It can be done, as long as what the executable wants to do does not
require root permissions.
You need to find a location that is not mounted noexec, and to which
you can adb push it. If this is a temporary experiment many have used
the /sqlite_stmt_journals directory, which is a ramdisk of sorts.
A more "supported" approach would be to compile your executable as a
jni library - which could be as simple as tacking the hello-jni
example code onto the end of it and adding a call to your main() into
the example's jni function.