Strongevidence backed by the WHO recognizes that health systems centered around community health services staffed by well-trained health workers close to where people live is the most effective and efficient way to provide good quality healthcare to the whole population.
With support from Johnson & Johnson Foundation, the Johnson & Johnson Center for Health Worker Innovation (the Center) began collaborating with International Health Exchange and Cooperation Centre (IHECC) on capacity building initiatives focusing on community-based primary healthcare services and mental health support. IHECC, under the direct leadership of National Health Commission, is committed to social equity and expanding its partnerships for the realization of Healthy China 2030 and the SDGs.
Frontline Health Workers Capacity Building for Healthy China 2030
Adhering to the principles of equity and fairness, rural and primary health is prioritized in the Healthy China 2030 plan. The plan aims to reduce the urban-rural, regional and sub-group health inequalities by ensuring that public health services are extended beyond prosperous urban areas and achieve the goals of universal health coverage and social equity.
With rural China facing an acute shortage of health workers, the Center and IHECC embarked on a 10-year project in 2020 to build up the capacity of the frontline health workforce and contribute to Healthy China 2030 goals, especially in improving health literacy and life expectancy. The project aims to strengthen health systems and reduce the health workforce coverage gap by providing frontline health worker training to 100,000 community health workers in areas including treatment and control of common diseases, prevention and control of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and health promotion for the elderly.
Wu Jingbing joined this Healthy China 2030 capacity-building project in August 2021. As Program Leader, National Health Commission Capacity Building and Continuing Education Center, Wu is responsible for designing and developing skills training courses for primary medical and nursing personnel.
Enhancing Community Mental Health Services Through Peer Support
China has over six million people registered with severe mental illness, however, the country faces a serious shortage of community-based mental health services and resources to support patients and their families. Peer support has been recognized as effective by the WHO in ensuring that people with mental health conditions are included in their communities and are able to lead full and meaningful lives. To that end, the Center is working with IHECC to improve community-level mental health rehabilitation services and train more mental health staff and peer supporters.
The China Mental Health Peer Support Program is a five-year program (2020-2025) that aims to establish peer support groups composed of well-rehabilitated patients with severe mental disorders, and provide standardized training to community health workers and peer supporters to strengthen community mental health management in the country.
The program aspires to integrate peer supporters as community health workers into mental health service delivery and formalize their role as a recognized vocation in China. Over the course of five years, the program aims to train 20,000 community-based mental healthcare workers and provide peer support to about 60,000 patients with severe mental illness and their caregivers across more than 95% of the provinces in China.
The Johnson & Johnson Foundation is a registered charitable organization that reflects the commitment of Johnson & Johnson to create a world without health inequities by closing the gaps between communities and the care they need. Funded solely by Johnson & Johnson, the Foundation operates worldwide as Johnson & Johnson Foundation US (founded 1953) and Johnson & Johnson Foundation Scotland (founded 2007). These independent entities support both global and in-country partnerships and community-led initiatives to champion health workers, especially nurses and community health workers, and advance access to quality healthcare.
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China 2030 called for China to embrace liberal economic policies, including re-defining the role of its state-owned enterprises and breaking up monopolies in certain industries.[2] Among other points, the report argued that relative to the private sector, "SOEs consume a large proportion of capital, raw materials, and intermediate inputs to produce relatively small shares of gross output and value added."[3]
A press conference to mark the release of the report was held on February 27, 2012.[4] As World Bank President Robert Zoellick began his remarks, self-described scholar of politics and economics Du Jianguo began protesting.[4] Du shouted slogans including: "State-owned industry should not be privatized!" and "This report from the World Bank is poison!"[4] Before being pulled from the room, Du passed out an essay he had written titled, "WB Go Home With Your Poison!"[4] In response, Zoellick acknowledged the intense debate in China between nationalists and economic liberalizers, and said this was "the point of any good research report."[4] Du's protest received widespread praise from China's influential netizens and he became a featured guest on news shows for some time.[5]
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On July 11, 2017, the State Council of China issued a bold plan to revolutionize medical education and promote collaboration between medical education and practice. The cornerstone of the plan is training more qualified medical professionals to improve public healthcare on the path to Healthy China 2030. According to this plan, a "5+3" training system will be instituted to train medical professionals in China, and top medical colleges will be encouraged to recruit more students. However, given the less-than-ideal professional status of Chinese doctors, the frequent incidents of violence against them, long working hours and a heavy workload, and an unsatisfactory income, attracting personnel to work in medicine and health care has become a challenge. Prior to the end of 2016, there were 3.19 million practicing (assistant) physicians in China, amount to 2.31 per thousand population. The average workload of physicians was 7.3 outpatient visits per day and 2.6 beds per day, and these figures are much higher for physicians working in tertiary hospitals. Studies have found that 78% of physicians work more than 8 hours a day and 7% of physicians work more than 12 hours a day, but the average annual income of physicians in 2015 was 77,000 yuan (about $12,360), in contrast to an average annual income of $294,000 for physicians in the United States. Medical humanities education is also emphasized by the new medical education reform to foster the humanistic spirts of medical students in order to improve public healthcare in China. In the face of a mindset that "medical technology comes first" and growing expectations among the public, public education is needed to provide the public with a more comprehensive view by explaining the limitations of modern medicine since "medicine is not a panacea". Additional efforts should be undertaken by the Government, organizations, physicians, patients, and the public to create a virtuous cycle of healthcare in China.
China has achieved stunning growth in its installed renewable capacity over the last two decades, far outpacing the rest of the world. But to end its continued dependence on fossil fuels, it must now move ahead with planned reforms to its national electricity system.
When the International Energy Authority issued its assessment of the pledge to triple renewables globally by 2030, it pointed out that the 50 percent increase in global renewable installations in 2023 was largely driven by China. In 2022, China installed roughly as much solar photovoltaic capacity as the rest of the world combined, then went on in 2023 to double new solar installations, increase new wind capacity by 66 percent, and almost quadruple additions of energy storage.
In the next and every subsequent five-year plan, China made strategic investments in all aspects of renewable technologies, from solar and wind capacity, green hydrogen, and geothermal projects to research and investment in battery storage and its supply chains. In the first phase of its rapid industrial development starting in the 1990s, China had been obliged to license technologies owned by others. Now the strategic ambition was to dominate the field, positioning China as the global supplier of goods to an increasingly carbon-constrained world.
The NEA also announced plans to expand the financing channels for renewables and improve incentives and market mechanisms, aiming to shift the state-owned banks from favoring state-owned enterprises and from undervaluing both the private sector and new policy initiatives.
The figures confirm the trend: The average growth rate of coal consumption increased eightfold in the last two years, from 0.5 percent per year between 2016 and 2020 to 3.8 percent per year between 2021 and 2023, and new coal power approvals quadrupled between 2022 and 2023 as compared with the five years before the government pledged its strict controls.
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