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Raul Berrios
Apr 11, 2019, 3:01:22 PM4/11/19
to Ambivalence Research Circle
ABSTRACT
The idea that people can experience two oppositely valenced emotions has been
controversial ever since early attempts to investigate the construct of mixed emotions.
This meta-analysis examined the robustness with which mixed emotions have been
elicited experimentally. A systematic literature search identified 63 experimental studies
that instigated the experience of mixed emotions. Studies were distinguished according
to the structure of the underlying affect model—dimensional or discrete—as well as
according to the type of mixed emotions studied (e.g.,happy-sad, fearful-happy,
positive-negative). The meta-analysis using a random-effects model revealed a moderate
to high effect size for the elicitation of mixed emotions (dIG+ = 0.77), which remained
consistent regardless of the structure of the affect model, and across different types of
mixed emotions. Several methodological and design moderators were tested. Studies
using the minimum index (i.e., the minimum value between a pair of opposite valenced
affects) resulted in smaller effect sizes, whereas subjective measures of mixed emotions
increased the effect sizes. The presence of more women in the samples was also
associated with larger effect sizes. The current study indicates that mixed emotions are
a robust, measurable and non-artifactual experience. The results are discussed in terms
of the implications for an affect system that has greater versatility and flexibility than
previously thought.
controversial ever since early attempts to investigate the construct of mixed emotions.
This meta-analysis examined the robustness with which mixed emotions have been
elicited experimentally. A systematic literature search identified 63 experimental studies
that instigated the experience of mixed emotions. Studies were distinguished according
to the structure of the underlying affect model—dimensional or discrete—as well as
according to the type of mixed emotions studied (e.g.,happy-sad, fearful-happy,
positive-negative). The meta-analysis using a random-effects model revealed a moderate
to high effect size for the elicitation of mixed emotions (dIG+ = 0.77), which remained
consistent regardless of the structure of the affect model, and across different types of
mixed emotions. Several methodological and design moderators were tested. Studies
using the minimum index (i.e., the minimum value between a pair of opposite valenced
affects) resulted in smaller effect sizes, whereas subjective measures of mixed emotions
increased the effect sizes. The presence of more women in the samples was also
associated with larger effect sizes. The current study indicates that mixed emotions are
a robust, measurable and non-artifactual experience. The results are discussed in terms
of the implications for an affect system that has greater versatility and flexibility than
previously thought.
CITATION:
Berrios, R., Totterdell, P., & Kellet, S. (2015). Eliciting mixed emotions: A meta-analysis comparing models, types and measures. Frontiers in Psychology, 6:428. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.0042.
Sanchez-Burks
May 8, 2019, 10:56:10 AM5/8/19
to Ambivalence Research Collective
Very helpful. Thank you!
Iris K. Schneider
May 9, 2019, 3:57:49 AM5/9/19
to Ambivalence Research Collective
Pretty amazing!
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