I've found this section of build/core/
main.mk
ifeq (true,$(strip $(enable_target_debugging)))
# Target is more debuggable and adbd is on by default
ADDITIONAL_DEFAULT_PROPERTIES += ro.debuggable=1
persist.service.adb.enable=1
# Include the debugging/testing OTA keys in this build.
INCLUDE_TEST_OTA_KEYS := true
else # !enable_target_debugging
# Target is less debuggable and adbd is off by default
ADDITIONAL_DEFAULT_PROPERTIES += ro.debuggable=0
persist.service.adb.enable=0
endif # !enable_target_debugging
Which enables ADB when a debug is built by
ADDITIONAL_DEFAULT_PROPERTIES += ro.debuggable=1
persist.service.adb.enable=1
Now I need to figure out what the other variables I need to set are
called.. assuming they exist.