Papyrus 1998
Nell Barreto
An animated series was premiered in 1998 that was two seasons long (52 episodes) and shown on TFOU TV in France and in Quebec on Radio-Canada. In 2000 a video game was made for Game Boy developed by Dupuis and published by Ubisoft.
Pharaoh Merenre is a main character in the animated series "Papyrus". He serves as the sovereign of Two Lands and is the loving father of Thti, he reigns over Egypt, with the advisors, Mesimonptu and Ratoufer by his side.
Papyrus is a French-Canadian animated television series based on the comic book of the same name by Lucien De Gieter. The animated series was produced by Dupuis, which first aired on April 8, 1998. It contains 2 seasons comprising 52 episodes that ran until 2002. Then during or after its run, comic books are made based on those TV episodes.
PapyrusOriginal Language FrenchDubbing Studio AstralTechRecorded1998-2000Dub Country CanadaOriginal Country FranceEpisodes52Year1998-2000Papyrus is a 1998-2000 French animated series based on the comics by Lucien de Gieter. An English dub was produced in Montreal, but seemingly never aired anywhere in English.
Ebers Papyrus is a preserved medical document from ancient Egypt, traced to about 1550 B.C.E. Longer and more complete than the Edwin Smith Papyrus, and about as old (the Edwin Smith Papyrus is dated to about 1600 B.C.E.), it is a collection of diverse medical texts that offers the most complete record of Egyptian medicine. It has been called the most important medical papyrus yet recovered (WNI 2008).
Ailments addressed range from crocodile bites to toenail pains. Included are sections on intestinal disease, diabetes mellitus, arthritis, gynecology, burns, fractures, contraception, hookworm, and dentistry. The circulatory system is described surprisingly accurately, including the role of the heart and the existence of blood vessels, and there also is a short section on psychiatry, dealing with a condition that would be similar to depression. It even deals with how to rid a house of pests. The Ebers Papyrus offers numerous remedies and magical formulas for the various ailments (WNI 2008).
The Ebers Papyrus shows an early quest for a systematic approach to health and restoring of the natural harmony to the human body. It recognized an interplay of physical and spiritual forces in human health, although the understanding of illness and the science remained at a rudimentary level.
The scroll contains some 700 magical formulas and remedies to cure afflictions (WNI 2008). It contains many incantations meant to turn away disease-causing demons and there is also evidence of a long tradition of empirical practice and observation.
Mental disorders are detailed in a chapter of the papyrus called the Book of Hearts. Disorders such as depression and dementia are covered. The descriptions of these disorders suggest that Egyptians conceived of mental and physical diseases in much the same way.
Like the Edwin Smith Papyrus (or Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus), the Ebers Papyrus was purchased by Edwin Smith in 1862. Edwin Smith was an American living in Cairo, Egypt, and he has been described as a dealer of antiquities, an adventurer, and a money lender (Demand 2000). It was purchased in Luxor, a city in Upper (southern) Egypt.
Whereas the source of the Edwin Smith Papyrus is known, Mustafa Agha, it is unclear from whom Edwin Smith purchased the Ebers Papyrus. It has been claimed to have been discovered between the legs of a mummy in the Assassif district of the Theban necropolis (Demand 2000).
The collection of Edwin Smith maintained the papyrus until at least 1869, as evidence by its appearance in an advertisement in the catalog of an antiquities dealer, with the ad referencing "a large medical papyrus in the possession of Edwin Smith, an American farmer of Luxor" (Breasted 1930; Demand 2000).
In 1872, the papyrus was purchased by the German Egyptologist and novelist Georg Ebers (born in Berlin, 1837), after whom it is named. He was shown the papyrus wrapped in old mummy clothes and it appeared to be in a perfect state of preservation. In 1875, Ebers published a two-volume, color photographic facsimile of the entire text, with a hieroglyphic-Latin dictionary by Ludwig Stern, as well as an introduction (Carpenter et al. 1998). However, it was not translated until 1890, by H. Joachim in German. English translations were done in the twentieth century. Ebers retired from his chair of Egyptology at Leipzig on a pension and the papyrus remains in the University of Leipzig library.
