I2 Localization Download
Marcelene Pape
Localization is the process of adapting and customizing a product to meet the needs of a specific market, as identified by its language, culture, expectations, local standards and legal requirements. Localization can apply to any type of merchandise or service that targets multiple audiences with different cultural backgrounds. The term localization is often represented as l10n, where 10 is the number of letters between the word's opening L and closing N.
Localization and translation are sometimes confused or treated as one and the same. However, localization transcends simply translating text into the local language. When localizing a product, an organization must address a wide range of issues to ensure the product is properly prepared for its target market, even if it's accompanied by an internationally recognizable brand.
A localized product should appear to have been developed specifically for the local culture. It should account for the many subtleties that distinguish one culture from another. To this end, the localization process must consider several factors:
Localization is frequently part of a larger globalization effort encompassing internationalization and translation. Globalization, internationalization, localization and translation, commonly referred to as GILT, together provide a structure for efficiently getting a product to a wider market.
Explore a developer guide to software localization. Learn how companies are rethinking global supply chains to avoid disruption and reap the benefits of globalization.
Internationalization is the design and development of a product, application or document content that enables easy localization for target audiences that vary in culture, region, or language.
Notice that these items do not necessarily include the localization of the content, application, or product into another language; they are design and development practices which allow such a migration to take place easily in the future but which may have significant utility even if no localization ever takes place.
Internationalization significantly affects the ease of the product's localization. Retrofitting a linguistically- and culturally-centered deliverable for a global market is obviously much more difficult and time-consuming than designing a deliverable with the intent of presenting it globally. (Think back to the Y2K effort and trying to "undo" two-character year fields that were built on the assumption of "19xx").
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The language industry sits at the intersection of business, technology, language, and culture. To the uninitiated, the process of making a product or service ready for global markets can seem like a mystery. Learn more about the processes, technologies and globalization and localization specialists that make it all happen.
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One of the things that makes our program very interesting is that we cover so many different topics. And I think that we have probably the most broad curriculum of any localization program in North America, if not the world.
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For these reasons, it has been longstanding U.S. trade policy to advocate strongly against localization barriers and instead encourage trading partners to pursue policy approaches that help their economic growth and competitiveness without discriminating against imported goods or services.
Now, USTR has established the Trade Policy Staff Committee Task Force on Localization Barriers to Trade to develop and execute a more strategic and coordinated approach to address localization barriers. This work will build upon USTR initiatives already underway, including those that are seeking to address localization barriers through binding trade agreements, enforcement, and advocacy. It will promote global-level policy approaches that offer better ways to stimulate job creation and economic growth. The Task Force will pursue this mission through a variety of bilateral, regional, and multilateral forums, including the WTO, APEC, OECD, and the Trade and Investment Framework Agreement dialogues with other countries. It will also work closely with U.S. industry and other stakeholders, as well as with trading partners around the world, to carry out its mission and reduce market access challenges posed to U.S. goods, services, and IP by localization barriers.
This study examined the literature and spoke to over five dozen key informants from different perspectives, positions, and countries across the humanitarian sector. It found that there was a broad spectrum of understanding in terms of the definitions, goals, and motivations behind the localization of humanitarian aid, including some who reject the term. In the five years since the WHS, there has been progress towards localization in some sectors and countries, but as a whole, the system has fallen short of its goals of change.
Some of the barriers cited by key informants and the literature include the power dynamics at the heart of the system, the persistence of inequitable structures, capacity concerns across all actors in the system, challenges with how the sector manages risk, and some context-specific barriers. However, there has been some progress driven by the organizing work of local and national actors, changes and programs from progressive international actors and donors, the expansion of some more inclusive funding and coordination mechanisms, and issues such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the global discourse about racial equity and decolonization. The report concludes with recommendations for how large institutional donors can contribute to advancing the localization agenda through direct funding reforms, investing in creating an enabling environment for locally led humanitarian action, relationship building with diverse local actors, and greater internal and collective action among donors.
Subcellular localization of RNAs has gained attention in recent years as a prevalent phenomenon that influences numerous cellular processes. This is also evident for the large and relatively novel class of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Because lncRNAs are defined as RNA transcripts >200 nucleotides that do not encode protein, they are themselves the functional units, making their subcellular localization critical to their function. The discovery of tens of thousands of lncRNAs and the cumulative evidence involving them in almost every cellular activity render assessment of their subcellular localization essential to fully understanding their biology. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of lncRNA subcellular localization, factors controlling their localization, emerging themes, including the role of lncRNA isoforms and the involvement of lncRNAs in phase separation bodies, and the implications of lncRNA localization on their function and on cellular behavior. We also discuss gaps in the current knowledge as well as opportunities that these provide for novel avenues of investigation.
Localization is the process of adapting a globalized app, which you have already processed for localizability, to a particular culture/locale. For more information see Globalization and localization terms near the end of this document.
IStringLocalizer and IStringLocalizer were architected to improve productivity when developing localized apps. IStringLocalizer uses the ResourceManager and ResourceReader to provide culture-specific resources at run time. The interface has an indexer and an IEnumerable for returning localized strings. IStringLocalizer doesn't require storing the default language strings in a resource file. You can develop an app targeted for localization and not need to create resource files early in development. The code below shows how to wrap the string "About Title" for localization.
In the preceding code, the IStringLocalizer implementation comes from Dependency Injection. If the localized value of "About Title" isn't found, then the indexer key is returned, that is, the string "About Title". You can leave the default language literal strings in the app and wrap them in the localizer, so that you can focus on developing the app. You develop your app with your default language and prepare it for the localization step without first creating a default resource file. Alternatively, you can use the traditional approach and provide a key to retrieve the default language string. For many developers the new workflow of not having a default language .resx file and simply wrapping the string literals can reduce the overhead of localizing an app. Other developers will prefer the traditional work flow as it can make it easier to work with longer string literals and make it easier to update localized strings.
The current culture on a request is set in the localization Middleware. The localization middleware is enabled in the Startup.Configure method. The localization middleware must be configured before any middleware that might check the request culture (for example, app.UseMvcWithDefaultRoute()). Localization Middleware must appear after Routing Middleware if using RouteDataRequestCultureProvider. For more information on middleware order, see ASP.NET Core Middleware.
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