NINDS is a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), a leading supporter of biomedical research in the world. Researchers continue to gain a better understanding about myasthenia gravis, its causes, and the structure and function of the neuromuscular junction. Technological advances have led to more timely and accurate diagnosis of myasthenia gravis and new and enhanced therapies have improved treatment options. Researchers are working to develop better medications, identify new ways to diagnose and treat individuals, and improve treatment options.
The NIH-funded MG Rare Disease Clinical Research Network (MGNet) seeks to gain a better understanding myasthenia gravis and to develop improved approaches for diagnosis and treatment. EXPLORE-MG2 (Exploring Outcomes and Characteristics of Myasthenia Gravis 2), a natural history study developed by MGNet, is collecting clinical data and biospecimens from people with myasthenia gravis to create a registry with the goals of enhancing clinical trials, improving care of people with the disorder, and ultimately finding a cure.
Investigators are testing new medications, either alone or in combination with existing drug therapies, to see if they are more effective in targeting the causes of the disease. NINDS-supported investigators are studying a therapy to target specific cells that play a critical role in the production of autoantibodies. Autoantibodies are antibodies or proteins produced by the immune system that target an individual's own proteins. This therapy may help with symptoms of myasthenia gravis for people who do not respond well to current treatment options.
NINDS-funded researchers are exploring how the connections between nerves and muscle fibers form and function to understand the fundamental processes in neuromuscular development. The hope is that this research will help reveal new therapies for neuromuscular diseases like myasthenia gravis.
More information about research on myasthenia gravis can be found using NIH RePORTER, a searchable database of current and past research projects supported by NIH and other federal agencies. RePORTER also includes links to publications and resources from these projects.
Consider participating in a clinical trial so clinicians and scientists can learn more about myasthenia gravis. Clinical research uses study participants to help researchers learn more about a disorder and perhaps find better ways to safely detect, treat, or prevent disease.
For information about participating in clinical research visit NIH Clinical Research Trials and You. Learn about clinical trials currently looking for people with myasthenia gravis at Clinicaltrials.gov, a searchable database of current and past federal and private clinical studies.
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L'autismo una condizione neurologica complessa che colpisce la comunicazione e l'interazione sociale, il comportamento e la flessibilit cognitiva. Sebbene l'autismo sia una condizione che si manifesta fin dalla prima infanzia, molti adulti possono sospettare di essere autistici solo dopo essere entrati in contatto con informazioni sulla condizione con una osservazione dei comportamenti.
In questi casi, i test autismo online adulti possono svolgere un ruolo importante nel processo di scoperta di s stessi e nella decisione di cercare una diagnosi formale. I test di autismo online sono test di autosomministrazione che consentono alle persone di esplorare i propri comportamenti e pensieri in modo anonimo e privato. Questa pagina verr aggiornata costantemente con nuovi materiali.
Tuttavia, importante tenere presente che questi test non forniscono una diagnosi formale e non dovrebbero sostituire una valutazione professionale. importante sottolineare che l'autismo una condizione molto complessa e che il punteggio ottenuto dal test non deve essere considerato come l'unica fonte di valutazione. Inoltre, va ricordato che non tutte le persone che ottengono un punteggio elevato al test necessariamente sono affette da autismo, ma potrebbero comunque avere alcune caratteristiche comuni alle persone con autismo.
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L'autismo una condizione caratterizzata da difficolt socio-comunicative e modelli di comportamento e di interessi ristretti. La variet di sintomi associati all'autismo notevole e questo ha portato a continue revisioni e ampliamenti dei criteri diagnostici nel tempo. I sintomi possono variare a seconda di diversi fattori, tra cui il livello di funzionamento cognitivo, il sesso, l'abilit verbale e l'et. In Gran Bretagna, l'1% degli adulti affetto da autismo non diagnosticato, una percentuale preoccupante anche per l'Italia.
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