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Waltruda Monie

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Jun 30, 2024, 11:20:40 AM (2 days ago) Jun 30
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*/EPA's AirNow mobile app provides a simple interface for quickly checking current and forecast air quality information for planning daily activities and protecting your health. The app automatically displays the current AQI (Air Quality Index) for your local area or any area you wish to check, and allows you to store multiple areas for quick reference.

OAuth 2.0 allows users to share specific data with an application while keeping their usernames, passwords, and other information private. For example, an application can use OAuth 2.0 to obtain permission fromusers to store files in their Google Drives.

Installed apps are distributed to individual devices, and it is assumed that these apps cannot keep secrets. They can access Google APIs while the user is present at the app or when the app is running in the background.

This authorization flow is similar to the one used for web server applications. The main difference is that installed apps must open the system browser and supply a local redirect URI to handle responses from Google's authorization server.

For mobile apps, you may prefer to use Google Sign-in for Android or iOS. The Google Sign-in client libraries handle authentication and user authorization, and they may be simpler to implement than the lower-level protocol described here.

For apps running on devices that do not support a system browser or that have limited input capabilities, such as TVs, game consoles, cameras, or printers, see OAuth 2.0 for TVs & Devices or Sign-In on TVs and Limited Input Devices.

Any application that uses OAuth 2.0 to access Google APIs must have authorization credentials that identify the application to Google's OAuth 2.0 server. The following steps explain how to create credentials for your project. Your applications can then use the credentials to access APIs that you have enabled for that project.

To complete the verification process, you can use your Google Play Developer Account if you have one and your app is registered on the Google Play Console. The following requirements must be met for a successful verification:

To receive the authorization code using this URL, your application must be listening on the local web server. That is possible on many, but not all, platforms. However, if your platform supports it, this is the recommended mechanism for obtaining the authorization code.

Scopes enable your application to only request access to the resources that it needs while also enabling users to control the amount of access that they grant to your application. Thus, there may be an inverse relationship between the number of scopes requested and the likelihood of obtaining user consent.

The following steps show how your application interacts with Google's OAuth 2.0 server to obtain a user's consent to perform an API request on the user's behalf. Your application must have that consent before it can execute a Google API request that requires user authorization.

Google supports the Proof Key for Code Exchange (PKCE) protocol to make the installed app flow more secure. A unique code verifier is created for every authorization request, and its transformed value, called "code_challenge", is sent to the authorization server to obtain the authorization code.

To obtain user authorization, send a request to Google's authorization server at This endpoint handles active session lookup, authenticates the user, and obtains user consent. The endpoint is only accessible over SSL, and it refuses HTTP (non-SSL) connections.

Determines how Google's authorization server sends a response to your app. There are several redirect options available to installed apps, and you will have set up your authorization credentials with a particular redirect method in mind.

The value must exactly match one of the authorized redirect URIs for the OAuth 2.0 client, which you configured in your client's API Console Credentials page. If this value doesn't match an authorized URI, you will get a redirect_uri_mismatch error.

Scopes enable your application to only request access to the resources that it needs while also enabling users to control the amount of access that they grant to your application. Thus, there is an inverse relationship between the number of scopes requested and the likelihood of obtaining user consent.

Specifies what method was used to encode a code_verifier that will be used during authorization code exchange. This parameter must be used with the code_challenge parameter described above. The value of the code_challenge_method defaults to plain if not present in the request that includes a code_challenge. The only supported values for this parameter are S256 or plain. state Recommended Specifies any string value that your application uses to maintain state between your authorization request and the authorization server's response. The server returns the exact value that you send as a name=value pair in the URL fragment identifier (#) of the redirect_uri after the user consents to or denies your application's access request.

You can use this parameter for several purposes, such as directing the user to the correct resource in your application, sending nonces, and mitigating cross-site request forgery. Since your redirect_uri can be guessed, using a state value can increase your assurance that an incoming connection is the result of an authentication request. If you generate a random string or encode the hash of a cookie or another value that captures the client's state, you can validate the response to additionally ensure that the request and response originated in the same browser, providing protection against attacks such as cross-site request forgery. See the OpenID Connect documentation for an example of how to create and confirm a state token.

If your application knows which user is trying to authenticate, it can use this parameter to provide a hint to the Google Authentication Server. The server uses the hint to simplify the login flow either by prefilling the email field in the sign-in form or by selecting the appropriate multi-login session.

The URLs are identical except for the value of the redirect_uri parameter. The URLs also contain the required response_type and client_id parameters as well as the optional state parameter. Each URL contains line breaks and spaces for readability.

In this step, the user decides whether to grant your application the requested access. At this stage, Google displays a consent window that shows the name of your application and the Google API services that it is requesting permission to access with the user's authorization credentials and a summary of the scopes of access to be granted. The user can then consent to grant access to one or more scopes requested by your application or refuse the request.

Your application doesn't need to do anything at this stage as it waits for the response from Google's OAuth 2.0 server indicating whether any access was granted. That response is explained in the following step.

Requests to Google's OAuth 2.0 authorization endpoint may display user-facing error messages instead of the expected authentication and authorization flows. Common error codes and suggested resolutions are listed below.

The Google Account is unable to authorize one or more scopes requested due to the policies of their Google Workspace administrator. See the Google Workspace Admin help article Control which third-party & internal apps access Google Workspace data for more information about how an administrator may restrict access to all scopes or sensitive and restricted scopes until access is explicitly granted to your OAuth client ID.

Android developers may encounter this error message when opening authorization requests in android.webkit.WebView. Developers should instead use Android libraries such as Google Sign-In for Android or OpenID Foundation's AppAuth for Android.

Web developers may encounter this error when an Android app opens a general web link in an embedded user-agent and a user navigates to Google's OAuth 2.0 authorization endpoint from your site. Developers should allow general links to open in the default link handler of the operating system, which includes both Android App Links handlers or the default browser app. The Android Custom Tabs library is also a supported option.

iOS and macOS developers may encounter this error when opening authorization requests in WKWebView. Developers should instead use iOS libraries such as Google Sign-In for iOS or OpenID Foundation's AppAuth for iOS.

Web developers may encounter this error when an iOS or macOS app opens a general web link in an embedded user-agent and a user navigates to Google's OAuth 2.0 authorization endpoint from your site. Developers should allow general links to open in the default link handler of the operating system, which includes both Universal Links handlers or the default browser app. The SFSafariViewController library is also a supported option.

The OAuth client ID in the request is part of a project limiting access to Google Accounts in a specific Google Cloud Organization. For more information about this configuration option see the User type section in the Setting up your OAuth consent screen help article.

When refreshing an access token, the token may have expired or has beeninvalidated. Authenticate the user again and ask for user consent to obtain new tokens. If you are continuing to see this error, ensure that your application has been configured correctly and that you are using the correct tokens and parameters in your request. Otherwise, the user account may have been deleted or disabled.

The manner in which your application receives the authorization response depends on the redirect URI scheme that it uses. Regardless of the scheme, the response will either contain an authorization code (code) or an error (error). For example, error=access_denied indicates that the user declined the request.

After your application obtains an access token, you can use the token to make calls to a Google API on behalf of a given user account if the scope(s) of access required by the API have been granted. To do this, include the access token in a request to the API by including either an access_token query parameter or an Authorization HTTP header Bearer value. When possible, the HTTP header is preferable, because query strings tend to be visible in server logs. In most cases you can use a client library to set up your calls to Google APIs (for example, when calling the Drive Files API).

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