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Anton Fackelmann (1916-1985) began working with antiquities at the sterreichische Nationalbibliothek in Vienna after the conclusion of World War II. Over time, he became recognized as an innovator in the care and restoration of papyrus and parchment, especially those pieces that appeared to be beyond hope. He is perhaps best known for his work on some of the most spectacular finds of the middle of the twentieth century.
He was able to to unroll the burnt, brittle papyrus by using the heat and static electricity generated by a light bulb, a technique he would later use in working with the carbonized papyrus rolls of Herculaneum.
Fackelmann retired early from work at the Nationalbibliothek after suffering a heart attack. He was replaced by his nephew Michael Fackelmann, who had been working as his assistant. Anton Fackelmann did, however, continue to work on manuscripts.
In 1974, Fackelmann was again called upon to work on an especially difficult case. This time it involved the Nag Hammadi codices in Cairo. Although the books had been disassembled shortly after their discovery in the 1940s, the leather covers of some of the books had been left intact. Some of these leather covers had been given structure and stiffness through reinforcement with scrap papyrus, some of which was inscribed.
These papyrus pieces needed to be carefully extracted from the leather covers and deciphered. Fackelmann was able to recover a substantial amount of material that has proven very helpful in interpreting the context in which the Nag Hammadi books were produced.
Anton Fackelmann does not seem to have published a great deal over the course of his career (which is understandable, as he was not a typical academic). The pieces that I have been able to track down are listed below in chronological order (if anyone has items to add, please let me know in the comments):
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This is unknown whether King Tut is his ancestor or rather a direct parent of Papyrus. The latter was hid in a papyrus plantation due to having cursed blood of King Akhenaten, and as a result this had to be kept secret. He was adopted by fishermen after being found in the plantation.
Papyrus is presented as a teenaged fisherman with bronze skin, dark hair, a gold pectoral around his neck (which was given by the Princess as royal gratitude), two gold bangs on each forearm, a scabbard stretching from around his right shoulder to the back, and a white loincloth wrapped around his waist.
Papyrus is a very modest and well-meaning person, as shown many times through interactions with his friends and townspeople. Unlike many heroes, however, Papyrus is not a fan of venturing and cherishes a relaxed life where he can stay in one place. He is usually seen fishing or hanging out with his friends.
However, Papyrus does act on impulse sometimes and can act irrationally. On one occasion, he was unable to forgive Pharaoh Merenre for an incident involving a village many years ago. Even going far as to renounce his entire mission and abandon his friends. Another example being refusing to listen to his friends when they confront him about a woman named Mika.
The Papyrus of Ani was written in cursive hieroglyphs and illustrated with color miniatures in the 19th dynasty of the New Kingdom of ancient Egypt, c. 1275-1250 BCE, for the scribe Ani. It is among the most richly illustrated of all surviving copies of the Book of the Dead, which was also called the "Book of Going Forth by Day". The text usually contained declarations and spells to help the deceased in their afterlife.
The papyrus excavated from the tomb of Ani in Thebes, and was purchased in 1888 by Sir E. A. Wallis Budge for the collection of the British Museum where it remains today. Before shipping the manuscript to England Budge cut the seventy-eight foot scroll into thirty-seven sheets of nearly equal size, damaging the scroll's integrity. In 1890 the British Museum issued a large folio color facsimile of the thirty-seven sheets entitled The Book of the Dead: Facsimile of the Papyrus of Ani in the British Museum, with an introduction by Peter le Page Renouf. This was followed in 1895 by E. Wallis Budge's The Book of the Dead: The Papyrus of Ani in the British Museum, the Egyptian Text, with interlinear transliteration and translation, a running translation, introduction etc.
More recent scholarship is: The Egyptian Book of the Dead: The Book of Going Forth by Day, The First Authentic Presentation of the Complete "Papyrus of Ani", Introduction and commentary by Dr. Ogden Goelet, Translation by Dr. Raymond O. Faulkner (1998).
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